Deck 19: Of Masses and Visions of the Modern, 1910-1939

Question 1

Which of the following describes the first response of the United States government to the Great Depression?

A) It created a jobs program to help the unemployed return to productivity.
B) It expanded the role of the state to meet the economic crisis.
C) It promoted more active participation in the League of Nations.
D) It insisted on individual thrift and self-reliance, not government handouts.

Answer 1

It insisted on individual thrift and self-reliance, not government handouts.

Question 2

Which of the following was implied by the economic theories promoted by John Maynard Keynes?

A) The role of business and economic production was to serve the interests of the state.
B) Human nature was best served by an economy made up of many small producers in competition with one another.
C) The ideal human society was one in which everyone contributed what they could and took what they needed.
D) At times states needed to compensate for failures in the market by stimulating the economy with job creation and increasing supply of currency.

Answer 2

At times states needed to compensate for failures in the market by stimulating the economy with job creation and increasing supply of currency.

Question 3

Why did Henry Ford pay his automobile factory workers more than double the usual industrial wage?

A) High pay was the only way to entice workers to become cogs in a depersonalized labor process.
B) Ford employed primarily veterans of World War I and saw high wages as his patriotic duty.
C) Ford was influenced by modern socialist ideals.
D) Ford understood that consumers drove production and wanted his workers to be able to consume.

Answer 3

Ford understood that consumers drove production and wanted his workers to be able to consume.

Question 4

Which of the following demonstrated authoritarian governments' inability to exercise total control over mass culture?

A) Germany was unable to suppress Triumph of the Will.
B) Powerful radio transmitters permitted stations to reach larger national audiences.
C) Jazz recordings were available in Germany and the Soviet Union.
D) Josephine Baker was very popular after the war.

Question 5

Which of the following was a consequence of countries' imposing protective tariffs?

A) Manufacturers cut back on production and laid off millions of workers.
B) Local industries and products were able to drive out foreign imports.
C) The flow of trade within a hemisphere was made easier.
D) The production of raw materials soared.

Question 6

Which of the following industries best represents the development of mass culture in the United States after World War I?

A) the steel industry
B) the railroad industry
C) the shipping industry
D) the advertising industry

Question 7

Which of the following is a similarity among European states' response to World War I?

A) All states, even democracies, suspended many democratic rights and intervened in both production and consumption.
B) Democratic states, such as Britain and France, held fast to liberal policies despite the war.
C) The war and economic crises that followed led all states to reduce the scope of their control.
D) In Russia, France, and Britain, liberal capitalism prevailed following the war.

Question 8

Which of the following was a consequence of the mass mobilizations required by World War I?

A) Fewer colonial soldiers were required since a high number of European men were called up.
B) European food production to supply the military rapidly increased.
C) Traditional gender boundaries were undermined.
D) Unionized labor movements demanded higher wages.

Question 9

By the end of the 1930s, how did most people perceive the liberal democratic model of governance?

A) revolutionary and exciting
B) established and successful
C) weak and vulnerable
D) incompetent and disastrous

Question 10

How did World War I contribute to the rise of mass production?

A) The state took greater control of economic decision making.
B) Large amounts of standardized war materiel had to be produced as quickly and cheaply as possible.
C) The development of economic nationalism was encouraged by the combatant states.
D) Campaigns encouraged people to buy more goods in order to show their patriotism.

Question 11

Which of the following accurately characterizes the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution?

A) The Bolshevik Revolution was an overthrow of the Russian monarchy.
B) The Bolshevik Revolution was an attempt by military and political elites to restore order.
C) The Bolshevik Revolution was proclaimed by socialists in order to overtake the earlier "bourgeois" revolution.
D) The Bolshevik Revolution was initiated by the Ottomans in order to pull Russia out of World War I.

Question 12

Which of the following was a major consequence of World War I?

A) European claims of a superior level of culture were supported by military victories.
B) The interdependence of global trade networks intensified in the 1920s and 1930s.
C) Social hierarchies in European societies were shaken up or overthrown.
D) States were free to act without the support of their citizens or subjects.

Question 13

Which of the following was a cause of the Great Depression?

A) abandoning the gold standard
B) the rise of protectionism and decline of free trade
C) the Soviet Union's isolation from the League of Nations
D) low interest rates in the United States

Question 14

How did the French Popular Front government respond to threats of a rightist coup in the 1930s?

A) It instituted a 40-hour workweek, the right to collective bargaining, and a minimum wage.
B) It called up the military in Paris to suppress riots.
C) It ejected the French Communist Party from its national coalition.
D) It made the fascist party illegal in France and reaffirmed its adherence to liberal capitalism.

Question 15

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points most directly influenced which provision of the Treaty of Versailles?

A) the organization of a League of Nations
B) the requirement that Germany pay reparations to the victorious Allied nations
C) the assignment of blame for the World War I to Germany
D) the transfer of Germany's concessions in China to Japan

Question 16

Which of the following is the reason why Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in February 1917?

A) His generals believed that protests against the tsar in the capital threatened the war effort along the Eastern Front.
B) His generals believed that the troops along the Eastern Front were needed to fight the Ottomans, but the tsar did not agree.
C) The tsar abdicated because his son was desperately ill and needed his father's care.
D) The tsar abdicated in protest over the failures of the Russian military against the German army.

Question 17

During the 1920s and 1930s, most ideas about "being modern" acknowledged that modernity implied

A) stylistic innovation.
B) realism in art.
C) mass production and consumption.
D) strong, authoritarian leadership.

Question 18

How did World War I change the role of states?

A) It made them afraid of overstepping and causing another war.
B) It led to an increase in the size and scope of their role in society.
C) It encouraged them to cooperate more closely with one another after the war.
D) It led to more autonomy for individual citizens and subjects.

Question 19

Which of the following describes the overall impact of the New Deal?

A) It offered a quick end to the Great Depression in the United States.
B) It preserved the American system of capitalism.
C) It caused the emergence of authoritarian rule in the United States.
D) It generated an extensive redistribution of wealth in American society.

Question 20

The tension in Europe that led to World War I was partly caused by a growing nationalist rivalry between which two states?

A) Great Britain and Germany
B) Great Britain and France
C) France and Russia
D) Russia and Great Britain

Question 21

Which African leader invoked precolonial traditions as a basis for resisting British colonialism in Kenya?

A) Blaise Diagne
B) Mohandas K. Gandhi
C) Jomo Kenyatta
D) Bambatha Zondi

Question 22

In what ways did Getulio Vargas seek support from Brazilian blacks?

A) He supported public schools and paved roads.
B) He legalized Candomblé dances and samba schools.
C) He enfranchised literate women voters.
D) He built steel mills and factories.

Question 23

Following World War I, Indian nationalists embraced which of the following methods of combating colonial control?

A) Indians joined forces with other colonized peoples in Africa and Asia to wage war against all western domination.
B) Indians cooperated with British rule to prove that they were ready for self-government.
C) Indians supported the actions of educated elite lawyers and merchants in the Indian National Congress.
D) Indians boycotted British goods, refused to pay taxes, and refused to send their children to British schools.

Question 24

What was Satyagraha?

A) a philosophy of nonviolent resistance
B) a philosophy of self-reliance
C) an Indian epic poem
D) a dance with martial overtones that upset authorities

Question 25

On what did Soviet governance under Stalin rely to ensure citizen compliance with its policies?

A) terror
B) tacit support from church hierarchies
C) cooperation
D) bribery and corruption

Question 26

In general, anticolonial nationalist movements wanted to

A) use their indigenous cultural and religious traditions as sources for mobilization.
B) use violent means to gain their independence from colonial rule.
C) use local religions as a template that could lead to a better form of government.
D) rely on indigenous prophetic movements to oppose colonial control.

Question 27

Which of the following is an element common to all the authoritarian systems of the mid-twentieth century?

A) state-supported anti-Semitism
B) a willingness to use violence and terror against their own citizens
C) a willingness to allow private enterprises to manage themselves without state interference
D) a refusal to allow public roles for women

Question 28

Jawaharlal Nehru disagreed with Gandhi in which of the following ways?

A) Nehru advocated for the creation of a separate Muslim state.
B) Nehru believed that India needed to embrace science and technology to develop as a modern nation.
C) Nehru wanted a revolution, not peaceful protests.
D) Nehru backed the industrial proletariat and class consciousness as the motivation for resistance.

Question 29

Which individual was most responsible for mobilizing a mass anticolonial movement in British-controlled India?

A) Jawaharlal Nehru
B) Mohandas K. Gandhi
C) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
D) Mustafa Kemal

Question 30

Which of the following is accurate for both Hitler and Mussolini?

A) Both began their political careers as socialists.
B) Neither won an electoral majority before being appointed to power.
C) Both were appointed chancellor by their respective kings.
D) Neither had actual military experience in World War I.

Question 31

Italian fascists considered themselves to be the defenders of which of the following?

A) large corporations and the capitalist system in which they participated
B) the Italian monarchy and aristocracy
C) peasants, nonsocialist workers, veterans, and students
D) unionized factory workers and miners

Question 32

Which of the following best describes a corporatist political system?

A) a system in which the state limits itself to performing functions that private interests are unwilling or unable to carry out
B) a system in which the state assumes complete control of economic activity and sets goals for the society as a whole
C) a system in which large corporations control such a high percentage of national wealth that they are able to influence government policies and functions
D) a system in which the state establishes political parties and encourages interest groups such as chambers of commerce and trade unions to associate with those parties

Question 33

Which of the following was a reason why Hitler and the Nazis were popular with the German electorate?

A) They refused to resort to force or public disturbances.
B) They supported the Weimar Republic.
C) They claimed success in restoring order and improving the economy.
D) They nationalized agriculture and industry.

Question 34

How did Stalin plan to replace capitalist agriculture with socialist agriculture in the Soviet Union?

A) by replacing the market for agricultural products with a subsistence economy where everyone was responsible for growing their own food
B) by requiring all farmers to sell their produce to state-run marketing cooperatives that would guarantee farmers a significant profit
C) by forcing peasant farmers to join state-run agricultural collectives
D) by making it illegal for anyone to profit from the sale of farm machinery or animals

Question 35

What role did African people play in governing Europe's African colonies in the post-World War I period?

A) Africans had a significant voice in colonial administration and governance.
B) People of African descent were often elected to the legislative bodies of their colonizer.
C) African traditions provided the templates that Europeans used to rule their colonies.
D) Africans had little voice in colonial governance and made their opinions known through protest.

Question 36

Why did Gandhi choose salt as the testing ground for his principles of civil disobedience?

A) Salt, a government monopoly, symbolized Indians' subjugation to British rule.
B) Salt was easy to make in India and so it would not be difficult to replace British sources.
C) The British were not as heavily invested in the salt trade as they were in tea and opium production.
D) The British would likely react more leniently to civil disobedience if its purpose was to collect salt for personal use.

Question 37

What did the authoritarian political systems of Germany, Japan, and Italy have in common?

A) All were defeated in World War I.
B) All of them lost their colonies after the Versailles Treaty was signed.
C) All were excluded from the League of Nations.
D) All disliked the left-wing government that emerged in the Soviet Union.

Question 38

Under what circumstances did Benito Mussolini initially gain control of the Italian government?

A) The Fascist Party achieved a large majority of the vote in national elections.
B) The Fascist Party overthrew the Italian government in a violent coup d'état.
C) Mussolini was appointed prime minister by the Italian king.
D) Mussolini used intimidation tactics to force the prime minister to do his bidding.

Question 39

How did Latin American governments respond to the decline of their export economies and access to foreign capital during the 1920s and 1930s?

A) They created their own alternative international banking system.
B) They worked to make domestic industry their main engine of economic growth.
C) They withdrew from the world economy and became entirely self-sufficient.
D) They convinced their citizens to accept a lower standard of living through an austerity program.

Question 40

Which of the following initiated Japan's turn toward authoritarian rule?

A) the Korean rebellion against Japanese rule
B) World War I ending
C) Emperor Hirohito's coming to power
D) an uprising of naval officers and army cadets

Question 41

Like other authoritarian movements, the Bolsheviks first acquired power through legal, electoral means.

Question 42

How did World War I affect the relative strength of Japan?

A) negatively, as its European markets for goods collapsed
B) positively, as European and American competition declined in the manufacturing sector
C) negatively, as the League of Nations halted its plans for expansion
D) positively, as Japan was paid large indemnities for its support of the Allies

Question 43

In contrast to Europe, the political system in the postwar United States did not receive attacks from the right and left.

Question 44

The introduction of the assembly line by American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford allowed his company to increase production sharply while dramatically reducing costs.

Question 45

Russian soldiers suffered the highest casualty rate in World War I.

Question 46

For Gandhi, the most effective route to accomplishing Indian independence was for all Indians to embrace self-reliance and nonviolent resistance to colonial rule.

Question 47

What prevented the republic established in China in 1911 from gaining legitimacy?

A) opposition from the Guomindang
B) opposition from Chiang Kai-shek
C) factional and regional conflicts
D) lack of support from the military or rural elites

Question 48

What was the Russian motivation for signing the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A) Lenin believed that Germany was ripe for communism and should be a partner.
B) Lenin wanted Russia to focus on defending socialism at home.
C) Lenin envisioned a pacifist international policy for Bolshevik Russia.
D) Lenin wanted to secretly industrialize Russia for a full-scale attack on Germany.

Question 49

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the White Wolf movement in China?

A) a Communist Party initiative to radicalize peasants
B) a peasant uprising meant to rid the countryside of Christian missionaries
C) a peasant-supported band of armed men who robbed the rich to give to the poor to restore justice
D) Chiang Kai-shek's plan to instill moral purpose and discipline in the Chinese public

Question 50

The Ottoman massacre and deportation of over a million Armenians during World War I is generally considered to have been the world's first genocide.

Question 51

The Wilsonian principle of self-determination was unequally applied in different regions.

Question 52

Which of the following was Mustafa Kemal's first action to create a European-style secular state in Turkey?

A) replacing the sultanate with a republic
B) reinforcing the role of Islam in law and politics
C) putting a Swiss legal code into place
D) instituting western-style dress codes for Turkish public life

Question 53

Introducing new types of weapons broke the stalemate on the Western Front in World War I.

Question 54

European politicians refused to conscript colonial subjects during the war.

Question 55

How did the goals of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt differ from those of the Wafd?

A) The Muslim Brotherhood wanted to use the nation-state as a means of returning to a pure form of Islam, while the Wafd was primarily a secular nationalist group.
B) The Muslim Brotherhood advocated using western weapons as they undertook a traditional Islamic holy war, while the Wafd wanted to use civil disobedience to achieve their goals.
C) The Wafd was a peasant group, while the Muslim Brotherhood was composed of merchants and military leaders.
D) The Wafd argued that Egypt should embrace liberal capitalism, while the Muslim Brotherhood supported socialism.

Question 56

What impact did the self-determination principle of Wilsonianism have beyond Europe?

A) People roundly dismissed Wilson's principle as empty words.
B) The lack of long-distance communication technology meant that few learned about it.
C) Various groups used the principle to voice anticolonial and national sentiment.
D) It mainly resonated in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 57

Which of the following models of political modernity was accepted most often in western Europe and the Americas by the 1930s?

A) the anticolonial model
B) the authoritarian model
C) the hybrid corporatist model
D) the liberal democratic model

Question 58

How did World War I affect the status of women in Europe and the United States?

A) It opened factory jobs to women, which they kept after the war.
B) It led to the first integration of women in the infantry.
C) It contributed to expanding voting rights to women in several countries.
D) It led to a return to more conservative gender norms.

Question 59

The US and the Soviet Union emerged from World War I as the leading global economic powerhouses.

Question 60

What was the general impact of the Great Depression in Latin America?

A) Crucial exports declined and Latin America was unable to repay its loans.
B) Its strong domestic markets shielded the region from the global economic downturn.
C) Governments refrained from intervening in depressed economic markets.
D) Governments responded to labor unrest by suppressing unions with federal troops.

Question 61

Analyze the factors that encouraged the rise of authoritarian political systems during the 1920s and 1930s and compare the governments that emerged in Italy, Germany, Japan, and the USSR.

Question 62

Analyze the ways in which World War I and the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s changed the role of the state.

Question 63

Compare the development of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk with the development of Brazil under Getulio Vargas. What changes were made in each country, and why? To what global events were they responding?

Question 64

What led to the rise of mass culture between 1910 and the 1930s? Why did mass culture often become synonymous with national culture?

Question 65

Describe the evolution of anticolonial activism and modernism during the first part of the twentieth century. What special challenges did anticolonial activists face and what were their visions of their future?