Deck 9: Schools Mentors and Media: Connections With Society

Question 1

Which of the following is true regarding the use of tokens as an operant-reinforcement-based classroom management strategy?

A)children may lose interest in activities they originally found interesting if they are rewarded for participating
B)such operant reinforcement is very effective at controlling children's behavior
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The transition from elementary school to middle school is difficult for many children because:

A)the coursework is harder
B)the school is further from their home
C)friendship networks and relationships with teachers are disrupted
D)there are fewer opportunities for sports participation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Positive or negative expectations that affect a person's behavior so that he or she unknowingly creates situations in which those expectations are fulfilled is best described as:

A)Pygmalion effect
B)stereotype confirmation
C)social molding
D)self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The transition to high school is a challenge for students in part because of exposure to:

A)a less compartmentalized curriculum
B)a more impersonal social climate
C)less academic tracking
D)less freedom to select academic subjects

Question 5

Explanatory mechanisms for the Pygmalion effect include:

A)teachers gave students they expected to succeed fewer chances to participate in class
B)teachers gave students they expected to succeed less time to answer questions
C)children who were expected to succeed adopted a similar set of expectations about themselves
D)children who were expected to succeed had warmer and more nurturant parents

Question 6

The degree to which the environment supports a child's developmental needs is called:

A)developmental soundness
B)age-appropriateness
C)temporal-need concordance
D)stage-environment fit

Question 7

A teaching technique in which small groups of students work together is:

A)unstructured pedagogy
B)open classroom
C)cooperative learning
D)collaborative facilitation

Question 8

A method of instruction in which an older, more experienced student tutors a younger, less experienced child is labeled:

A)peer tutoring
B)cross grade teaching
C)cooperative learning
D)collaborative facilitation

Question 9

When compared with children receiving formal schooling, children who are homeschooled:

A)have higher levels of academic success
B)are better adjusted socially
C)show better long-term social outcomes
D)all of the above

Question 10

Comparisons of large and small schools show that:

A)large and small schools are dramatically different in the number and types of extracurricular activities available
B)students in larger schools have more opportunities to join teams and clubs
C)students in small schools feel a greater obligation to play an active role in the school
D)students drop out at the same rate in large and small schools

Question 11

Which of the following is accurate regarding single-gender schools:

A)single-gender schools are not currently legal
B)single-gender schools appear to decrease gender-typed perceptions
C)enrollment in single gender schools appears to reduce self-confidence and self-esteem
D)none of the above

Question 12

A relatively unstructured organization in which different areas of the classroom are devoted to particular activities and children work either alone or in small groups under the teacher's supervision is termed:

A)unstructured pedagogy
B)open classroom
C)inclusive learning
D)collaborative facilitation

Question 13

Which of the following is part of the informal agenda of schools?

A)helping children become more popular
B)helping children develop global self-esteem
C)helping children learn about social expectations
D)improving family relationships

Question 14

Which of the following helps increase a child's sense of community with their school?

A)when students, teachers, and staff each bring unique goals and values to the situation
B)when students, teachers, and staff support each others' efforts
C)when the school emphasizes the importance of diversity and tolerance
D)when parents and teachers communicate regularly

Question 15

Possible reasons for the social success of homeschooled children include:

A)homeschooled children are likely to have siblings
B)homeschooled children are often involved in other social groups
C)parents of homeschooled children tend to be more motivated to promote their children's social success
D)all of the above

Question 16

Participation in extracurricular activities is related to:

A)lower achievement motivation
B)higher likelihood of drinking
C)higher self-esteem
D)higher rates of dropping out of school

Question 17

Larger school size is associated with:

A)more extracurricular participation
B)lower dropout rates
C)less extracurricular participation
D)a greater sense of belonging to the school community

Question 18

Which of the following proposed reforms to secondary schools would NOT ease the transition from elementary school?:

A)combining smaller schools into larger learning communities
B)providing advising and counseling for at-risk students
C)increasing teacher awareness of the special needs of young adolescents
D)making teachers more aware of cultural diversity among students

Question 19

A phenomenon in which teachers' expectations that students will do well are realized has been labeled:

A)attribution fulfillment
B)stereotype confirmation
C)social molding
D)Pygmalion effect

Question 20

Benefits of open classroom learning environments include:

A)increased academic success
B)increased social benefits
C)increased long-term academic and occupational success
D)fewer conflicts with classmates

Question 21

Parents are usually less involved in their children's education when:

A)they are stressed or busy
B)they are single
C)they are from a minority group
D)all of the above

Question 22

Youngsters who must let themselves into their homes after school because their parents are working outside the home are called:

A)autonomous caretakers
B)self-sufficient children
C)self-monitors
D)latchkey children

Question 23

Regardless of their ethnicity, students in racially diverse classes (as opposed to classrooms with a single ethnic group) are:

A)safer
B)less lonely
C)higher in self-worth
D)none of the above

Question 24

An intervention to reduce the mismatch between home culture and school expectations in a Hawaiian sample-the Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP)-focused on:

A)practicing teacher-oriented behaviors instead of peer-oriented behaviors
B)small-group classroom organization
C)encouragement of children's individual responses instead of cooperative responses
D)encouraging teachers to discuss their own ethnic heritage more regularly

Question 25

African American students from integrated (as opposed to segregated) schools are:

A)more likely to attend and graduate from college
B)more likely to be employed
C)more likely to have European American friends
D)more likely to participate in extracurricular activities

Question 26

Children whose mothers are not involved in their activities and provide minimal monitoring do better if:

A)teachers provide clear rules
B)their school class has a smaller number of students
C)they attend a school with a highly diverse student body
D)teachers run an open classroom

Question 27

Which of the following are accurate regarding parents' involvement in their child's education:

A)about 50 percent of U.S. school children have parents who attend at least one school or class event during the school year
B)parents are equally likely to participate in school activities regardless of the child's age
C)when parents attend parent-teacher conferences or join the PTA, the children tend to do better academically and socially
D)SES and family structure do not affect parental involvement in their child's education

Question 28

An intervention to reduce the mismatch between home culture and school expectations in a Hawaiian sample-the Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP)-resulted in:

A)higher academic scores
B)no change in social behaviors
C)higher parental participation in after school activities
D)increases in teacher satisfaction with their role

Question 29

Parents' involvement in their child's education is more effective when:

A)their involvement includes participation in decision-making
B)their involvement allows parents to communicate their expectations to teachers
C)their involvement allows parents to show their children that they value education
D)all of the above

Question 30

Kindergarten children whose parents are involved in their child's education show:

A)greater social dominance
B)higher academic competence
C)more self-control
D)higher self-esteem

Question 31

Working parents who cannot be with their children in the hours after school:

A)are generally unaware of the risks
B)have no way to monitor their children's activities
C)often use after school programs as an alternative to self-care
D)all of the above

Question 32

Desegregation resulting from the court case Brown v. Board of Education:

A)resulted in consistent improvements in self-esteem among African American students
B)resulted in consistent improvements in academic achievement among African American students
C)resulted in consistent improvements in interracial attitudes
D)produced little impact on social, attitudinal or academic outcomes

Question 33

Which of the following is accurate regarding the interaction between cultural background and Latino parents' approach to education:

A)immigrant Latino parents are more likely to endorse collectivist classroom strategies and behaviors, as opposed to the individualistic behaviors endorsed by the teachers
B)Latino parents feel uncomfortable when a child's individual achievement is praised during parent-teacher conferences because of the accompanying focus on the individual instead of the group
C)Latino parents (especially immigrants)are less directly involved in their children's education than European American parents
D)all of the above

Question 34

Children from lower socioeconomic levels and minority ethnic groups generally have a more difficult time in school in part because:

A)school itself is a middle-class institution
B)schools are based on middle-class values
C)schools are staffed by middle-class teachers
D)all of the above

Question 35

Self-care after school places demands on children that can result in:

A)increased responsibility and maturity
B)increased antisocial behavior and stress
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 36

The positive association between teacher-student relationship quality and children's academic success:

A)is present only for younger students
B)is present only for older students
C)is present only in Western cultures
D)none of the above

Question 37

Which of the following is true regarding racial integration in schools:

A)school segregation has decreased in the U.S. over the past few decades
B)courts continue to mandate desegregation
C)in many cities there are not enough European American children to integrate the schools
D)most states have abandoned integration policies

Question 38

Children who have an overly dependent relationship with the teacher express:

A)more aggression
B)less cooperation
C)more dislike of school
D)more interest in extracurricular activities

Question 39

Minority parents increase their involvement in children's school education when:

A)teachers provide parents with a better appreciation of school goals and values
B)teachers decrease the number of parent volunteers in the classroom
C)teachers persuade parents to change their work schedules to attend parent-teacher conferences
D)teachers send regular email reports to the parents

Question 40

Parents who are members of ethnic minority groups are less involved in their children's education when:

A)schools provide extra information about how parents can be involved
B)parents perceive language barriers or cultural differences
C)parents have more knowledge about schools and how they work
D)parents are invited to parent-teacher conferences in small groups

Question 41

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which screen media portrays sex:

A)screen media emphasizes a recreational orientation to sex
B)screen media does not make people more likely to view women as sex objects
C)screen media does not make people more likely to endorse sex-stereotyped attitudes
D)screen media does not make people more likely to engage in sexual behavior

Question 42

Which of the following is true regarding the ways in which parents can effectively reduce the undesired effects of advertising:

A)parents can explain to children that advertisers seek to sell products and do not always tell the truth
B)parents can restrict children's exposure to commercial content
C)parents can ignore their children's requests for products(d)parents can punish their children for asking for advertised products (371-372)

Question 43

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which television biases perceptions:

A)people who view screen media extensively tend to underestimate the amount of danger and crime in the world
B)people who view screen media extensively tend to underestimate the trustworthiness and helpfulness of other people
C)the more time children spend watching screen media, the more biased they are
D)some of the above but not all of the above

Question 44

Which of the following is true?

A)children whose parents explain events and clarify information while they are watching screen media together tend to be less imaginative
B)when adults help children connect actions with consequences, younger children's understanding of plots is just as good as older children's
C)co-viewing with parents is useful only for children under 3 years old
D)when children hear adults make disapproving remarks about violence on TV they are more likely to behave aggressively

Question 45

Children watch more screen media if their family is:

A)lower income
B)affluent
C)European American
D)Asian American

Question 46

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which advertising influences children:

A)children who see just one sweet snack commercial are more likely to chose sweet snacks over healthy alternatives like fruit or juice
B)children do not seem to prefer the specific brand of food they see advertised
C)children who watch more screen media have more positive attitudes toward junk food but do not actually consume more junk food
D)children are likely to be influenced by ads only if they see them regularly

Question 47

Which of the following is true?

A)more than half of parents co-view screen media with their children
B)co-viewing is less helpful for general audience programming
C)co-viewing with older siblings reduces children's fears
D)co-viewing leads to parent-child conflicts

Question 48

Which of the following is not true regarding the degree to which advertising influences families:

A)children's requests and pleadings for advertised products increase parent-child conflicts
B)children's requests and pleadings for advertised products increase their disappointment when parents say no
C)children's requests and pleadings for advertised products decrease their life satisfaction when parents say no
D)none of the above

Question 49

Of all the media to which children are regularly exposed, _______ tend to contain violence:

A)Saturday morning cartoons
B)PG-13 films
C)video games
D)all of the above

Question 50

Which of the following is true regarding actions and consequences seen on screen media:

A)cause and effect relations in shows can be understood by very young children
B)the ability to connect an action with its consequence may protect children from some of the negative effects of viewing screen violence
C)most violent acts on screen media are either punished or criticized
D)a and c

Question 51

Which of the following is not a strategy to diminish the negative impact of TV:

A)encouraging children to emphasize with victims and to take their perspective
B)escalating discipline to counteract negative behaviors adopted by children
C)restricting children's TV exposure and video game choices
D)expressing disapproval of what children watch on TV

Question 52

The tendency of very young children to believe that television images are as real as real-life people and objects:

A)preoperational thinking
B)magic window thinking
C)fantasy generalization
D)reality challenged thought processes

Question 53

The process by which people show diminished emotional reaction to a repeated stimulus or event:

A)habituation
B)acclimation
C)desensitization
D)accommodation

Question 54

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which advertising influences children:

A)advertising has not been related to children's level of materialism
B)advertising has not been related to older children's requests for toys, CDs, clothes, and computer games
C)children who watch more TV ask Santa for more toys, especially toys they saw advertised
D)only adolescents who have their own financial resources are affected by ads

Question 55

Which of the following is true regarding television's effects?

A)children learn specific prosocial content from the programs they watch
B)children are unable to generalize what they learn to their own interactions with peers
C)children do not derive additional benefit from having their parents watch the programs with them
D)children have difficulty learning prosocial lessons from TV

Question 56

Compared with adolescent video game players, adult game players:

A)play more often
B)are more likely to be male
C)are more likely to sacrifice social time with friends or family
D)are generally unemployed

Question 57

After-school programs can be detrimental to children's development when:

A)they are poorly supervised
B)they do not enforce positive social norms
C)they are disorganized
D)all of the above

Question 58

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which advertising influences children:

A)children's attention does not diminish when programming goes to commercial breaks
B)children are more likely to attend to commercials as they age
C)most kindergarteners understand that the role of commercials is to "try to make you buy things"
D)none of the above

Question 59

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which screen media stereotypes minority groups:

A)children of all ethnicities associate European American characters on screen media with being rich, intelligent, and well-educated
B)children of all ethnicities associate ethnic minority characters on screen media with breaking the law, being economically stressed, and acting lazy or goofy
C)studies suggest that these screen media characterizations do not produce bigotry, but they do reinforce existing bigotry
D)all of the above

Question 60

The effectiveness of natural mentors depends on:

A)frequency of contact
B)the age of the mentor
C)the number of children that mentor has
D)the wealth of the mentor

Question 61

Which of the following are true regarding the Internet and sexual risks:

A)25 percent of adolescents unintentionally encounter pornography
B)pornography often makes adolescents upset or embarrassed
C)like anything habit-forming, even accidental exposure to pornography can create addiction
D)all of the above

Question 62

The typical video game consumer today is 22 years old

Question 63

Although teachers form impressions early in the year about how well new students will do, these impression do not affect children's classroom performance

Question 64

Researchers have linked collective efficacy directly to children's social behavior

Question 65

Formal mentoring programs have a moderate positive effect on enrolled youth

Question 66

Which of the following are not legitimate concerns about children and the Internet:

A)overuse
B)explicit pornography
C)online harassment
D)all of the above are legitimate concerns

Question 67

There exists no empirical support for the assertion that quality of after-school programs plays a role in child adjustment

Question 68

Children spend more time in school now than they did 100 years ago

Question 69

Which of the following is accurate regarding friendships initiated over the Internet:

A)youth almost never make new friends over the Internet
B)most adolescents who form online relationships eventually meet those friends in person
C)online relationships tend to be less intensive and less supportive than face-to-face relationships
D)Internet friendships are as long lasting and meaningful as real-life friendships

Question 70

Experimental work on friendship formation over the Internet shows that:

A)the relative anonymity of the Internet reduces the risks inherent in self-disclosure
B)with online friends, adolescents find it harder to express their true selves
C)adolescents report liking new acquaintances less if they meet over the Internet than if they meet in person
D)none of the above

Question 71

Available data suggest that the teacher-student relationship is less important for minority students than majority students

Question 72

Research on the effects of message boards devoted to self-injury shows that online interactions:

A)provide little social support for adolescents struggling with self-injurious behavior
B)normalize and encourage self-injurious behavior
C)provide self-injurers with new potentially lethal self-injurious behaviors
D)some of the above but not all of the above

Question 73

Which of the following is accurate regarding the documented effects of Internet harassment:

A)few youth report feeling upset
B)few youth feel stressed following the incident
C)boys who are harassed are more than three times as likely to report a major depression as boys who are not harassed
D)more youth are harassed than witness harassment online

Question 74

Because of the empirical findings regarding the benefits of cooperative learning, elementary students in the United States now spend over 50 percent of their time working in small groups

Question 75

Children who transition to a new school for middle school experience more academic and social problems than students who stay in the same school.

Question 76

Identity exploration is not usually a strong motivator for using the Internet

Question 77

Young children can be taught the distinction between behavior they see on screen media and what is acceptable in the real world

Question 78

One third of U.S. parents play videogames regularly, but only 40 percent of them play videogames with their children

Question 79

Which of the following is true regarding Internet harassment:

A)the anonymity of the Internet disinhibits people so they express behavior they would not express in face-to-face interactions
B)very few U.S. youth have been harassed in the past year
C)sexual majority youth are more likely to be harassed than sexual minority youth
D)Internet harassment is less damaging than off line harassment

Question 80

Even in many schools that are integrated, the fact that African American and Latino students are enrolled in lower level classes than European American students can create de facto segregation