Deck 6: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure

Question 1

During appositional growth

A) bones grow longer.
B) osteoblasts are overwhelmed by osteocytes.
C) bones grow wider.
D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis.
E) bone is replaced by cartilage.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except that it

A) decreases the rate of calcium excretion.
B) stimulates osteoclast activity.
C) increases the rate of calcium absorption.
D) raises the level of calcium ion in the blood.
E) inhibits calcitonin secretion.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The hormone calcitonin functions to

A) decrease the rate of calcium absorption.
B) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts.
C) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood.
D) stimulate osteoclast activity.
E) decrease the rate of calcium excretion.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests nutritional therapy. What might she recommend for her patient?

A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin C
C) calcium supplements
D) all of the above
E) A and C only

Question 5

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

A) thyroid hormone.
B) growth hormone.
C) testosterone.
D) calcitonin.
E) parathyroid hormone.

Question 6

bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet.

A) Short
B) Flat
C) Long
D) Sesamoid
E) Irregular

Question 7

Figure 6- 1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6- 1 to answer the following questions):
Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 8

Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?

A) stem cell
B) mature bone cell
C) dissolves matrix
D) secretes organic matrix

Question 9

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

A) roof of the skull
B) femur
C) carpal bones
D) clavicle
E) both A and D

Question 10

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

A) osseous cartilage
B) fibrocartilage
C) synovial cartilage
D) elastic cartilage
E) hyaline cartilage

Question 11

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of an)

A) osteoblasts model.
B) fibrous connective- tissue model.
C) cartilage model.
D) membranous model.
E) calcified model.

Question 12

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

A) phosphorus.
B) calcium.
C) potassium.
D) hydrogen.
E) sodium.

Question 13

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called

A) lacunae.
B) trabeculae.
C) osteons.
D) interstitial lamellae.
E) concentric lamellae.

Question 14

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

A) The bone would be less compressible.
B) The bone would be less flexible.
C) The bone would be stronger.
D) The bone would be more flexible.
E) The bone would be more brittle.

Question 15

Where in the body does the production of calcitriol start?

A) bone
B) kidneys
C) skin
D) small intestine
E) liver

Question 16

The humerus is an example of an) bone.

A) flat
B) irregular
C) long
D) sesamoid
E) short

Question 17

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

A) calcium.
B) sodium.
C) sulfate.
D) iron.
E) potassium.

Question 18

Fat is stored within the

A) spongy bone.
B) medullary cavity.
C) diaphysis.
D) metaphysis.
E) epiphysis.

Question 19

In compact bone, the osteons

A) are lacking in the diaphysis.
B) are lined up in the same direction.
C) are lined up perpendicular to the long axis.
D) are arranged in an irregular pattern.
E) are separated by medullary spaces.

Question 20

The femur can withstand times the body weight without breaking.

A) 8
B) 5 to 10
C) 3
D) 30
E) 10 to 15

Question 21

A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes is called

A) osteomalacia.
B) osteitis.
C) osteopenia.
D) osteoporosis.
E) osteomyelitis.

Question 22

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?

A) patella
B) ulna
C) frontal
D) metatarsal
E) vertebra

Question 23

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
Which is greater?

A) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is present
B) osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

Question 24

Figure 6- 1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6- 1 to answer the following questions):
The large proximal projection on the femur is termed the

A) ramus.
B) tuberosity.
C) trochanter.
D) tubercle.
E) condyle.

Question 25

Factors that are necessary for proper bone formation include all of the following, except

A) vitamin C.
B) vitamin D.
C) the hormone thyroxine.
D) vitamin A.
E) vitamin E.

Question 26

Bones that develop within tendons are called _ bones.

A) irregular
B) tendon
C) sesamoid
D) sutural
E) Wormian

Question 27

Which of the following is a characteristic of bone?

A) The matrix of the bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.
B) The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts.
C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for an exchange of nutrients.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 28

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
What type of tissue occurs at #1?

A) hyaline cartilage
B) elastic tissue
C) bone
D) fibrocartilage
E) marrow tissue

Question 29

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is bone.

A) irregular
B) trabecular
C) spongy
D) compact
E) lamellar

Question 30

The interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering.

A) protein- protein
B) hydroxyapatite- crystal
C) collagen- fiber
D) protein- crystal
E) mineral- crystal

Question 31

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

A) epiphyseal plate
B) periosteal bud
C) trabeculae
D) metaphysis
E) lacunae

Question 32

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Enlarged chondrocytes die.
2) Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone.
3) Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
4) Blood vessels invade the perichondrium.
5) Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a thin shell of bone.
The correct order for these events is

A) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2.
B) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4.
C) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2.
D) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2.
E) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2.

Question 33

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
Identify the structure at #4.

A) periosteum
B) mesenchyme
C) spongy bone
D) hyaline cartilage
E) intramembranous bone

Question 34

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
Which is greater?

A) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is decreased
B) blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormone is increased

Question 35

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
Which of following is a function of the skeletal system?

A) blood cell production
B) body support
C) calcium homeostasis
D) protection of internal organs
E) all of the above

Question 36

The most abundant cell type in bone is

A) osteoprogenitor cells.
B) osteoblasts.
C) osteoclasts.
D) osteocytes.
E) osteolytes.

Question 37

The trabeculae of spongy bone

A) will collapse under stress.
B) are composed mostly of cartilage.
C) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.
D) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone.
E) are organized along stress lines.

Question 38

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

A) medullary cavities.
B) central canals.
C) canaliculi.
D) foramina.
E) lacunae.

Question 39

Secondary ossification centers occur

A) in the diaphysis.
B) in the epiphyses.
C) at the periosteum.
D) in the metaphyses.
E) in dermal bones.

Question 40

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast- activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition?

A) increases in blood levels of calcium
B) decreased bone density
C) bone fragility
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

Question 41

C:\User Figure 6- 1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6- 1 to answer the following questions):
Which structure is termed an osteon?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 42

Figure 6- 1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6- 1 to answer the following questions):
The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process?

A) remodeling of compact bone
B) osteoporosis
C) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons
D) surface growth of bone
E) remodeling of spongy bone

Question 43

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized.
2) Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue.
3) Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers.
4) Mesenchymal cells aggregate.
The correct order for these events is

A) 2, 1, 3, 4.
B) 4, 1, 2, 3.
C) 2, 3, 1, 4.
D) 4, 2, 1, 3.

Question 44

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

A) external callus.
B) fracture facet.
C) dense tuberosity.
D) epiphyseal plate.
E) condyle.

Question 45

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called bones.

A) sagittal
B) irregular
C) tendon
D) sesamoid
E) sutural

Question 46

A child with rickets often has

A) bowed legs.
B) oversized facial bones.
C) inadequate muscle development.
D) long fingers.
E) frequent bruises.

Question 47

Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by

A) elevated levels of estrogen.
B) too little thyroxine.
C) high levels of vitamin D.
D) too much calcium in the diet.
E) an excess of growth hormone.

Question 48

A deep hollow on a bone is termed a

A) fossa.
B) sulcus.
C) fissure.
D) line.
E) facet.

Question 49

Identify the structures labeled "4."

A) circumferential lamellae
B) interstitial lamellae
C) periosteum
D) trabeculae
E) concentric lamellae

Question 50

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
Where does growth in length occur?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 51

accounts for almost two- thirds of the weight of bone.

A) Collagen fibers
B) Fluoride
C) Water
D) Calcium carbonate
E) Calcium phosphate

Question 52

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

A) long bones have reached their adult length.
B) interstitial bone growth begins.
C) the bone becomes more brittle.
D) puberty begins.
E) appositional bone growth begins.

Question 53

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

A) head.
B) crest.
C) ridge.
D) trochlea.
E) condyle.

Question 54

Figure 6- 1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6- 1 to answer the following questions):
Where would osteoclasts be most active?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 55

Figure 6- 1 Bone Tissue
Use Figure 6- 1 to answer the following questions):
Through the action of osteoclasts,

A) new bone is formed.
B) bony matrix is dissolved.
C) fractured bones regenerate.
D) an organic framework is formed.
E) osteoid is calcified.

Question 56

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as

A) ossification.
B) osteogenesis.
C) remodeling.
D) hardening.
E) calcification.

Question 57

Mary is 50 years old and has entered menopause. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals the beginnings of osteoporosis. Her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone might she prescribe for her patient?

A) parathyroid hormone
B) growth hormone
C) estrogen
D) calcitonin
E) thyroid hormone

Question 58

When stress is applied to a bone,

A) the bone becomes thin and brittle.
B) osteoclast activity increases.
C) the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress.
D) the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.
E) it usually breaks.

Question 59

Bone is composed of percent cells.

A) 2
B) 25
C) 50
D) 15
E) 10

Question 60

If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will become

A) stronger.
B) osteopenic.
C) thicker.
D) denser.
E) calcified.

Question 61

A lack of exercise could

A) cause bones to become longer.
B) cause bones to become thicker.
C) result in porous and weak bones.
D) cause bones to lose their medullary cavity.
E) cause bones to store more calcium.

Question 62

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

A) perimysium.
B) epimysium.
C) perichondrium.
D) endosteum.
E) periosteum.

Question 63

The shaft of a long bone is called the

A) lamella.
B) epiphyseal plate.
C) metaphysis.
D) epiphysis.
E) diaphysis.

Question 64

In normal adult bones,

A) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed.
B) exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling.
C) osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases.
D) there is no turnover of minerals.
E) a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year.

Question 65

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
The structural units of mature compact bone are called

A) osteons.
B) canaliculi.
C) osteocytes.
D) lacunae.
E) lamellae.

Question 66

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

A) proximal.
B) parallel.
C) radial.
D) diagonal.
E) anterior.

Question 67

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the .

A) epiphysis
B) medullary cavity
C) metaphysis
D) osseophysis
E) diaphysis

Question 68

cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

A) Osteoprogenitor
B) Osteoid
C) Osteoclast
D) Osteocyte
E) Osteoblast

Question 69

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates

A) are hardly affected.
B) increase slowly.
C) become narrower.
D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness.
E) get wider.

Question 70

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

A) bones
B) other tissues that connect bones
C) cartilage
D) tendons
E) ligaments

Question 71

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

A) chondrocytes.
B) osteoclasts.
C) osteoblasts.
D) osteocytes.
E) osteoprogenitor cells.

Question 72

Osteoclast- activating factor does all of the following, except that it

A) increases the activity of osteoclasts.
B) increases the number of osteoclasts.
C) produces a severe osteoporosis.
D) is released in large amounts early in life.
E) is released by some cancer tumors.

Question 73

The carpal bones are examples of bones.

A) sesamoid
B) short
C) long
D) flat
E) irregular

Question 74

The medullary cavity of bones contains

A) marrow.
B) periosteum.
C) osteons.
D) cartilage.
E) compact bone.

Question 75

marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone.

A) Blue
B) Red
C) Yellow
D) White
E) Gray

Question 76

Figure 6- 2 Endochondral Ossification
Use Figure 6- 2 to answer the following questions):
What process is shown at #6?

A) fracture repair
B) width growth
C) secondary ossification
D) primary ossification
E) length growth

Question 77

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of cells.

A) osteoclast
B) osteoprogenitor
C) osteoblast
D) osteocyte
E) mesenchymal

Question 78

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called a

A) Venetian canal.
B) Haversian canal.
C) lacuna.
D) trabecula.
E) Volkmann's canal.

Question 79

are squamous cells that develop into osteoblasts.

A) Osteoprogenitor cells
B) Osteomedullary cells
C) Squamous osteons
D) Osteocytes
E) Osteoclasts

Question 80

Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone?

A) calcium carbonate.
B) hydroxyapatite.
C) collagen fibers.
D) chondroitin sulfate.
E) calcium phosphate.