Deck 1: A New World

Question 1

The Pueblo Indians encountered by the Spanish in the sixteenth century:

A) had engaged in settled village life only briefly before the Spanish arrived.
B) had been almost completely isolated from any other people before the Spanish arrived.
C) used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production.
D) were called mound builders for the burial mounds they created.
E) created a vast empire that included control of the Incas.

Answer 1

used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production.

Question 2

Adam Smith recorded in 1776 that the "two greatest and most important" events in the history of mankind were the:

A) discovery of America and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.
B) discovery of America and the beginning of the slave trade.
C) birth of mercantilism and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.
D) beginning of the slave trade and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.
E) discovery of America and the birth of mercantilism.

Answer 2

discovery of America and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.

Question 3

Pueblo Indians lived in what is now:

A) the eastern United States.
B) the southwestern United States.
C) Mexico.
D) the northeastern United States.
E) Central America.

Answer 3

the southwestern United States.

Question 4

Europeans tended to think which one of the following about Native Americans and their cultures?

A) All Native Americans were gentle and friendly.
B) Native Americans worshiped the same God that Europeans did, although they called him by different names.
C) Native Americans failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it.
D) Because Native American men engaged in masculine pursuits such as hunting and fishing, Indian gender divisions were acceptable.
E) Native American cultures were actually superior to those of Europeans.

Question 5

Which statement about gender relations is FALSE for most Native American societies?

A) Men and women engaged in premarital sex.
B) It was acceptable for a woman to seek a divorce.
C) Tribal leaders were almost always women.
D) Women owned dwellings and tools.
E) Societies were matrilineal.

Question 6

In Europe on the eve of colonization, one conception of freedom, called "Christian liberty,"

A) was a set of ideas today known as "religious toleration."
B) mingled ideas of freedom with servitude to Jesus Christ-concepts that were seen as mutually reinforcing.
C) found expression in countries dominated by Catholics but not in primarily Protestant ones.
D) argued that all Christians should have equal political rights.
E) referred to the policy of trying to overthrow any non-Christian regime around the world.

Question 7

Which one of the following was NOT true of women in Native American societies?

A) In contrast to their European counterparts, it was considered more acceptable for them to engage in premarital sexual relations.
B) Children usually became members of the mother's family, not the father's.
C) Women often participated in the administration of village affairs and in agriculture.
D) Women dressed scantily by European standards.
E) Women made all decisions about trade relations with other tribes.

Question 8

As colonization began, the European idea of freedom:

A) was enjoyed by a large portion of the population.
B) included the idea of abandoning sin to embrace the teachings of Jesus Christ.
C) included a few narrowly defined rights and privileges.
D) would be completely unrecognizable to those alive today.
E) embraced the view that Indians deserved liberty, too.

Question 9

Both the Aztec and Inca empires were:

A) rural and poor.
B) small in population, but sophisticated in infrastructure.
C) large, wealthy, and sophisticated.
D) large in geographic size, but sparsely populated.
E) rural, with few impressive buildings.

Question 10

When Europeans arrived, many Native Americans :

A) tried to use them to enhance their standing with other Native Americans.
B) immediately opened treaty negotiations.
C) learned their languages.
D) hid in nearby cave dwellings.
E) simply attacked them.

Question 11

Native American religious ceremonies:

A) had nothing to do with farming or hunting.
B) were related to the Native American belief that sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things.
C) were designed to show that supernatural forces must control man.
D) were the same in every community.
E) did not exist until arriving Europeans insisted on knowing about Native American customs.

Question 12

Before the arrival of Columbus, Native North Americans :

A) had elaborate trade networks.
B) were entirely agricultural and rural.
C) across the continent were very similar in their political and religious beliefs.
D) always lived in small family units.
E) lived only in coastal areas.

Question 13

In approximately 7000 BCE, agriculture developed in the Americas in:

A) the Mississippi Valley.
B) Mexico and Peru.
C) the Yucatan Peninsula.
D) Chesapeake Bay.
E) Brazil.

Question 14

Far more important to most Indian societies than freedom as personal independence were all of the following EXCEPT:

A) kinship ties.
B) secure rights to owning land.
C) the ability to follow one's spiritual values.
D) the well-being of one's community.
E) the security of one's community.

Question 15

The city situated along the Mississippi River with between 10,000 and 30,000 residents in the year 1200 is today known as:

A) Poverty Point.
B) Cahokia.
C) Pueblo Bonita.
D) Iroquois.
E) Tenochtitlán.

Question 16

Europeans-particularly the English, French, and Dutch-generally claimed North American Indian land as their own based on:

A) the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494.
B) the biblical story of Noah's division of the world among his sons.
C) financial transactions between Indian peoples and themselves.
D) their view that Indians did not use the land properly.
E) various papal decrees that privileged the claims of European Christians over those of Indian "heathens."

Question 17

Which one of the following is true about Native Americans and material wealth?

A) Chiefs were expected to share some of their goods rather than hoard them.
B) Eastern Native Americans were more materialistic than those who lived west of the Mississippi.
C) Wealth mattered less to them than to Europeans, but inherited social status was equally important to both peoples.
D) Native Americans actually suffered more social inequality than Europeans did.
E) Native Americans had no material wealth.

Question 18

Which one of the following statements is true of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán?

A) It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center.
B) It was located in the dense jungle of the Yucatan Peninsula.
C) Its defeat was due to its leader surrendering too soon to Hernán Cortés, who was in fact outnumbered and outgunned.
D) Technologically and architecturally, it was so far behind European capitals that its defeat was certain.
E) It had the New World's first mass transit system.

Question 19

Which statement about the Indians of North America is FALSE?

A) Indians were very diverse.
B) The idea of private property was foreign to Indians.
C) Many Indian societies were matrilineal.
D) Indians did not covet wealth and material goods as the Europeans did.
E) Indians lacked genuine religion.

Question 20

How did Native Americans conceive of property?

A) Native Americans believed that land should never be claimed.
B) Families might use a specific plot of land for a season.
C) Individuals could own land outright and pass it on to family members.
D) A family could claim land forever, but an individual could not.
E) Native Americans and Europeans conceived of property in the same way, though Europeans claimed otherwise as an excuse to take Indian land.

Question 21

Under English law in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, women:

A) enjoyed far greater rights than they did in Spain and Spanish America.
B) who outlived their husbands were entitled to one-half of the husband's property.
C) surrendered their legal identities when they married.
D) were expected to submit to their husbands in public, but not in private.
E) gained a great deal of personal and political power during the reigns of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth.

Question 22

What role did religion play in Columbus's explorations?

A) None whatsoever.
B) Columbus was determined to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
C) Catholics in Spain and Italy supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade.
D) Columbus benefited from Ferdinand and Isabella's efforts to promote tolerance in Spain.
E) Spain wanted Columbus to find a refuge for the Jews the king was driving out of the country.

Question 23

Slavery in Africa:

A) resulted from the arrival of Europeans.
B) included no form of rights for the slaves.
C) was the only kind of labor on that continent.
D) involved the enslavement of criminals, debtors, and war captives.
E) accelerated with the arrival of the French in the 1520s.

Question 24

Which of the following was NOT a technique that Spanish conquistadores used to conquer Native American empires?

A) Kidnapping a leader and holding him for ransom.
B) Dividing and conquering them by taking advantage of old rivalries.
C) Relying upon the spread of diseases, even though they may not have been introduced intentionally.
D) Negotiating treaties.
E) Using their superior military technology.

Question 25

The reconquista was the reconquest of Spain from the:

A) Jews.
B) British.
C) Protestants.
D) Moors.
E) Aztecs.

Question 26

Amerigo Vespucci:

A) named the New World after himself.
B) helped to correct Columbus's theory that he had found a route to Asia.
C) agreed with Columbus that Native Americans were East Indians.
D) was funded by the English.
E) actually named the continent Vespucci, but it was changed.

Question 27

John Cabot sailed to:

A) Newfoundland.
B) New York.
C) Jamestown.
D) Hispaniola.
E) Quebec.

Question 28

In England, social inequality:

A) was part of a hierarchical society.
B) did not keep British subjects from enjoying the same degree of individual freedom.
C) did not mean that there was economic inequality.
D) was banned under the doctrine of coverture.
E) prompted Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church.

Question 29

In 1519, who became the first European explorer to encounter the Aztec empire?

A) Vasco da Gama.
B) Ferdinand Magellan.
C) John Cabot.
D) Hernán Cortés.
E) Francisco Pizzaro.

Question 30

Why did European exploration of the New World proceed so rapidly after Columbus's discoveries?

A) Gutenberg's invention of the printing press enabled the rapid dissemination of information.
B) England, France, and Spain united to fund exploration, eliminating one of the problems that Columbus had faced.
C) Spain was determined to protect the Native Americans against Protestant missionaries from rival European states, inspiring the government to fund numerous expeditions.
D) The amount of gold that Columbus brought back to Spain was so inspiring that other countries inevitably followed suit.
E) The Dutch became involved and had more money than other countries to finance expeditions, so those other countries worked together and raced against the Dutch for control.

Question 31

The ritual sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs:

A) occurred one at a time and therefore were minimal.
B) prompted most Aztecs to oppose their leaders, who opposed the sacrifices.
C) disgusted Europeans despite their own practices of publicly executing criminals and burning witches at the stake.
D) were always held at an arena in Tenochtitlán that resembled the Roman Colosseum.
E) cost the Spanish several hundred men before Cortés conquered the Aztecs.

Question 32

Which one of the following statements about African slavery within Africa is FALSE?

A) African slaves tended to be criminals, debtors, or captives in war.
B) Slavery was one of several forms of labor in Africa.
C) Slaves had well-defined rights and could possess property.
D) The slave trade within Africa accelerated between 1450 and 1500.
E) Only men were taken for the slave trade.

Question 33

Before the transatlantic slave trade began, approximately 100,000 African slaves were transported between 1450 and 1500 to:

A) England and Ireland.
B) Spain and France.
C) Portugal and Spain.
D) Portugal and the Netherlands.
E) England and the Netherlands.

Question 34

The transatlantic flow of people and goods such as corn, potatoes, horses, and sugarcane is called:

A) globalization.
B) the Columbian Exchange.
C) the Great Circuit.
D) the Atlantic system.
E) trade.

Question 35

Portuguese trading posts along the western coast of Africa were called factories because:

A) the merchants were known as factors.
B) the trading posts made the goods there in makeshift factories.
C) the African slaves built factories along the coast to manufacture guns.
D) the slave traders called their system a labor factory.
E) that is how the Africans translated "trading post."

Question 36

What motivated the Portuguese to begin exploration to find a water route to India, China, and the East Indies?

A) To prove that the world was round.
B) To spread the Protestant faith.
C) To establish land empires in India and China.
D) To eliminate the Muslim "middlemen" in the luxury goods trade.
E) To find markets for Portugal's surplus manufactured goods.

Question 37

Which one of the following is true of religion in seventeenth-century Europe?

A) Few nations had established churches.
B) The churches condemned dissenters, but the governments protected them.
C) Wars were fought over the right of an individual to religious freedom.
D) Religious uniformity was thought to be essential to public order.
E) Religious uniformity had nothing to do with ideas about public order.

Question 38

"Coverture" refers to:

A) a woman's responsibility to wear a scarf covering her head when in public.
B) knowing your place in society, especially at church when sitting in the pews.
C) a tax one pays on one's property that is assessed quarterly.
D) a woman surrendering her legal identity when she marries.
E) a binding legal agreement between an indentured servant and his or her master.

Question 39

The first center of the Spanish empire in America:

A) was a prosperous settlement that Columbus created.
B) was the island of Hispaniola.
C) fell to Dutch raiders in 1506.
D) resulted from Columbus's last voyage to the New World in 1502.
E) was Cuba.

Question 40

What geographic error did Columbus make?

A) He grossly underestimated the size of the earth.
B) He thought the earth was not round, but flat.
C) He was certain that India was east of the Americas.
D) He expected the weather in India to be the same as in the North Atlantic.
E) He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean.

Question 41

Which one of the following is true of agriculture in Spanish America?

A) African-American slaves performed most of the labor.
B) The main crops were vastly different than they had been before Spain's arrival.
C) Spain introduced wheat as a crop.
D) Indian slaves did the work on small-scale farms.
E) Catholic priests were forbidden to be involved in farming.

Question 42

Bartolomé de Las Casas argued that Indians :

A) could be enslaved because they lacked true religion.
B) were more akin to beasts than humans.
C) should overthrow their cruel Spanish masters and reestablish the Inca and Aztec empires.
D) were treated well by the Spanish.
E) should enjoy "all guarantees of liberty and justice" as subjects of Spain.

Question 43

The Black Legend described:

A) the Aztecs' view of Cortés.
B) English pirates along the African coast.
C) Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer.
D) Portugal as a vast trading empire.
E) Indians as savages.

Question 44

The Spanish justified their claim to land in the New World through all of the following EXCEPT:

A) believing that their culture was superior to that of the Indians.
B) violence.
C) a missionary zeal.
D) a decree from the Pope.
E) defeating the English fleet in 1588.

Question 45

Which of the following is true of Spain's explorations of the New World?

A) Individual conquistadores always traveled alone.
B) Members of the Spanish parties suffered greatly from disease.
C) Florida was the first region in the present-day United States that Spain colonized.
D) Spain sought to forestall Portuguese incursions into the New World.
E) Spain's explorations had no impact on the size of the Native American population.

Question 46

How did Spain justify enslaving Native Americans?

A) The Spanish believed that enslavement could liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization.
B) Pope Alexander VI had approved Spanish slavery but banned slavery in Portuguese holdings in the New World.
C) The writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas explained that the Bible approved slavery and that therefore it was acceptable.
D) If England and France were to be defeated in the quest for empire, Spain needed to take a step they had avoided-imposing slavery upon the native population.
E) The Spanish actually never enslaved Native Americans; the charge that they did was simply part of the Black Legend spread by the English and other enemies.

Question 47

The Columbian Exchange was:

A) the agreement that documented what Christopher Columbus would give to Spanish leaders in return for their sponsorship of his travel to the New World.
B) the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World.
C) John Cabot's exploration of the New World, which brought more of the goods that Columbus had found back to the Old World.
D) responsible for introducing corn, tomatoes, and potatoes to the Americas.
E) the first store in the New World, named for the man who founded it.

Question 48

Which one of the following lists the events in proper chronological order, from first to last?

A) Pueblo Revolt, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Quebec founded, Spain adopts New Laws
B) Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan
C) Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Pueblo Revolt, Spain adopts New Laws
D) The Dutch settle Manhattan, Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded
E) Spain adopts New Laws, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Pueblo Revolt

Question 49

Which one of the following is true of Spanish emigrants to the New World?

A) Many of the early arrivals came to direct Native American labor.
B) From the beginning, they arrived as families.
C) They were all at the bottom of the social hierarchy.
D) They soon outnumbered Native Americans.
E) Only the residents of the Malaga province migrated.

Question 50

The repartimiento system established by the Spanish in the mid-1500s:

A) officially designated Indians in New Spain as slaves of European colonists.
B) recognized Indians as free but required them to perform a fixed amount of labor.
C) gave voting rights in local assemblies to mestizos but not to peninsulares.
D) required all Indians to convert to Catholicism or face execution.
E) set up a system of local courts of law that proved essential to Spanish rule in Peru.

Question 51

According to Bartolomé de Las Casas:

A) Spain needed to institute a more humane system of Native American slavery in order to avoid offending Pope Paul III.
B) Spain had caused the deaths of millions of innocent people in the New World.
C) despite his opposition to slavery, he needed to keep his slaves so that he would have time to devote to working for abolition and emancipation.
D) slavery needed to be eliminated entirely from the Earth.
E) converting Native Americans to anything but Catholicism would lead to their death.

Question 52

Alarmed by the destructiveness of the conquistadores, the Spanish crown replaced them with a more stable system of government headed by:

A) lawyers and bureaucrats.
B) bishops of the Catholic Church.
C) landed wealthy elite.
D) elected local officials.
E) entrepreneurs.

Question 53

In 1492, the Native American population:

A) was at least 100 million.
B) lived exclusively in villages of no more than 1,000 individuals.
C) declined catastrophically due to exposure to the Black Plague.
D) lived mostly in what is today the United States.
E) lived mostly in Central and South America.

Question 54

The government of the Spanish empire in America:

A) established the principle of the separation of church and state by keeping the Catholic Church out of civic affairs.
B) was dominated by the conquistadores, who had conquered lands and retained control over them.
C) included local officials who held a great deal of control.
D) was troubled due to constant turmoil and local divisions back in Spain.
E) operated out of Monterey, California.

Question 55

The Spanish empire in America:

A) included most of the populated part of the New World but few of its natural resources, making the empire rich in people but poor economically.
B) paled in comparison with the ancient Roman Empire.
C) was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization.
D) was centered in Lima, Peru.
E) allowed religious freedom and therefore attracted colonists from throughout Europe.

Question 56

Exploring the North American interior in the 1500s, __________ was the first European to encounter the immense herds of buffalo that roamed the Great Plains.

A) Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
B) Hernando de Soto
C) Jacques Marquette
D) Juan Ponce de León
E) Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo

Question 57

Which one of the following statements about Spanish America is true?

A) Over time, Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture-part Spanish, part Indian, and, in some areas, part African.
B) Mestizos enjoyed much political freedom and held most of the high government positions.
C) Spaniards outnumbered the Indian inhabitants after fifty years of settlement.
D) The Catholic Church played only a minor role in Spanish America.
E) Spanish America was very rural and had few urban centers.

Question 58

The New Laws of 1542:

A) led Protestant Europeans to create the Black Legend about Spanish rule in the Americas.
B) introduced the encomienda system.
C) were adopted at the urging of Gonzalo Pizzaro, brother of Peru's conqueror.
D) commanded that Indians no longer be enslaved in Spanish possessions.
E) forbade the enslavement of Africans in New Spain.

Question 59

In 1517, the German priest __________ began the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which accused the Catholic Church of worldliness and corruption.

A) Martin Buber
B) Ulrich Zwingli
C) Martin Luther
D) Reinhold Niebuhr
E) Johannes Gutenberg

Question 60

The Spanish set up outposts from Florida to South Carolina in part because:

A) Spanish missionaries hoped to convert local Native Americans to Christianity.
B) English colonists from Virginia were attacking Spanish settlements.
C) they sought to prevent the escape of African slaves to English colonies located north and east of the Savannah River.
D) the discovery of gold mines in central Florida meant that other powers were likely to encroach on Spanish territories.
E) they needed to protect St. Augustine, which became the capital of New Spain in 1542.

Question 61

Which European country dominated international commerce in the early seventeenth century?

A) France
B) The Netherlands
C) Britain
D) Spain
E) Portugal

Question 62

The first French explorations of the New World:

A) brought great riches to France.
B) were intended to locate the Northwest Passage.
C) led to successful colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
D) were in response to an intense rivalry with the Netherlands.
E) created no permanent settlements until the eighteenth century.

Question 63

Which of the following is true of freedom in New Netherland?

A) The colony's elected assembly enjoyed greater rights of self-government than any English colonial legislative body.
B) The Dutch commitment to liberty prompted the colony to ban slavery there.
C) Religious intolerance led the Dutch to ban all Jewish peoples from the colony.
D) Of all of the colonies in the New World, New Netherland required the longest period of service from indentured servants.
E) Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands.

Question 64

Spanish Florida:

A) attracted large numbers of settlers.
B) became a British colony in 1607.
C) was little more than an isolated military settlement.
D) was the site of Juan de Oñate's attack on the inhabitants of Acoma.
E) attracted mostly elderly Spaniards.

Question 65

Henry Hudson:

A) set sail into the bay that bears his name as a representative of the British empire.
B) was searching for the Pacific Coast.
C) hoped to find the Northwest Passage to Asia.
D) set up a Dutch colony based on the idea of consent of the governed.
E) was the architect of the Dutch overseas empire.

Question 66

Acoma was an Indian city in present-day __________ that the Spanish destroyed.

A) New Mexico
B) Florida
C) Cuba
D) California
E) Puerto Rico

Question 67

How did French involvement in the fur trade change life for Native Americans?

A) It didn't; Native Americans were already hunting beaver and buffalo for their skins.
B) Native Americans benefited economically but were able to avoid getting caught in European conflicts and rivalries.
C) The French were willing to accept Native Americans into colonial society.
D) The English and French quests for beaver pelts prompted a surge in the Native American population.
E) It forced Native Americans to learn new trapping techniques that were far superior to their old ways.

Question 68

Which statement about the Pueblo Revolt is FALSE?

A) It resulted in a wholesale expulsion of the Spanish settlers.
B) It arose in part from missionaries burning Indian religious artifacts.
C) It resulted in a total renunciation of Catholicism by the Indians.
D) It was successful because the Pueblo peoples cooperated with each other.
E) It was inspired by the Pope, but he died before the actual revolt took place.

Question 69

Which European city was known in the early seventeenth century as a haven for persecuted Protestants from all over Europe and even for Jews fleeing Spain?

A) Amsterdam
B) Geneva
C) Marseilles
D) London
E) Brussels

Question 70

Which one of the following was true of French relations with Native Americans?

A) The French appropriated significant amounts of land for fur trading.
B) The French were proud that they were considered tougher on Indians than their English and Spanish counterparts.
C) The French sent nuns to try to Christianize the natives, because they understood that gender relations were different among Native Americans than they were among whites.
D) Native Americans resented that the French had no need for their help in the fur trade.
E) Jesuit missionaries tried to convert Native Americans, but gave them far more independence than did Spanish missionaries.

Question 71

How did the Dutch manifest their devotion to liberty?

A) They supported tolerance in religious matters in their colony.
B) Their colony was the first in the Americas to have a bill of rights.
C) They allowed freedom of speech.
D) They issued the Edict of New Netherland, declaring the Puritans to be heathens because they refused to allow religious freedom.
E) They gave men ownership of their wives, which gave married men the property ownership and independence they needed to participate in political activities.

Question 72

New France was characterized by:

A) severe conflict between French settlers and the Indians.
B) a well-defined line between Indian society and French society.
C) more peaceful European-Indian relations than existed in New Spain.
D) a Protestant missionary zeal to convert the Indians.
E) its lack of devastating epidemics.

Question 73

As early as 1615, the __________ people of present-day southern Ontario and upper New York State forged a trading alliance with the French, and many of them converted to Catholicism.

A) Pequot
B) Lenni Lenape
C) Iroquois
D) Cherokee
E) Huron

Question 74

The Jesuit religious order was particularly influential in:

A) New Netherland.
B) Brazil.
C) England.
D) New France.
E) Cuba.

Question 75

In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded:

A) Montreal.
B) New York.
C) Champlain.
D) Quebec.
E) Albany.

Question 76

Which one of the following is true of New France?

A) It was the subject of a great deal of favorable publicity throughout Europe.
B) Its commitment to religious toleration was a source of great embarrassment for less tolerant powers like England and Spain.
C) Its population was limited at best, because France feared that a significant emigration would undermine its role as a great European power.
D) The only women allowed to reside there were nuns, a reflection of the French commitment to spreading Catholicism.
E) Seigneuries were the only democratic areas in the colony.

Question 77

French Canada:

A) was a very democratic colony.
B) was founded by Jesuit priests who were working as fur traders as a way to meet and convert Native Americans.
C) consisted mainly of male colonists.
D) had, by 1700, twice as many colonists as all the English North American colonies combined.
E) gave the French a world monopoly on fur production.

Question 78

Which statement about New Netherland is FALSE?

A) Some slaves possessed half-freedom.
B) No elected assembly was established.
C) The Dutch enjoyed good commercial and diplomatic relations with the Five Iroquois Nations.
D) Women had many liberties, but could not retain their legal identity after marriage.
E) Religious toleration was extended to Catholics and Jews.

Question 79

The first permanent European settlement in the Southwest, established in 1610, was:

A) Tucson.
B) Albuquerque.
C) El Paso.
D) San Diego.
E) Santa Fe.

Question 80

The Pueblo Indian uprising of 1680:

A) followed their leader Popé's arrest for engaging in sexual relations with a non-Native American woman.
B) helped lead to the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans.
C) was based entirely on economic factors.
D) was the work of one Native American tribe.
E) began a long tradition of cooperation between New Mexico's tribes.