Deck 12: Aggression: Insult and Injury

Question 1

If parents hope to raise children who are not aggressive, they might do the following:

A)use forceful means to restrain the child's aggressive antics
B)punish aggression erratically so the child can never be certain when he or she can "get away with" a hostile act
C)carefully monitor the child's activities and choice of friends
D)occasionally argue in front of the children so that their youngsters will see just how silly and counterproductive aggression can be

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Gerald Patterson, the most effective interventions for moderating the hostile behavior of highly aggressive children are those that:

A)focus directly on the aggressive child
B)concentrate on parents as the primary architects of a child's aggressive behavior
C)recognize that sibling rivalries contribute most heavily to a child's aggressive inclinations
D)treat the family as a social system

Answer 2

D

Question 3

During the preschool period aggression is:

A)largely reactive
B)primarily proactive
C)increasingly physical
D)none of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Jennifer wishes to get back at Pam, who has flirted shamelessly with Jennifer's boyfriend. Jennifer spreads the rumor that Pam associates with undesirable elements and then blackball's Pam's candidacy to join her sorority. Jennifer's actions are best described as:

A)hostile aggression
B)relational aggression
C)instrumental aggression
D)reactive aggression

Question 5

Proactive aggression is best described as:

A)motivated by a goal to hurt another child
B)motivated to achieve an instrumental goal such as gaining access to a toy
C)motivated to make another child feel bad
D)motivated to exclude another child from an activity

Question 6

Which of the following conclusions does cross-cultural research on aggression support? The level of aggression:

A)varies considerably from culture to culture
B)is quite similar from culture to culture
C)is much higher in nonindustrialized societies
D)is a product of the industrialization of societies

Question 7

Gossiping about another child is a form of ______aggression:

A)reactive
B)proactive
C)relational
D)social

Question 8

Eye rolls and other hurtful gestures are examples of ______aggression:

A)physical
B)reactive
C)relational
D)social

Question 9

Early conflicts among 2-year-olds over toys:

A)occur rarely
B)are more often resolved by negotiation and sharing than through shows of force
C)are almost certain to end in a battle
D)occur more frequently than squabbles over toys among 1-year-olds

Question 10

In regard to gender differences in aggression:

A)there are marked differences in levels of aggression between boys and girls in infancy
B)boys and girls show few differences in physical aggression in elementary school
C)boys and girls are similar in cheating and lying
D)girls disapprove of aggression more than boys

Question 11

Children who are most at risk of becoming violent and displaying high levels of antisocial conduct later in life are those who have displayed a/an _________trajectory for aggression:

A)early onset
B)late onset
C)moderate level
D)none of the above

Question 12

Social learning theorists (for example, Bandura) believe that heavy exposure to media violence should enhance children's aggressive antisocial inclinations because:

A)actors portraying violence are serving as aggressive models and will reduce children's inhibitions about aggression if their violence is condoned on TV
B)children's exposure to televised violence drains away their aggressive impulses
C)children easily distinguish fantasy aggression from reality
D)violence is quite uncommon in the programming children watch

Question 13

During adolescence, aggression:

A)becomes increasingly physical
B)becomes decreasingly physical for most
C)relies more on exclusion and other forms of relational aggression
D)some of the above

Question 14

An example of direct aggression is:

A)insulting someone
B)spreading rumors about someone
C)poking someone
D)some of the above but not all of the above

Question 15

The catharsis hypothesis specifies that:

A)finding socially acceptable outlets for hostile impulses will reduce interpersonal aggression
B)children learn aggression from TV violence
C)reinforcement of nonaggressive behaviors will reduce interpersonal aggression
D)parents should never scold children for acting on their natural aggressive impulses

Question 16

Reactive aggression is best described as:

A)impulsive
B)a response to an insult or frustration
C)motivated by anger and hostility
D)all of the above

Question 17

During the elementary school years aggression patterns become:

A)increasingly proactive
B)increasingly reactive
C)increasingly direct
D)increasingly physical

Question 18

Rates of arrest for violent actions during the teen years are:

A)similar across racial groups
B)higher for African Americans than Caucasian adolescents
C)lower for immigrant youth
D)higher for Latino and African American youth than Caucasian teens but not disproportionate to their percentage of the US population

Question 19

Aggression in infancy is best described as:

A)an exchange of insults
B)physical and direct
C)verbal and indirect
D)reactive

Question 20

According to the _____theory of aggression, aggressive behavior can be adaptive:

A)psychoanalytic
B)social information processing
C)evolutionary
D)frustration-aggression

Question 21

Field experiments on the effects of televised violence suggest that a steady diet of violent television programming:

A)increases the aggressive inclinations of children and adolescents, especially those who are initially low in aggression
B)increases the aggressive inclinations of children and adolescents, especially those who are initially high in aggression
C)decreases the aggressive inclinations of children and adolescents
D)increases the aggressive inclinations of preschool and grade school children but has little if any effect on the behavior of adolescents

Question 22

Which of the following hormones are related to aggression?

A)bilirubin
B)oxytocin
C)testosterone
D)estrogen

Question 23

In regard to the heritability of aggression:

A)social aggression is more heritable than physical aggression
B)late starters show more evidence of heritability than late starters
C)there is no difference in the level of heritability for different types of aggression
D)physical aggression is more heritable than social aggression

Question 24

Monitoring of children's activities is:

A)an effective way to reduce aggression
B)an ineffective way to reduce aggression because it builds up child resentment
C)an effective strategy but only for ill tempered children
D)is not an effective aggression reduction practice

Question 25

The link between culture and violence is:

A)nonexistent
B)aggression is higher in individualistically oriented cultures
C)aggression is higher in collectivist societies as a way to achieve conformity to the group
D)none of the above

Question 26

Research on children's out-of-control aggressive behaviors reveals that __________ is (are) primarily responsible for such conduct:

A)child temperament
B)coercive parenting
C)families living in violence-prone neighborhoods
D)all of the above

Question 27

Watching media violence is reflected in changes in neurological functioning in the:

A)corpus callosum
B)frontal cortex
C)brain stem
D)hippocampus

Question 28

Exposure to violent Internet games:

A)increases aggression only for boys
B)has no effect on aggression
C)increases aggression for both boys and girls
D)affects only ill tempered viewers

Question 29

The most adequate explanations of aggression focus on:

A)environmental causes
B)temperamental causes
C)prenatal conditions
D)all of the above

Question 30

Children who start to act aggressively early in development (early starters) are:

A)more likely to be boys than girls
B)get the aggression out of their system early and show little aggression in later childhood or adulthood
C)tend to be popular with their peers
D)just as likely to be either boys or girls

Question 31

"Deviancy training" is:

A)a form of maladaptive interaction between parent and child
B)a pattern of mutual encouragement of aggressive behavior by peers
C)a form of aggressive training offered by older siblings for their your siblings
D)a gang initiation rite of passage

Question 32

Late starters who begin their aggressive patterns in adolescence:

A)are more likely to be girls than boys
B)are likely to continue their aggressive ways into adulthood
C)work hard to make up for lost time because they started to be aggressive late in childhood
D)none of the above

Question 33

Which of the following will increase the likelihood of childhood aggression?

A)disorganized attachment
B)abusive parent
C)parent with a criminal history
D)all of the above

Question 34

Boys and girls use of relational aggression is:

A)higher for girls than boys
B)similar in rate of use for boys and girls
C)higher for boys than girls
D)higher for girls than boys but only in infancy

Question 35

Exposure to firearm violence in the neighborhood:

A)has no effect on a child's aggression
B)lowers the level of violence through the cathartic effect of exposure to violence
C)only affects aggression if there is repeated exposure
D)witnessing a single incident of firearm violence can increase a child's aggression

Question 36

Hormones are related to aggression:

A)only in girls
B)only in boys
C)only after puberty
D)in both boys and girls

Question 37

In regard to stability of aggression:

A)aggression is much less stable than a person's intelligence
B)aggression is as stable as intelligence
C)aggression is stable only for boys
D)relational aggression is more stable than physical aggression

Question 38

Temperament and aggression are:

A)correlated
B)unrelated
C)positively related for boys but not for girls
D)not related

Question 39

The role of TV violence in increasing children's aggression is:

A)evident for physical but not relational aggression
B)evident only if the child can make a distinction between fantasy and reality
C)limited to short-term effects
D)none of the above

Question 40

The links between testosterone and aggression are best described as:

A)changes in aggression alter the level of testosterone but not vice versa
B)changes in levels of testosterone can lead to changes in aggression but not the reverse
C)links between testosterone and aggression are only found in studies of monkeys
D)bidirectional patterns of influence between aggression and testosterone

Question 41

Which children are most likely to be victims of bullying?

A)strong and athletic
B)popular with their peers
C)weak and socially withdrawn
D)those with a powerful best friend

Question 42

Bullying among children and adolescents:

A)is limited to physical aggressive tactics
B)is present only in adolescence
C)involves both physical and relational aggressive tactics
D)is restricted to only a few countries

Question 43

Children who engage in cyber bullying are likely to:

A)have close relationships with their parents
B)do well in school
C)use drugs
D)seldom skip school as this is another chance to bully their victims

Question 44

The consequences of being bullied do not include:

A)low self-esteem
B)externalizing problems
C)depression
D)suicide

Question 45

Cyber bullying, compared with face-to-face bullying:

A)is not as serious a problem
B)has fewer consequences for the victims
C)is restricted to teens
D)none of the above

Question 46

A formula for increased antisocial behavior is a combination of:

A)high expression of the MAOA gene and a depressed parent
B)low level of parental monitoring and a genetic predisposition to alcoholism
C)low expression of the alcoholism gene and parental rejection
D)high expression of the MAOA gene and low parental monitoring

Question 47

Which of the following steps are not part of the social information processing model of aggression?

A)retaliation response
B)attention to social cues
C)response selection
D)interpretation of social cues

Question 48

You are advising an adoption agency. To increase the likelihood that a child will not grow up to be aggressive you advise the agency:

A)not to worry about the parents' criminal records
B)to make sure that the biological parent has no criminal record but the background of the adopted parent is irrelevant
C)to make sure that the adoptive parent has no criminal record but the background of the biological parent is irrelevant
D)to make sure neither the biological nor the adoptive parents has a criminal record

Question 49

Aggressive children view aggressive actions as more _____than non aggressive children:

A)illegitimate
B)morally unjustified
C)less likely to have positive consequences
D)likely to be successful using an aggressive strategy

Question 50

Children with a hostile attribution bias:

A)are likely to interpret all actions as aggressive
B)are likely to interpret others' actions as aggressive in ambiguous situations
C)are typically boys
D)are likely to give others the benefit of the doubt and assume that their intentions are positive

Question 51

Bullying is best viewed as:

A)an interaction between two peers alone
B)a peer group phenomenon
C)involving bystanders as an important part of the bullying process
D)decreasing across age

Question 52

Abused children are more likely to become aggressive when:

A)they have a high level of the MAOA gene
B)they have a low level of the MAOA gene
C)the level of the MAOA gene does not matter
D)the MAOA gene is influential only when the child is also ill tempered

Question 53

Cyber bullying:

A)is useful as a safe outlet because it reduces in-person bullying
B)is related to in-person bullying because those who engage in cyber bullying do so in real life as well
C)is easy to trace and easily stopped
D)is decreasing rather than increasing in frequency as people learn more about its harmful effects

Question 54

Bullying has biological as well as psychological consequences for victims. The following biological effects may occur:

A)cortisol drops if bullying is chronic
B)cortisol drops if bullying is only occasional
C)testosterone increases if bullying is chronic
D)cortisol rises dramatically if bullying is chronic

Question 55

Aggressive children's social processing is deficient in the following areas:

A)range of responses available
B)ability to correctly interpret another's intentions accurately
C)encoding social cues
D)all of the above

Question 56

Which factors are likely to protect a child from developing aggressive antisocial patterns?

A)having aggressive friends so they can fight your battles
B)involvement in religious activities
C)having a peer group that disapproves of aggression
D)more than one but not all of the above

Question 57

Victimization takes many forms. Which of the following is the type of victim who is most likely to try to fight back when bullied?

A)provocative victim
B)retaliatory victim
C)passive victim
D)active victim

Question 58

What combination of factors is likely to increase aggression?

A)parental rejection and prenatal complications
B)prenatal complications and low birth weight
C)parental warmth and prenatal complications
D)father absence and a large number of siblings

Question 59

The risk of developing aggressive behavior patterns when growing up in a poor neighborhood can be reduced by:

A)having an older brother to protect you
B)living without a father in the family
C)being on government welfare
D)having a positive relationship with parents

Question 60

The catharsis hypothesis specifies that:

A)finding socially acceptable outlets for hostile impulses will reduce interpersonal aggression
B)children learn aggression from TV violence
C)reinforcement of nonaggressive behaviors will reduce interpersonal aggression
D)parents should never scold children for acting on their natural aggressive impulses

Question 61

A theory that has focused on the role of media violence in the development of aggression is:

A)social information processing theory
B)cognitive social learning theory
C)the broadcasting theory of aggression
D)ethological theory

Question 62

As a consultant to the local school board, which of the following would you recommend to achieve the goal of reducing children's aggression?

A)encourage competition among the students so they can learn how to manage stress
B)reward individual students for good behavior rather than rewarding the whole class
C)put a Bobo doll in every classroom so children can blow off steam
D)none of the above

Question 63

Bullying is influenced by:

A)genetic predispositions
B)attitudes of the peer group concerning the appropriateness of aggression
C)the type of close friends victims have to protect them
D)all of the above

Question 64

In defining aggression ethologists such as Lorenz and Tinbergen focused on:

A)the form of the action
B)the amount of damage inflicted
C)the reaction of the victim
D)the accidental vs. intentional nature of the action

Question 65

Which theorist is associated with the social information processing approach to aggression?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Alison Clarke-Stewart
C)Albert Bandura
D)Kenneth Dodge

Question 66

The parents of bullies tend to:

A)be warm and supportive
B)closely monitor their children's activities
C)be cold and rejecting
D)have few marital conflicts

Question 67

What is not an effective way to reduce aggression?

A)engaging in competitive sports
B)moving to an individualistically-oriented culture
C)encouraging coercive parenting
D)all of the above

Question 68

Programs aimed at reducing bullying in schools are effective in:

A)reducing relational bullying but not physical bullying
B)reducing direct bullying but not bully-supportive bystander behavior
C)upsetting the bullies as the program expresses disapproval of their social strategies
D)changing attitudes about the acceptability of bullying among both bullies and bystanders

Question 69

A satisfactory definition of aggression must:

A)focus on the form of the action
B)focus on the harm inflicted
C)pay no attention to community standards
D)focus on the intention of the actor

Question 70

Instrumental aggression is also called:

A)hostile aggression
B)proactive aggression
C)reactive aggression
D)adaptive aggression

Question 71

A comprehensive program to reduce aggression should include:

A)catharsis training
B)desensitization training
C)relaxation and distraction training
D)antidepressant medication

Question 72

The evolutionary approach to aggression stresses:

A)the adaptive aspects of aggression
B)the role of instinctual aggressive impulses
C)the role of media violence
D)the cognitive rational aspects of aggressive decision making

Question 73

Are programs to prevent children's aggression a good economic investment?

A)No-it costs more to prevent aggression than to rehabilitate aggressive children because you have to start prevention programs early
B)No-the costs of prevention efforts are not worthwhile because most of these programs fail
C)Yes-"an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" and therefore intervention is a better economic strategy than rehabilitation
D)No-prevention of aggression programs are only economically beneficial for inner city children

Question 74

Parents can contribute to the reduction of their children's aggression by:

A)using severe punishment whenever aggression occurs
B)using consistent and contingent discipline in response to aggression
C)not nagging the child
D)limiting praise and rewards so the child is not spoiled

Question 75

The following factor/s play a role in the development of aggression:

A)the Internet
B)neighborhood violence
C)sibling relationships
D)all of the above

Question 76

Programs are most effective in reducing aggression when:

A)they focus on the universal principles of aggression reduction
B)they tailor the program to the cultural background of the participants
C)they combine both universal and culturally sensitive components
D)they provide a single treatment component that can be delivered in depth

Question 77

Most modern theorists believe that aggression is:

A)largely biological
B)largely environmental
C)best explained by the interplay between biological predispositions and environmental triggers
D)an intractable problem that is best left to the law enforcement community

Question 78

The Megan Pledge is:

A)a program aimed at improving the use of contraceptives among teens
B)a program to encourage neighborhood volunteering
C)a program to reduce handgun violence
D)a program to reduce cyber bullying

Question 79

Teaching children to be more competent at reading others' social cues is an especially effective way of reducing aggression for:

A)reactively aggressive children
B)passive victims
C)proactively aggressive children
D)relationally aggressive children

Question 80

Catharsis is a/an _____way to reduce aggression:

A)very effective
B)effective only if the alternative outlet involves direct physical aggression
C)effective only if it is vicarious, such as watching someone else behave aggressively
D)ineffective