Deck 8: Early-Childhood-Physical-Development

Question 1

Children require more calories as they get older.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

All 50 states in the U.S. require child safety seats in automobiles.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Rhoda Kellogg identified 20 basic scribbles that she considers the building blocks of all art.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In terms of height and weight gains during early childhood,

A) children tend to increase their amount of "baby fat."
B) children tend to become more slender and lose some baby fat.
C) girls become heavier and taller than boys.
D) the growth rate speeds up compared to growth in infancy.

Question 5

Some children are left-brained and others are right-brained.

Question 6

The average 2-year-old in the U.S. will experience 8-9 minor illnesses in one year.

Question 7

By age 3 or 4, children can walk up the stairs as adults do, one step at a time.

Question 8

In comparison to physical development in infancy,

A) growth during the preschool years is slower.
B) growth during the preschool years is faster.
C) there is little, if any, growth for several years after infancy.
D) growth during the preschool years is more dependent upon nutrition.

Question 9

In terms of sex differences in growth during early childhood,

A) boys outgrow girls significantly.
B) boys tend to be only slightly heavier and taller than girls.
C) boys get heavier while girls get taller.
D) girls get heavier while boys get taller.

Question 10

Children become less picky about what they eat during the preschool years.

Question 11

Encopresis happens more during the day than at night.

Question 12

Rhoda Kellogg identified 20 basic scribbles that she considers the building blocks of all art.

Question 13

In early childhood, most children sleep 10-11 hours in a 24-hour period.

Question 14

Following the dramatic gains in height in the first two years, the growth rate slows.

Question 15

Girls engage in rough-and-tumble play in the United States, but not in other cultures.

Question 16

Without environmental pressures, we would all have a 50% chance of becoming left-handed.

Question 17

Brain efficiency is due, in large part, to myelination.

Question 18

Sleepwalking allows children to express feelings and impulses they would inhibit while awake.

Question 19

Raina is a 2-year-old girl. If she develops at an average rate, we would expect her to gain approximately throughout early childhood.

A) 1 inch in height per month
B) 1 inch in height per year
C) 2 to 3 inches in height per year
D) Gains in height vary considerably for girls and there is no average rate

Question 20

The cerebellum is involved in balance and coordination.

Question 21

In the Journal of Neuropsychology, you read a research article about a study of sprouting in the brains of young children. Sprouting means

A) the proliferation of connections between the brain hemispheres.
B) an increase in the types of neurotransmitters in the brain.
C) the growth of new dendrites.
D) the pruning back of neural connections.

Question 22

What is meant by "brain plasticity?"

A) Brain parts are flexible and can complete a variety of tasks.
B) Certain brain areas have very specific functions.
C) The brain can sometimes compensate for injuries.
D) The brain is very "stretchy" within one's skull.

Question 23

Bradley's fine motor skills, such as being able to button his own coat, have improved dramatically across early childhood. Which aspect of brain development leads to this?

A) Myelination of pathways from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex
B) Development of the brain stem
C) Hormones released from the pituitary gland
D) Maturation of the amygdala

Question 24

At age 6, Julia is able to focus on schoolwork. What brain developments promoted this?

A) Myelination of the pathways in the cerebellum
B) The parts of the brain that enable sustained attention became myelinated
C) The pathways that link the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex became myelinated
D) Increased visual acuity promoted this, not brain development

Question 25

The corpus callosum

A) does not begin to develop until the preschool years.
B) processes auditory information only.
C) connects the brainstem to the oldest and most primitive regions of the brain.
D) has generally completed its myelination by 8 years of age.

Question 26

Increase in brain weight during the preschool years is due

A) primarily to the thickening of the skull.
B) in large part to increasing myelination of nerve fibers.
C) primarily to increases in the size of the cerebellum.
D) to increases in the size of the muscles that support the skull.

Question 27

In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain is slightly more involved in

A) discrimination of colors.
B) mathematical computation.
C) facial recognition.
D) understanding metaphors

Question 28

Annah argues that people are primarily "right-brained" or "left-brained." Ramona argues that whether you are right- or left-brained is primarily inherited. Kristin argues that there is some specialization in the right and left hemispheres, but not to the extent that has been popularly believed. Who is right?

A) Annah
B) Ramona
C) Kristin
D) None of the above; boys tend to be left-brained and girls tend to be right-brained

Question 29

Which of the following provides evidence that people are not simply left-brained or right-brained?

A) The functions of the hemispheres have been found to be highly specialized.
B) The hemispheres respond independently when we focus on something.
C) The myelination of the corpus callosum aids in integrating emotional and logical functioning.
D) It has been determined that nobody is truly right- or left-handed; we are all ambidextrous.

Question 30

Research suggests that in right-handed individuals,

A) the left hemisphere is more involved in logical analysis and problem solving.
B) the right hemisphere is more involved in logical analysis and problem solving.
C) both hemispheres are equally involved in logical analysis and problem solving.
D) myelination of the corpus callosum is not complete until adulthood.

Question 31

When is brain plasticity at its peak?

A) Not until adolescence
B) Between the ages of 1 and 2
C) It varies greatly from individual to individual.
D) It varies greatly between females and males.

Question 32

The functions of the left and right hemispheres tend to respond simultaneously when we focus our attention on one thing. The hemispheres are aided in their cooperation by

A) myelination of the cerebellum.
B) myelination of the corpus callosum.
C) the frontal lobe and the medulla.
D) the cerebrum and the limbic system.

Question 33

What is meant by "brain specialization?"

A) Brain parts are flexible and can complete a variety of tasks.
B) Certain brain areas have very specific functions.
C) The brain can sometimes compensate for injuries.
D) Certain brain areas remain dormant until they are needed.

Question 34

If Christopher is right-handed, we might expect the right hemisphere of his brain to be superior to the left hemisphere at

A) recognition of faces.
B) logical analysis.
C) language.
D) mathematical computation.

Question 35

In the classic research study by Vurpillot (1968), what was characteristic of the 9-year-olds, but not the 4-year- olds?

A) Systematic visual scanning of the features of the houses
B) Object permanence
C) Primarily right-brain thinking
D) Greater brain plasticity

Question 36

Stewart, who is 2 years old, recently suffered a brain injury which resulted in him losing the ability to comprehend language. Given what we know about brain plasticity and age, we might assume that

A) Stewart may also lose the ability to speak language.
B) other parts of Stewart's brain may be able assume the functions lost due to injury.
C) Stewart may regain the ability to comprehend language when he reaches adolescence and his brain has greater plasticity.
D) due to redundancy of neural connections, Stewart will never recover from the injury.

Question 37

By age 5, a child's brain has

A) reached 50% of its adult weight.
B) reached 75% of its adult weight.
C) reached 90% of its adult weight.
D) acquired all the neurons it will ever acquire.

Question 38

Lea and Mia are both 2 years old. If they develop at an average rate, we would expect them to gain approximately during early childhood.

A) 1 to 2 pounds per month
B) 1 to 2 pounds per year
C) 4 to 6 pounds per year
D) twice as much weight as boys of the same age

Question 39

The child's ability to attend to and process visual information is important for

A) developing advanced drawing skills.
B) systematically scanning pictures and objects.
C) decreasing the rate at which the child can process information.
D) selecting attending to stimuli in their environment.

Question 40

By age 2, a child's brain has

A) reached 50% of its adult weight.
B) reached 75% of its adult weight.
C) reached 90% of its adult weight.
D) acquired all the neurons it will ever acquire.

Question 41

Which of the following is TRUE about brain plasticity?

A) It is inhibited by the presence of sprouting.
B) It is possible because of "redundancy".
C) It becomes more likely to occur as we age.
D) It is far more common in boys than in girls.

Question 42

Young children who are physically active

A) tend to have physically active parents.
B) are often diagnosed as hyperactive when they reach elementary school.
C) are less likely to get into trouble because they burn off excess energy.
D) outgrow it and become sedentary adults.

Question 43

Children who have early crawling experience perform better than those who do not on tests of motor skills in early childhood (Haywood & Getchell, 2008). This implies that

A) experience makes no difference as these skills are based on maturation.
B) genetics makes no difference as these skills are based on experience.
C) early experience may affect development of motor skills.
D) boys begin utilizing motor skills earlier than girls.

Question 44

Rough-and-tumble play is found

A) only among children in the U.S.
B) in boys cross-culturally, but not among girls.
C) cross-culturally, but only in adolescents.
D) cross-culturally in same and mixed sex groups.

Question 45

Which of the following cannot be said about gross motor skills in early childhood?

A) They include standing on one foot and riding a tricycle.
B) They allow for coordination of two tasks, such as singing and skipping.
C) They can be improved by observing and playing with peers.
D) They allow for small muscle group activities, like fine balance and coordination.

Question 46

If Lisa and Adam are typical 5-year-olds, given the research on sex differences in motor skills in early childhood, we would expect that

A) Lisa would perform better on tasks requiring balance; Adam would be better at throwing and kicking.
B) Lisa would be better at throwing and kicking; Adam would have better balance.
C) Lisa would perform well at throwing; Adam at kicking.
D) Lisa would perform well at hopping; Adam at skipping.

Question 47

Sedentary parents are more likely to have children who are

A) overactive.
B) cognitively delayed.
C) sedentary.
D) concerned about their health.

Question 48

By what age can most children pedal a tricycle?

A) By age 18 months to 2 years
B) By age 3
C) By age 4
D) Not before age 6 or 7

Question 49

Nhu and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. This form of play is called play.

A) aggressive
B) cooperative
C) large-muscle-skill
D) rough-and-tumble

Question 50

Gross motor skills are to , whereas fine motor skills are to .

A) large muscle groups; small muscle groups
B) small muscle groups; large muscle groups
C) nervous system development; instruction from peers
D) development during early childhood; development during adolescence

Question 51

Sabrina wants to host a birthday party in her home for her 3-year-old son and six of his friends. Which design would best suit the children's needs?

A) A small space with lots of furniture, like an office
B) A large open space with desks and chairs, so they can sit and work
C) A large open space with few pieces of furniture and lots of things to grab and bang
D) A space that encourages quiet activities such as reading

Question 52

Kung girls and boys engage in rough-and-tumble play. Among the Pilaga Indians, girls are matched against the boys. Rough-and-tumble play is less common among girls in the United States. These examples demonstrate that

A) the tendency to participate in rough-and-tumble play is genetic.
B) children from lower socioeconomic status groups are more likely to engage in it.
C) this type of play is influenced by culture and environment.
D) it is a form of play that is new to the United States.

Question 53

When speaking of brain plasticity, redundancy means

A) increased myelination.
B) a surge in neurotransmitters.
C) damage to the corpus callosum.
D) similarity of function in two or more brain locations.

Question 54

Rough-and-tumble play

A) is simply an expression of aggression.
B) helps with physical and social development.
C) increases as children get older.
D) is specific to American culture.

Question 55

In early childhood, kids spend in physical activity, about per week.

A) little time; 5 hours
B) a moderate amount of time; 10 hours
C) quite a bit of time; 25 hours
D) most of their time; 40 hours

Question 56

Which of the following is TRUE regarding motor activity in early childhood?

A) Motor activity declines after 2 or 3 years of age.
B) Motor activity continues to increase after 2 or 3 years of age.
C) Girls show a decline in motor activity after age 3, whereas boys show an increase in motor activity after age 3.
D) Children become more restless and are less able to sit still over time.

Question 57

Genetically,

A) some children are predisposed toward better coordination and strength.
B) boys and girls are programmed differently when it comes to motor skills.
C) girls are likely to have stronger gross motor skills.
D) boys have a better sense of balance.

Question 58

Some sex differences in gross motor activity in early childhood have been found. However, these differences

A) are not as large as differences between individual children.
B) disappear by age 7.
C) are attributed to genetics.
D) are attributed to environmental causes.

Question 59

In terms of rough-and-tumble play,

A) there are no gender differences.
B) girls engage in this type of play more when young and less as they get older.
C) this form of play differs from culture to culture.
D) the amount of this type of play increases dramatically as children get older.

Question 60

Children of active mothers are twice as likely to be active as children of inactive mothers. What is TRUE regarding fathers?

A) Father activity level is unrelated to child activity level.
B) As the father's activity increases, the child's activity level decreases.
C) Children of active fathers are 3.5 times more likely to be active.
D) The father's activity level is related to the activity level of boys, but not that of girls.

Question 61

According to Kellogg, which is the correct sequence of stages of drawing?

A) Placement then shape stage
B) Shape then placement stage
C) Placement then design stage
D) Pictorial then design stage

Question 62

Prenatally, girls developing with male co-twins are less likely than girls developing in the uterus alone or with female co-twins to be left-handed. This suggests the influence of

A) environment.
B) testosterone.
C) maternal prenatal diet.
D) teratogens.

Question 63

The scribbling of young children

A) is random and meaningless.
B) shows a lack of cognitive development.
C) shows a lack of gross motor skills.
D) often demonstrates meaningful patterns.

Question 64

During a recent parent teacher conference, Mr. Charles explained to the parents of 3-year-old Cameron that he is in the shape stage of drawing. What does this mean?

A) That Cameron draws scribbles in various locations on the page.
B) That Cameron draws circles, squares, Xs, and odd shapes.
C) That Cameron combines shapes such as circles and squares in his drawings.
D) That Cameron draws recognizable objects likes houses and airplanes.

Question 65

By what age do children begin drawing basic shapes?

A) 18 months
B) 3 years
C) 2 years
D) 1 year

Question 66

Mr. Hollen teaches kindergarten. He wants to add a class to his curriculum that will help develop the fine motor skills of his students. Which of the following would you recommend?

A) Gymnastics
B) Arts and crafts
C) Soccer
D) Relay races

Question 67

Which fine motor skill is MOST sophisticated and develops last?

A) Builds a tower of six cubes
B) Copies letters
C) Uses pencil with correct grip
D) Laces shoes

Question 68

The drawings of a 6-year-old

A) have no real meaning.
B) are symbolic rather than specific.
C) are random, but then are given meaning by the child.
D) represent complex inner emotions they cannot otherwise express.

Question 69

Genetically,

A) handedness seems to run in families to some degree.
B) handedness is entirely environmentally determined.
C) 100% of people are born to be right-handed.
D) 50% of people are born to become right- or left-handed.

Question 70

Two-year-old Samantha is drawing a picture. It consists of scribbles that she has carefully drawn along the border of the paper. Which stage of drawing is Samantha in?

A) Exposition
B) Placement
C) Shape
D) Design

Question 71

A proximodistal trend is BEST seen in the development of

A) brain redundancy.
B) fine motor skills.
C) gross motor skills.
D) language skills.

Question 72

The development of drawing is linked to

A) motor development.
B) personality development.
C) genetics
D) attachment style

Question 73

How early can handedness begin to be established?

A) Not until late childhood
B) As early as 2-3 months of age
C) Prenatally
D) It varies greatly based upon sex of child

Question 74

Which of the following researchers has studied over 1 million children's drawings and found meaningful patterns in the scribbles?

A) Piaget
B) Kellogg
C) Ainsworth
D) Vygotsky

Question 75

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding handedness?

A) Handedness is firmly established at birth.
B) Grasping with a certain hand increases between 6-14 months of age.
C) Preference for a certain hand is taught to infants by parents.
D) Handedness can vary through adulthood.

Question 76

Why might identical twins NOT have the same handedness?

A) Because some twins are "mirror opposites"
B) Only because one was conditioned for other-handedness
C) Because there is no genetic component to handedness
D) Because they only share 50% of their genetic heritage

Question 77

Ultrasound shows that

A) fetuses have no preference for handedness.
B) a majority of fetuses suck their left thumbs.
C) about 95% of fetuses suck their right thumbs.
D) fetuses suck both right and left thumbs equally.

Question 78

By age 3, children are drawing basic shapes. As soon as they draw shapes, they begin to combine them, thus entering the stage.

A) placement
B) pictorial
C) interpretive
D) design

Question 79

By the age of 2, which of the following fine motor skills can a child accomplish?

A) Lacing one's shoes
B) Printing one's first name
C) Using a pencil with the correct hand grip
D) Imitating the folding of paper

Question 80

Four-year-old Hunter draws lines coming down a sheet of construction paper. He then looks at it and decides it's the rain he sees coming down outside his window. This represents which feature of drawing in early childhood?

A) Drawings have no real meaning.
B) Drawings are specific rather than symbolic of a category.
C) Children ages 3 to 5 have difficulty interpreting what they have drawn.
D) Children ages 3 to 5 usually see what they've drawn and then name it.