Deck 11: Morality: Knowing Right Doing Good

Question 1

Of the children Kohlberg included in his longitudinal study, most attained which stage of moral development?

A)authority and morality
B)morality of contract
C)obedience and punishment
D)naïve hedonistic

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During which of Kohlberg's stages is the morality of an act defined by its physical consequences:

A)authority and morality
B)morality of contract
C)obedience and punishment orientation
D)naïve hedonistic

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Piaget's second phase of moral development in which children show great respect for rules and apply them inflexibly is known as:

A)moral absolutism
B)moral realism
C)premoral stage
D)preconventional moral stage

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Kohlberg, the phase of moral development in which moral judgment is based on the motive to conform, either to get approval from others or to follow society's rules and conventions is:

A)postconventional
B)semi-conventional
C)conventional
D)preconventional

Question 5

Piaget's third phase of moral development in which children recognize that rules can be questioned and altered, consider the feelings and views of others, and believe in equal justice for all:

A)moral absolutism
B)moral realism
C)premoral stage
D)moral reciprocity

Question 6

According to Kohlberg:

A)there is a fixed sequence of six stages in moral development
B)once attaining a level, a person can still regress
C)everyone eventually reaches the highest level
D)the stages occur at about the same ages for everyone

Question 7

The knowledge children develop about ethical rules and their judgments about the goodness or badness of certain acts involves the _______ component of morality:

A)emotional
B)behavioral
C)evaluative
D)cognitive

Question 8

The feelings children have about their 'good' and 'bad' behaviors involve the _______ component of morality:

A)emotional
B)behavioral
C)affective
D)cognitive

Question 9

The notion that deviation from rules will inevitably result in punishment or retribution is:

A)moral absolutism
B)moral realism
C)just-world perspective
D)immanent justice

Question 10

During which of Kohlberg's stages is the intent to avoid self-condemnation rather than to avoid others' criticism important?

A)authority and morality
B)morality of contract
C)morality of individual principles and conscience
D)naïve hedonistic

Question 11

According to Kohlberg, the phase of moral development in which moral judgment is controlled by an internalized ethical code that is relatively independent of the approval or disapproval of others is:

A)postconventional
B)semi-conventional
C)conventional
D)preconventional

Question 12

Piaget's moral reciprocity phase begins at about:

A)4 years of age
B)5 years of age
C)7 years of age
D)11 years of age

Question 13

Rigid application of rules to all individuals regardless of their culture or circumstance is:

A)moral absolutism
B)moral realism
C)premoral stage
D)preconventional moral stage

Question 14

Piaget's moral realism phase begins at about:

A)4 years of age
B)5 years of age
C)7 years of age
D)11 years of age

Question 15

According to Kohlberg, the phase of moral development in which justification for behavior is based on the desire to avoid punishment and gain rewards is:

A)postconventional
B)semi-conventional
C)conventional
D)preconventional

Question 16

Which of the following is a reason Piaget underestimated children's moral capacities:

A)Piaget only studied Swiss children
B)Piaget only studied his own children
C)Piaget only gave children brief outlines of moral situations
D)Piaget acted out his situations instead of reading them

Question 17

Piaget's first phase of moral development in which children show little concern for rules is termed:

A)moral absolutism
B)moral realism
C)premoral stage
D)preconventional moral stage

Question 18

The actions children express in situations that require ethical decisions involve the _______ component of morality:

A)emotional
B)behavioral
C)participatory
D)cognitive

Question 19

At which of Piaget's stages of moral development are children able to take into account the feelings and viewpoint of others?

A)moral absolutism
B)moral realism
C)premoral stage
D)moral reciprocity

Question 20

Which of the following research strategies showed that Piaget's estimates of children's moral reasoning were wrong?

A)researchers clearly separated actors' actions from the outcomes of those actions
B)researchers read children stories about the moral situations instead of requiring the children to read them themselves
C)researchers adapted the moral scenarios to incorporate situations more familiar to the children
D)researchers used a force-choice answer strategy instead of allowing the children to provide open-ended answers

Question 21

Issues from the psychological domain that have immediate and negative consequences for the self are:

A)psychological
B)prudential
C)personal
D)localized

Question 22

An area of judgment focused on beliefs and knowledge of self and others is the:

A)moral domain
B)social conventional domain
C)personal choice domain
D)psychological domain

Question 23

Children begin to understand right and wrong as early as:

A)8 months
B)12 months
C)16 months
D)24 months

Question 24

The rightness or wrongness of addressing a teacher by his or her first name would be an example from the:

A)moral domain
B)social conventional domain
C)personal choice domain
D)psychological domain

Question 25

Children who justify excluding others from play because of their race by saying "it's what's always been done" appeal to:

A)conventional reasoning
B)prudential reasoning
C)psychological reasoning
D)personal reasoning

Question 26

Which of the following is not an accurate finding from the research inspired by Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's stages of moral development:

A)there is some support for a gender-linked moral orientation when answering questions about real-life moral issues
B)there is no support for a gender-linked moral orientation when answering questions about hypothetical moral dilemmas
C)regardless of gender, different parts of the brain are involved in decision making about issues of justice and caring
D)when children are put in situations that force a choice between caring for a person and being fair, boys always chose to be fair instead of caring

Question 27

The rightness or wrongness of a person's believing that the way to be a good friend is to withhold unpleasant information is an example from the:

A)moral domain
B)social conventional domain
C)personal choice domain
D)psychological domain

Question 28

Which of the following is accurate regarding children's reasoning about prudential and personal issues?

A)children are relatively less open-minded about personal issues
B)prudential issues are a relatively more important part of how children define themselves
C)children increasingly appeal to prudential issues as they disagree with their parents
D)in China children distinguish more between personal choices and moral rules as they mature

Question 29

Milgram's experiments on obedience provide an example of:

A)individuals subordinating moral judgment to social-conventional judgment
B)individuals subordinating moral judgment to psychological judgment
C)individuals subordinating psychological judgment to social-conventional judgment
D)individuals subordinating social-conventional judgment to psychological judgment

Question 30

Which of the following is not an accurate finding from research testing Kohlberg's levels of moral development?

A)people prefer less advanced moral reasoning
B)shifting a person's moral judgment to a higher stage is easier than shifting it to a lower stage
C)people proceed through stages 3 and 4 in an invariant fashion
D)stages 5 and 6 have less clear support in part because few people reach those stages

Question 31

An area of judgment focused on social expectations, norms, and regularities that help facilitate functioning in society is:

A)the moral domain
B)the social conventional domain
C)the personal choice domain
D)the psychological domain

Question 32

Which of these people served as a model for Kohlberg's highest level of moral development?

A)Confucius
B)Jesus
C)Immanuel Kant
D)Abraham Lincoln

Question 33

Which of Kohlberg's stages is more common in middle adulthood?

A)good boy/girl morality
B)morality of contract
C)morality of individual principles and conscience
D)naïve hedonistic

Question 34

Cross-cultural research on moral reasoning shows that:

A)people in India are about as likely as Americans to chose interpersonal responses
B)the more serious the violation, the more likely are Indian participants to switch to an interpersonal response
C)Indian respondents tended to describe interpersonal responses as personal choices unless the situation was life-threatening
D)Indians tend to view helping others in moral terms no matter how minor the issue

Question 35

Which of the following is an accurate finding from the research testing Kohlberg's levels of moral development:

A)people in Taiwan and Israel explain their answers to moral dilemmas by pointing to personal standards
B)people in India downplay in their reasoning the maintenance of personal purity
C)people in different cultures go through the stages in the same order
D)many people in other cultures skip a stage or regress to a lower stage

Question 36

People are most likely to view abortion as acceptable if their primary concern is:

A)whether or not killing a fetus is murder (a moral issue)
B)whether or not is it physically risky to have the surgery (a prudential issue)
C)whether or not it might negatively affect others involved (psychological)
D)whether or not women have the right to control their own reproductive health

Question 37

Issues from the psychological domain that affect only the self and do not have immediate negative consequences are:

A)psychological
B)prudential
C)personal
D)localized

Question 38

Which of the following is an argument made by critics of Kohlberg's stages based on research on civil rights:

A)as children mature, their appreciation of the freedoms we take for granted decreases
B)in adulthood, people's support for civil rights relates only to their moral reasoning, not their political attitudes
C)the rationales children use to justify civil rights remain constant with age
D)judgments about civil rights change when competing moral issues are involved

Question 39

Children who justify excluding others from play because of their gender by saying "it is up to us to decide how we play our game" are providing:

A)a conventional reason
B)a prudential reason
C)a psychological reason
D)a personal reason

Question 40

Which of the following is an argument made by critics of Kohlberg's stages of moral development:

A)a person applies the same level of moral reasoning to all moral issues
B)saying that people move in and out of moral orders is misguided
C)young children who consistently make stage 1 moral judgments do so not because they lack other structures of moral reasoning
D)different contexts pull for different forms of moral issues

Question 41

Children's moral judgments are most effectively advanced if their parents:

A)use disciplinary techniques that involve reasoning and explanation
B)express affection freely
C)avoid harshness when disciplining
D)praise children for making moral decisions

Question 42

The ability to use strategies and plans to control one's behavior in the absence of external surveillance including inhibiting inappropriate behavior and delaying gratification is:

A)self-regulation
B)self-mastery
C)integrity
D)self-control

Question 43

Children are more likely to lie:

A)when they are seeking to gain control over another person's behavior
B)if they are female
C)if they are second born
D)if their parents are authoritarian

Question 44

Which of the following is accurate regarding children's moral behavior?

A)children's moral behavior is affected by the importance of the outcome for the child
B)children are inconsistent in their moral behavior
C)children's moral behavior is not affected by fear of detection
D)children's moral behavior is not affected by peer support for the behavior

Question 45

The process by which children acquire the rules and standards of behavior laid down by others in their culture and adopt them as their own is:

A)inculcation
B)internalization
C)socialization
D)assimilation

Question 46

Adults' explanations that are slightly more sophisticated than the children's current level of understanding:

A)frustrate children
B)disrupt children's moral understanding
C)are not understood
D)are generally given by authoritative parents

Question 47

The cognitive-developmental perspective on morality assumes all of the following except:

A)moral reasoning progresses through an invariant sequence of stages
B)moral development depends very heavily on cognitive development
C)each moral stage evolves from and replaces the stage before it
D)bright children can be trained to skip one or more stages of moral reasoning

Question 48

People seeking to justify their own immoral behavior to themselves would be unlikely to:

A)reframe a moral issue as a social-conventional issue
B)reframe a moral issue as a prudential issue
C)reframe a prudential issue as a personal issue
D)reframe a moral issue as a personal issue

Question 49

Which of the following is accurate regarding domain-appropriate responses to transgressions?

A)domain-appropriate responses to moral transgressions focus on the disorder they create
B)domain-appropriate responses to conventional transgressions focus on the harm or injury they create
C)domain-appropriate responses to moral transgressions focus on the preferences and beliefs of others
D)domain-appropriate responses to conventional transgressions focus on the disorder they create

Question 50

Internalized values and standards of moral behavior are referred to as:

A)ethical cognitive schemas
B)internalized morality
C)conscience
D)code of conduct

Question 51

Which of the following has been shown in cross-cultural research on moral domains:

A)children from other countries do not always distinguish among the three domains
B)the content of social conventions is constant across cultures
C)the content of personal issues is constant across cultures
D)children judge violations in the moral domain as most serious

Question 52

Adolescents are generally less likely to accept their parents' regulation of:

A)moral matters
B)prudential matters
C)personal matters
D)social-conventional matters

Question 53

Which of the following is accurate regarding parenting style and treatment of moral domains:

A)authoritarian parents are more likely to treat all issues as personal
B)neglectful parents are likely to treat prudential matters as social-conventional matters
C)authoritative parents treat conventional matters as moral transgressions
D)authoritative parents are more likely than authoritarian or permissive parents to establish clear boundaries between domains

Question 54

Two- and three-year-olds who experienced significant sibling rivalry had __________ when they were 5 or 6 years old than did children whose relationship with their sibling was warm and affectionate:

A)less knowledge of how to hurt other people
B)a more mature moral orientation
C)a less mature moral orientation
D)less capacity to react emotionally

Question 55

Conflicts between parents and adolescents are most intense when they mix:

A)moral and social-conventional matters
B)prudential and personal matters
C)personal and social-conventional matters
D)prudential and moral matters

Question 56

Which of the following is accurate regarding the link between moral judgments and moral actions:

A)children's moral judgments and moral behavior are usually related
B)children's behavior is rarely impulsive
C)children's behavior is usually guided by rational and deliberate thought
D)linking moral judgments to moral actions requires consideration of the person's classification of the issue as a moral one

Question 57

Putting off until a later time possessing or doing something that gives one immediate pleasure is referred to as:

A)self-control
B)self-mastery
C)moral judgment
D)delay of gratification

Question 58

Which of the following was shown by research on children's lying?

A)only about half of all children lie
B)the rate of lying among children remains constant over time
C)there is no observed gender difference in lying
D)4-year-olds lie about once every 2 hours

Question 59

Which of the following does not accurately represent children's thinking about domain appropriateness of adults' messages about moral behavior:

A)moral messages can generally be given independent of the child's developmental level if they are domain appropriate
B)children view teachers' authority as limited to rules at school
C)children evaluate adults' messages in terms of their domain appropriateness
D)children reject messages that are domain inappropriate

Question 60

The feeling of sorrow or concern for a distressed or needy person is:

A)compassion
B)empathy
C)sympathy
D)benevolence

Question 61

Which of the following is accurate regarding the biological basis of prosocial behavior:

A)empathy is unrelated to localized brain damage
B)specific brain regions are activated when people behave prosocially
C)empathic concern has not yet been linked with the activation of mirror neurons
D)none of the above

Question 62

Children behave more prosocially if their parents:

A)tolerate the children's emotional distress rather than punishing them for it
B)try to find out why the children are feeling anxious or upset
C)explain their own feelings of sadness to the children
D)all of the above

Question 63

Moral feelings (like guilt) are not related to moral behavior until:

A)4 years of age
B)5 years of age
C)6 years of age
D)2 years of age

Question 64

The most advanced type of prosocial reasoning in which justifications for helping are based on the importance of maintaining societal obligations or treating all people as equal has been labeled:

A)internalized reasoning
B)empathic reasoning
C)needs-oriented reasoning
D)prosocial reasoning

Question 65

Thinking and making judgments about prosocial issues is referred to as:

A)hedonistic reasoning
B)empathic reasoning
C)needs-oriented reasoning
D)prosocial reasoning

Question 66

Which of the following is accurate regarding gender differences in prosocial behavior?

A)in situations such as organ donation, women are more prosocial than men
B)gender differences in prosocial behavior depend on the particular action
C)girls are especially more likely than boys to engage in instrumental helping, comforting, and sharing
D)girls are more likely to be prosocial in anonymous situations

Question 67

Children behave more prosocially if:

A)they have good perspective-taking ability
B)they have good perspective-taking ability combined with motivation
C)they have good perspective-taking ability combined with social assertiveness
D)b and c

Question 68

Mothers are most successful at encouraging children to respond prosocially if they:

A)teach them using angry explanations
B)teach them using physical restraint
C)point out a peer's distress in an affectively charged manner
D)all of the above

Question 69

Making a decision to perform a prosocial act on the basis of expecting material reward ia:

A)hedonistic
B)empathic
C)needs-oriented
D)prosocial

Question 70

Which of the following is accurate regarding parents' emotional displays?

A)insufficient emotional arousal by parents leads children to self-oriented emotions like fear or sadness instead of other-oriented reactions like sympathy
B)when mothers respond to their children's moral transgressions with neutral affect, their children are more likely to make reparations than when the mother expresses intense negative affect
C)too much parental anger is like to heighten children's focus on feelings
D)too much parental anger is negatively arousing for children

Question 71

Prosocial judgments in which children express concern for others' needs although their own needs may conflict with them involve:

A)internalized reasoning
B)empathic reasoning
C)needs-oriented reasoning
D)prosocial reasoning

Question 72

Which of the following is accurate regarding the environmental basis of prosocial behavior:

A)in laboratory experiments, children who see people donate or share with others are likely to do the same
B)children whose parents model prosocial behavior by being warm, supportive, and positive to them are more prosocial and altruistic
C)children whose parents model prosocial behavior by being volunteering in the community are more prosocial and altruistic
D)all of the above

Question 73

Intrinsically motivated conduct intended to help others without expectations or acknowledgement or reward is referred to as:

A)courtesy
B)prosocial behavior
C)altruistic behavior
D)other-oriented behavior

Question 74

An advanced type of prosocial reasoning involving sympathetic responding, self-reflective role taking, and guilt or positive affect related to the consequences of one's actions is:

A)hedonistic reasoning
B)empathic reasoning
C)needs-oriented reasoning
D)prosocial reasoning

Question 75

Gender differences in prosocial behavior are smallest when reported by:

A)peers
B)family members
C)self-reports
D)observers

Question 76

Infants prefer others who show helpful actions over those who are unhelpful:

A)by 6 months of age
B)only girls show this preference
C)by 3 months of age
D)only in the second year of life

Question 77

Which of the following is accurate regarding the role of genes in prosocial behavior:

A)identical twins are less alike in their prosocial behavior than fraternal twins
B)children who have Williams syndrome are less empathic and prosocial than normal children
C)the genetic influence on prosocial behavior is considerable in childhood and decreases gradually through adolescence
D)more than 25 genes have been associated with a single prosocial behavior

Question 78

Conduct designed to help or benefit other people is referred to as:

A)courtesy
B)prosocial behavior
C)altruistic behavior
D)other-oriented behavior

Question 79

Children behave more prosocially if their parents:

A)give them the opportunity to perform prosocial acts inside the house
B)give them the opportunity to perform prosocial acts outside the house, like volunteering
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 80

Which of the following is accurate regarding correlates of guilt?

A)anticipation of guilt does not serve as a deterrent for subsequent misbehavior or rule violation
B)children who show early signs of guilt are not more concerned about rules
C)children who show early signs of guilt are more committed to rule-compatible behavior
D)children who show early signs of guilt are not more morally concerned in general