Deck 24: The Urinary System

Question 1

The U- shaped segment of the nephron is the

A) proximal convoluted tubule.
B) minor calyx.
C) collecting loop.
D) nephron loop loop of Henle).
E) distal convoluted tubule.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Functions of the urinary system include

A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
B) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.
C) conservation of valuable nutrients.
D) helping to stabilize blood pH.
E) all of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by

A) releasing erythropoietin.
B) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine.
C) releasing renin.
D) A, B, and C
E) none of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop loop of Henle)?

A) enables production of hypertonic urine
B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration
C) relies on countercurrent multiplication
D) A, B, and C
E) B and C only

Question 5

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?

A) presence of blood
B) loss of protein in urine
C) permanent kidney injury
D) A, B, and C
E) A and C only

Question 6

The renal threshold for glucose is approximately mg/dl.

A) 75
B) 90
C) 100
D) 140
E) 180

Question 7

The delivers urine to a minor calyx.

A) ureter
B) nephron loop loop of Henle)
C) renal corpuscle
D) papillary duct
E) distal convoluted tubule

Question 8

The urine first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

A) collecting duct.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) minor calyx.
D) nephron loop loop of Henle).
E) distal convoluted tubule.

Question 9

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

A) renal medulla.
B) major calyx.
C) renal pelvis.
D) renal cortex.
E) fibrous capsule.

Question 10

Which of the following is greater?

A) facultative reabsorption when the body is hydrated
B) facultative reabsorption when the body is dehydrated
C) Hydration has very little effect on the magnitude of facultative reabsorption.

Question 11

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures:
1) blood hydrostatic pressure
2) capsular hydrostatic pressure
3) capsular colloid osmotic pressure
4) blood colloid osmotic pressure
5) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

A) 2, 4, and 5 are correct.
B) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.
C) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.
D) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
E) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.

Question 12

Figure 24- 1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 24- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "9."

A) fibrous capsule
B) renal sinus
C) renal column
D) renal papilla
E) renal pyramid

Question 13

During the micturition reflex,

A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.
B) parasympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active.
C) the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and B only

Question 14

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves

A) a high concentration of NACl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
B) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone ADH) by the neurohypophysis.
C) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C

Question 15

Glomerular Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

A) renal corpuscle.
B) nephron loop loop of Henle).
C) renal pyramid.
D) collecting tubule system.
E) renal papilla.

Question 16

Figure 24- 2 The Nephron
Use Figure 24- 2 to answer the following questions:
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"?

A) secretion
B) reabsorption
C) micturition
D) filtration
E) excretion

Question 17

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by

A) supporting connective tissues.
B) the overlying peritoneum.
C) contact with adjacent visceral organs.
D) B and C only
E) A, B, and C

Question 18

The majority of glomeruli are located in the of the kidney.

A) calyces
B) pelvis
C) medulla
D) cortex
E) vasa recta

Question 19

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

A) calyx.
B) hilum.
C) pyramid.
D) pelvis.
E) ureter.

Question 20

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

A) simple diffusion.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) cotransport with Na and K ions.
D) active transport.
E) countertransport for bicarbonate ion.

Question 21

A glomerulus is

A) the source of erythropoietin.
B) attached to the collecting duct.
C) the expanded end of a nephron.
D) the horseshoe- shaped segment of the nephron.
E) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

Question 22

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by epithelium.

A) stratified squamous
B) simple columnar
C) transitional
D) pseudostratified columnar
E) simple cuboidal

Question 23

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?

A) final urine enters here
B) initial filtrate enters here
C) tip of the medullary pyramid
D) releases renin
E) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration

Question 24

Typical renal blood flow is about ml/min under resting conditions.

A) 500
B) 800
C) 2500
D) 1200
E) 1800

Question 25

Renal blood flow is about

A) 1 liter/min.
B) 2 liter/min.
C) 3 liter/min.
D) 4 liter/min.
E) 5 liter/min.

Question 26

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

A) penicillin.
B) hydrogen and potassium ions.
C) creatinine.
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

Question 27

Renal columns are

A) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
B) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
C) the basic functional units of the kidney.
D) expanded ends of the ureters.
E) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.

Question 28

The ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the functions of

A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) the distal convoluted tubule.
C) the collecting duct.
D) the nephron loop loop of Henle).
E) both C and D

Question 29

Figure 24- 2 The Nephron
Use Figure 24- 2 to answer the following questions:
Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?

A) 4, 5, and 6
B) 4
C) 5 and 6
D) 1
E) 3

Question 30

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

A) renal pelvis.
B) renal papilla.
C) renal medulla.
D) renal sinus.
E) renal cortex.

Question 31

Figure 24- 2 The Nephron
Use Figure 24- 2 to answer the following questions:
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?

A) 4
B) 3
C) 5
D) 2
E) 6

Question 32

The region known as the macula densa is part of

A) Glomerular Bowman's) capsule.
B) the collecting duct.
C) the distal convoluted tubule.
D) the nephron loop loop of Henle).
E) the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 33

The left kidney lies _ to the right kidney.

A) superior
B) inferior
C) transverse
D) posterior
E) both A and C

Question 34

When the level of ADH antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

A) more urine is produced.
B) less urine is produced.
C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 35

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of

A) active transport.
B) diffusion.
C) facilitated diffusion.
D) countertransport.
E) cotransport.

Question 36

Which of the following is not an important function of the kidney?

A) excretion of excess albumen
B) regulation of blood pressure
C) control of total body water
D) control of production of red blood cells by bone marrow
E) control of the electrolyte composition of the blood

Question 37

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme ACE) may lead to

A) reduction of blood pressure.
B) increased urinary loss of sodium.
C) less secretion of aldosterone.
D) B and C only
E) A, B, and C

Question 38

Figure 24- 2 The Nephron
Use Figure 24- 2 to answer the following questions:
The kidneys are retroperitoneal, and the renal arteries branch directly off the abdominal aorta.

A) The first part of the statement is true but the second part is false.
B) The first part of the statement is false but the second part is true.
C) Both parts of the statement are true.
D) Both parts of the statement are false.

Question 39

The detrusor muscle

A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis.
B) surrounds the renal pelvis.
C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter.
D) functions as the external urinary sphincter.
E) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

Question 40

The process of filtration occurs at

A) the nephron loop loop of Henle).
B) the proximal convoluted tubule.
C) the distal convoluted tubule.
D) the glomerular Bowman's) capsule.
E) the collecting duct.

Question 41

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

A) renal hilum.
B) renal calyx.
C) renal sinus.
D) renal pelvis.
E) renal corpuscle.

Question 42

The renal sinus is

A) a large branch of the renal pelvis.
B) the innermost layer of kidney tissue.
C) part of a renal pyramid.
D) a renal corpuscle.
E) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

Question 43

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the

A) nephron loop loop of Henle).
B) filtration membrane.
C) juxtaglomerular complex.
D) renal corpuscle.
E) afferent arteriole.

Question 44

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of

A) capillaries.
B) arteries.
C) venules.
D) veins.
E) arterioles.

Question 45

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

A) countertransport.
B) active transport.
C) cotransport.
D) diffusion.
E) facilitated diffusion.

Question 46

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except

A) cotransport.
B) countertransport.
C) active transport.
D) stem cell movements.
E) facilitated diffusion.

Question 47

Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case?

A) 99 mm Hg
B) 24 mm Hg
C) 69 mm Hg
D) 30 mm Hg
E) 84 mm Hg

Question 48

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole
2) arcuate artery
3) interlobar artery
4) renal artery
5) glomerulus
6) cortical radiate artery
7) efferent arteriole
8) peritubular capillary
The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is

A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8.
B) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8.
C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
D) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.
E) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8.

Question 49

The process of filtration is driven by

A) solvent drag.
B) blood hydrostatic pressure.
C) active transport.
D) blood osmotic pressure.
E) renal pumping.

Question 50

Substances larger than are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

A) albumin
B) glucose
C) urea
D) sodium ions
E) amino acids

Question 51

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

A) excessive ADH secretion.
B) dilation of the afferent arterioles.
C) hematuric oliguria.
D) overproduction of aldosterone.
E) absence of ADH.

Question 52

All of the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are

A) surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
B) covered by peritoneum.
C) held in place by the renal fascia.
D) located in a position that is retroperitoneal.
E) located partly within the pelvic cavity.

Question 53

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

A) papillary tubule.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) nephron loop loop of Henle).
E) calyx.

Question 54

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

A) afferent arteriole.
B) renal vein.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) interlobular arteriole.
E) vasa recta.

Question 55

Figure 24- 2 The Nephron
Use Figure 24- 2 to answer the following questions:
Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure FP)? Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.)

A) FP = CsHP + BHP - BCOP
B) FP = BCOP - BHP + CsHP
C) FP = BCOP + BHP - CsHP)
D) FP = BHP - CsHP + BCOP)
E) FP = BHP + CsHP - BCOP

Question 56

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

A) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
B) urine with less glucose.
C) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
D) a larger volume of urine.
E) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.

Question 57

Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree, except the system.

A) digestive
B) respiratory
C) urinary
D) integumentary
E) endocrine

Question 58

Which of the following is greater?

A) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop loop of Henle)
B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop loop of Henle)
C) The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical.

Question 59

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

A) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
B) adjusting the urine volume.
C) filtration.
D) secretion of drugs.
E) secretion of acids and ammonia.

Question 60

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

A) lymphatics.
B) the calyces.
C) the urethra.
D) blood vessels.
E) the ureters.

Question 61

If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true?

A) It will have the odor of ammonia.
B) It will contain excess chloride ion.
C) Its pH is below normal.
D) It will contain large amounts of urobilin.
E) It will have a low pH.

Question 62

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate).

A) The first statement is true but the second statement is false.
B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true.
C) Both statements are true.
D) Both statements are false.
E) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

Question 63

Figure 24- 1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 24- 1 to answer the following questions:
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except

A) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles.
B) produce renal ischemia.
C) trigger renin release.
D) increase the glomerular filtration rate.
E) both B and C

Question 64

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

A) renal pelvises.
B) pyramids.
C) nephrons.
D) calyces.
E) renal columns.

Question 65

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

A) final urine enters here
B) tip of the medullary pyramid
C) releases renin
D) initial filtrate enters here
E) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration

Question 66

Figure 24- 1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 24- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "8."

A) renal column
B) renal pelvis
C) major calyx
D) ureter
E) minor calyx

Question 67

Figure 24- 1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 24- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) major calyx
B) renal column
C) renal pelvis
D) minor calyx
E) ureter

Question 68

Figure 24- 2 The Nephron
Use Figure 24- 2 to answer the following questions:
The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of

A) blood ion levels.
B) blood volume.
C) blood pressure.
D) blood pH.
E) all of the above

Question 69

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the capillaries.

A) cortical
B) efferent
C) glomerular
D) peritubular
E) vasa recta

Question 70

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the

A) rectum.
B) kidney.
C) urethra.
D) urinary bladder.
E) ureter.

Question 71

Urine is eliminated through the

A) liver.
B) urethra.
C) ureter.
D) kidney.
E) urinary bladder.

Question 72

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?

A) maintains glomerular filtration over a wide range of blood pressures
B) depends on changes in the afferent arteriole
C) depends on changes in the efferent arteriole
D) all of the above
E) A and C only

Question 73

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

A) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra
B) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder
C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter
D) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct
E) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 74

The urinary system does all of the following, except that it

A) eliminates organic waste products.
B) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
C) excretes excess albumen molecules.
D) contributes to stabilizing blood pH.
E) regulates blood volume.

Question 75

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers:

A) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.
B) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule.
C) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.
D) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores.
E) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes.

Question 76

Figure 24- 2 The Nephron
Use Figure 24- 2 to answer the following questions:
Where does countercurrent multiplication occur?

A) 5
B) 6
C) 3
D) 2
E) 4

Question 77

Figure 24- 2 The Nephron
Use Figure 24- 2 to answer the following questions:
Where would penicillin be secreted?

A) 6
B) 5
C) 3 and 4
D) 3
E) 4

Question 78

Antidiuretic hormone

A) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.
B) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
C) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.
D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
E) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.

Question 79

Normally, all the glucose filtered by the glomeruli is reabsorbed by cells of the collecting tubules, but there is a limit called the transport maximum Tmax).

A) The first part of the statement is true but the second part is false.
B) The first part of the statement is false but the second part is true.
C) Both parts of the statement are true.
D) Both parts of the statement are false.

Question 80

Figure 24- 1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 24- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A) renal sinus
B) fibrous capsule
C) renal column
D) renal pyramid
E) renal papilla