Deck 1: Introduction: Theories of Social Development

Question 1

Liz has learned how to print her name with both a crayon and a pencil. Which of the following illustrates assimilation?

A)Her mother gives her an ink pen and Liz immediately begins to print her name
B)Her mother gives her an ink pen and Liz ignores it, keeping the pencil instead
C)Her mother gives her a brush and paint and Liz learns to place the brush into the paint before trying to print her name
D)none of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

People who are born within the same time period and share historical experiences are called:

A)a population
B)an age cohort
C)a normative event cohort
D)a social dyad

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is not characteristic of systematic desensitization:

A)sudden exposure to the feared object or event
B)imagining the feared object or event
C)gradual exposure to the feared object or event
D)a, b, and c all are characteristic of systematic desensitization

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning:

A)a parent tells a child he did a good job after he completes his homework early
B)a parent will not allow a child to watch TV because she broke a house rule
C)a parent makes sure to reward a child's prosocial behavior intermittently instead of continuously
D)a mother gives her toddler a snack whenever she hears the toddler's new baby sibling crying to be nursed

Question 5

Which of the following is not considered a traditional learning theory?

A)drive reduction
B)operant conditioning
C)cognitive social learning
D)classical conditioning

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of an age cohort?

A)people born in the 1950s who were adolescents during the upheaval and social unrest of the late 1960s
B)people living in the same macrosystem
C)people who share a zone of proximal development
D)all of the above

Question 7

Liz has learned how to print her name with both a crayon and a pencil. Which of the following illustrates accommodation?

A)Her mother gives her an ink pen and Liz immediately begins to print her name
B)Her mother gives her an ink pen and Liz ignores it, keeping the pencil instead
C)Her mother gives her a brush and paint and Liz writes her name with the brush without putting it into the paint first
D)Her mother gives her a brush and paint and Liz learns to place the brush into the paint before trying to print her name

Question 8

A type of learning in which a new stimulus is repeatedly presented with a familiar stimulus until an individual learns to respond to the new stimulus in the same way as the familiar stimulus is:

A)operant conditioning
B)desensitization
C)classical conditioning
D)reciprocal determination

Question 9

A type of classical conditioning therapy used to overcome phobias and fears through exposure to increasingly intense versions of the feared stimulus is:

A)reciprocal determination
B)operant conditioning
C)desensitization
D)assimilation

Question 10

Applying an existing schema to fit a new experience is called:

A)operant conditioning
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)classical conditioning

Question 11

A learning theory that stresses the importance of observation and imitation in the acquisition of new behaviors, with learning mediated by cognitive processes is:

A)drive reduction theory
B)cognitive social learning theory
C)social information processing theory
D)psychosocial theory

Question 12

The time-based dimension that can alter the operation of all other systems in Bronfenbrenner's model is the:

A)temporal system
B)developmental system
C)chronosystem
D)macrosystem

Question 13

Modifying an existing schema to fit a new experience is called:

A)operant conditioning
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)classical conditioning

Question 14

Domain specificity originates in:

A)ethological theory
B)cognitive developmental theory
C)sociocultural theory
D)ecological theory

Question 15

The fact that over time the relative importance of different people with whom you interact changes is depicted by the:

A)mesosystem
B)exosystem
C)chronosystem
D)microsystem

Question 16

Traditional learning theories emphasize

A)the prediction of overt behavior
B)the control of overt behavior
C)the continuous nature of development
D)all of the above

Question 17

The concept of a critical period comes from:

A)behavior genetics
B)evolutionary developmental theory
C)ethological theory
D)sociocultural theory

Question 18

Which of the following are not among the causes of change outlined by the life span theory of development?

A)normative events
B)nonnormative events
C)historical events
D)critical periods

Question 19

Which of the following is not emphasized by cognitive social learning theory:

A)reinforcement of observed behavior
B)observation and imitation of behavior
C)motivation to reproduce or imitate behavior
D)attention and retention of observed behaviors

Question 20

A concept that there is a specific time in an organism's development during which external factors have a unique and irreversible impact is:

A)ethology
B)equifinality
C)critical period
D)zone of proximal development

Question 21

In Freud's theory, the rational component of the personality, which tries to satisfy needs through appropriate, socially acceptable behaviors is the:

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)pleasure principle

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of equifinality? Two children experience different adverse circumstances:

A)both suffer developmental delays
B)one exhibits resilience and the other suffers a developmental delay
C)one exhibits a 'sleeper effect' developmental delay whereas the other suffers an immediate developmental delay
D)both a and b

Question 23

In Freud's theory, instinctual drives that operate on the basis of the pleasure principle comprise the:

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)all of the above

Question 24

The collection of settings that impinge on a child's development but in which the child does not play a direct role is the:

A)endosystem
B)exosystem
C)mesosystem
D)macrosystem

Question 25

The idea that children learned to love their mothers because their mothers provided them with food was an example of:

A)cognitive social learning theory
B)generativity
C)drive reduction theory
D)a critical period

Question 26

According to Jung, girls focus their sexual feelings on their father. They then resolve this by instead identifying with their mother. This describes the:

A)Oedipus complex
B)latency stage
C)genital stage
D)Electra complex

Question 27

The Electra complex appears during which developmental stage?

A)phallic
B)latency
C)genital
D)concrete operations

Question 28

A child who lacked an ego would have difficulty in:

A)satisfying needs through appropriate, socially acceptable behaviors
B)maximizing pleasure and satisfying needs immediately
C)applying moral values to his or her own acts
D)initiating an Oedipus or Electra complex

Question 29

The theory that behavior must be viewed in a particular context and as having adaptive or survival value is:

A)ecological theory
B)psychosocial theory
C)ethological theory
D)evolutionary developmental theory

Question 30

Which of the following is part of the exosystem?

A)peers
B)attitudes and ideologies of the culture
C)playground
D)none of the above

Question 31

In which stage of cognitive development is a child least likely to be egocentric:

A)preoperational
B)formal operations
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operations

Question 32

Generativity is a goal included in:

A)Freud's psychodynamic theory
B)Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
C)Bandura's cognitive social learning theory
D)Erikson's psychosocial theory

Question 33

A version of learning theory stating that the association of stimulus and response results in learning only if it is accompanied by reduction of motivators such as hunger and thirst is:

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)desensitization
D)drive reduction

Question 34

A theory that stresses the importance of the relations between organisms and environmental systems and the relations between the systems themselves is:

A)sociocultural theory
B)ecological theory
C)ethological theory
D)evolutionary developmental theory

Question 35

Tending to view the world from one's own perspective and to have difficulty seeing things from another's viewpoint is termed:

A)domain specificity
B)accommodation
C)id
D)egocentric

Question 36

A commitment to family, work, society, and future generations is called:

A)egocentrism
B)superego
C)conscience (18)
Generativity

Question 37

Which of the following is not a system associated with Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory:

A)exosystem
B)endosystem
C)macrosystem
D)microsystem

Question 38

The fact that children follow very different paths to reach the same developmental end point is referred to as:

A)multifinality
B)equifinality
C)domain specificity
D)age cohorts

Question 39

Of the interrelated parts of a child's developing personality, the first to emerge is the:

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)they all emerge simultaneously

Question 40

Which of the following is not a contribution of ethological theory:

A)greater understanding of how nonverbal behavior regulates social interactions
B)instead of being merely descriptive, it contains many explanatory principles
C)greater understating of how children's groups are organized
D)greater popularity and detail of observational approaches including naturalistic observations

Question 41

The divergence of developmental paths in which two individuals start out similarly but end at very different points is:

A)multifinality
B)equifinality
C)a social dyad
D)an age cohort

Question 42

Which of the following illustrates the microsystem:

A)distant friends of family visiting with the child's parents
B)neighbors the child does not know interacting with the child's playmates
C)the child playing at the playground with playmates
D)the child's parents interacting with the child's playmates

Question 43

Which is not a contribution of psychodynamic theory?

A)the role of the unconscious or instinctual urges
B)the idea of development being discontinuous and composed of stages
C)the idea that early experience can have long-lasting implications
D)the recognition that social behavior can be caused by the situation instead of the individual

Question 44

Freud's theory that boys become attracted to their mother and jealous of their father is:

A)the Oedipus complex
B)the Electra complex
C)psychodynamic theory
D)all of the above

Question 45

A view suggesting that development is determined by innate biologically based drives shaped by encounters with the environment in early childhood:

A)ethological theory
B)evolutionary developmental theory
C)psychodynamic theory
D)cognitive social learning theory

Question 46

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the context in which children live and interact with the people and institutions closest to them, such as parents, peers, and school, is the:

A)macrosystem
B)mesosystem
C)microsystem
D)exosystem

Question 47

Which of the following is the final stage in psychosocial theory:

A)genital
B)formal operations
C)integrity versus despair
D)generativity versus stagnation

Question 48

A biologically determined process of growth that unfolds over a period of time is:

A)a critical period
B)a normative event
C)maturation
D)generativity

Question 49

The system representing the values, ideologies, and laws of the society or culture is the:

A)mesosystem
B)chronosystem
C)macrosystem
D)exosystem

Question 50

The concept of object permanence was first introduced by:

A)Vygotsky
B)Piaget
C)Freud
D)Erikson

Question 51

Which of the following illustrates the mesosystem:

A)distant friends of family visiting with the child's parents
B)neighbors the child does not know interacting with the child's playmates
C)the child playing at the playground with playmates
D)the child's parents interacting with the child's playmates

Question 52

The interrelation among the components of the microsystem is the:

A)mesosystem
B)macrosystem
C)exosystem
D)endosystem

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of multifinality? Two children experience the same adverse circumstance:

A)both suffer developmental delays
B)one exhibits resilience and the other suffers a developmental delay
C)one exhibits a 'sleeper effect' developmental delay whereas the other suffers an immediate developmental delay
D)both a and b

Question 54

Which of the following best illustrates operant conditioning:

A)a parent tells a child he did a good job after he completes his homework early
B)a parent will not allow a child to watch TV because she broke a house rule
C)a parent makes sure to reward a child's prosocial behavior at least some of the time
D)all of the above

Question 55

The realization in infancy that objects and people do not cease to exist when they are no longer visible is:

A)geocentricism
B)object permanence
C)role confusion
D)desensitization

Question 56

Which of the following is part of the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory:

A)social rules of the child's peers
B)laws of the society
C)school rules
D)parents' house rules

Question 57

A theory that each stage of development depends on accomplishing psychological tasks in interactions with the social environment is:

A)evolutionary developmental theory
B)psychosocial theory
C)social information processing theory
D)cognitive developmental theory

Question 58

A type of learning that depends on the consequence of the behavior is:

A)operant conditioning
B)drive reduction
C)classical conditioning
D)desensitization

Question 59

The Oedipus complex happens during which of Freud's developmental stages:

A)phallic
B)latency
C)genital
D)concrete operations

Question 60

The extreme version of the maturation position is exemplified best by:

A)Gesell
B)Watson
C)Vygotsky
D)Bandura

Question 61

Social information-processing theory:

A)underscores the link between cognitive understanding and social behavior
B)is criticized for its lack of attention to emotional factors
C)does not account for the fact that much social interaction is automatic
D)all of the above

Question 62

A theory that explains a person's social behavior in terms of his or her assessment and evaluation of the social situation as a guide deciding on a course of social action is:

A)traditional learning theory
B)cognitive social learning theory
C)sociocultural theory
D)social information processing theory

Question 63

According to Bandura, self-efficacy comes from all of the following sources except:

A)direct experience
B)observing others
C)biological and affective reactions
D)broader cultural messages

Question 64

Transactional interactions involve:

A)reciprocal determination
B)zone of proximal development
C)social dyad
D)accommodation

Question 65

The theory that discusses the zone of proximal development is:

A)cognitive social learning theory
B)sociocultural theory
C)psychosocial theory
D)ethological theory

Question 66

Contemporary social development scholars view the following as important contexts for studying development:

A)individuals
B)dyads
C)triads
D)all of the above

Question 67

The theory that development emerges from interactions with more skilled people and the institutions and tools provided by the culture is:

A)social information processing theory
B)cognitive social learning theory
C)sociocultural theory
D)cognitive developmental theory

Question 68

Which theoretical perspectives view development as continuous:

A)learning, cognitive, and information processing
B)sociocultural, ecological, and ethological
C)cognitive social learning, information processing, and cognitive developmental theory
D)psychosexual, learning, and life span

Question 69

According to life history theory:

A)stress decreases parent-child conflict
B)genetic factors are of minor importance
C)stress speeds up the onset of puberty
D)generativity plays a key role in development

Question 70

According to information-processing theorists, the quality of thinking at any age depends on:

A)the information the person is able to represent
B)the ways in which the person can operate on the information
C)the amount of information the person can keep in mind at one time
D)all of the above

Question 71

In Freud's theory, the personality component that is the repository of the child's internalization of parental or societal values, morals, and roles is the:

A)id
B)superego
C)ego
D)zone of proximal development

Question 72

Which theoretical perspectives view development as culture-specific:

A)sociocultural, ecological, and life span
B)sociocultural, psychosexual, and learning
C)evolutionary, ecological, and information processing
D)traditional learning, social learning, and sociocultural

Question 73

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by flexible and complex thinking, where one can think of abstract ideas and hypotheses:

A)preoperational
B)concrete operations
C)sensorimotor
D)formal operations

Question 74

Traditionally psychologists' study of social development has focused mainly on:

A)the individual child
B)a pair of social partners, such as friends, parent and child, or marital partners
C)a social triad such as mother-father-child or a trio of friends
D)the social group

Question 75

Which personality component appears when the child accepts and absorbs parental or societal morals, values, and roles:

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)both b and c

Question 76

The zone of proximal development refers to:

A)the difference between a child's level of performance while working alone and while working with a more experienced partner
B)the difference between a child's performance while working with an equally experienced partner and while working with a more experienced partner
C)the difference in performance between a child working with an experienced partner and another child working alone
D)the difference in performance between a child working with a age-appropriate task and a task that is intended for children at other ages

Question 77

Which of the following correctly orders the steps of the information processing model of social behavior:

A)review possible actions, clarify goals, encode cues, interpret cues, decide on an action, act on decision
B)encode cues, interpret cues, clarify goals, review possible actions, decide on an action, act on decision
C)encode cues, review possible actions, interpret cues, clarify goals, decide on an action, act on decision
D)clarify goals, encode cues, review possible actions, decide on an action, interpret cues, act on decision

Question 78

Which theoretical perspectives view development as influenced by historical change:

A)learning and psychosocial
B)learning and information processing
C)life span and psychosexual
D)sociocultural and life span

Question 79

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the primary task of adolescence is to develop:

A)self-control and autonomy
B)initiative
C)industry
D)identity

Question 80

Sociocultural theory suggests the following:

A)children learn about their culture from equally experienced cultural members
B)cultures do not vary in the settings and practices they provide
C)cultural settings and practices do not facilitate child development
D)none of the above