Deck 14: Neural Integration

Question 1

If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention _ , because it is not a special sense.

A) smell
B) hearing
C) sight
D) cold
E) balance

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following?

A) pancreas
B) spleen
C) stomach
D) liver
E) all of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

A) abdominopelvic
B) craniosacral
C) thoracic
D) lumbar
E) both B and C

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A highly sensitive tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with specialized cells of the stratum germinativum is a

A) Ruffini corpuscle.
B) lamellated corpuscle.
C) root hair plexus.
D) tactile Meissner) corpuscle.
E) tactile Merkel) disc.

Question 5

A labeled line is

A) an adjustment for sensitivity adaptation.
B) a translation of complex sensory information.
C) a reduction in sensitivity.
D) a stimulation that produces action potentials.
E) a link between a receptor and a cortical neuron.

Question 6

The general senses

A) involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure.
B) cannot generate action potentials.
C) are located in specialized structures called sense organs.
D) are localized to specific areas of the body.
E) both A and B

Question 7

Figure 14- 1 Spinothalamic Tracts
Use Figure 14- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "2."

A) pain and crude touch sensations
B) visceral motor commands to smooth muscle
C) motor commands to skeletal muscles
D) proprioception to the cerebral cortex
E) fine touch to the cerebral cortex

Question 8

Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are neurons.

A) receptor
B) first- order
C) second- order
D) third- order
E) fourth- order

Question 9

Thermoreceptors

A) are free nerve endings.
B) are found within the dermis.
C) for "cold" are structurally indistinguishable from those for "warm."
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 10

Conversion of a short- term memory to a long- term memory is called

A) memory conversion.
B) memory programming.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) memory engraving.
E) memory consolidation.

Question 11

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect

A) perception of pain.
B) hearing.
C) voluntary motor activity.
D) sight.
E) both A and D

Question 12

Figure 14- 1 Spinothalamic Tracts
Use Figure 14- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the neuron labeled "1."

A) first- order neuron
B) ganglionic neuron
C) lower motor neuron
D) second- order neuron
E) upper motor neuron

Question 13

Figure 14- 3 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 14- 3 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "2."

A) ventral ramus
B) white ramus
C) ventral root
D) spinal nerve
E) dorsal ramus

Question 14

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?

A) increased heart rate
B) increased blood sugar level
C) decreased blood pressure
D) sweating
E) wheezing

Question 15

Some neurons within the basal nuclei are known to

A) stimulate neurons with GABA.
B) inhibit neurons with GABA.
C) stimulate neurons with acetylcholine.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 16

Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration?

A) spinothalamic
B) corticobulbar
C) posterior dorsal) column
D) corticospinal
E) both C and D

Question 17

Figure 14- 1 Spinothalamic Tracts
Use Figure 14- 1 to answer the following questions:
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

A) parasympathetic stimulation only.
B) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.
C) sympathetic stimulation only.
D) somatomotor stimulation only.
E) sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation.

Question 18

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

A) allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity.
B) allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions.
C) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
D) provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.
E) allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity.

Question 19

Stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior region of the left postcentral gyrus would produce

A) a muscle twitch in the right leg.
B) a sensation in the right leg.
C) a muscle twitch in the lips.
D) a sensation in the lips.
E) both sensations and muscle twitches in the right leg.

Question 20

In relation to the medial and lateral pathways, the _ pathway controls _ _ movements of trunk and limb muscles.

A) lateral; precise; distal
B) lateral; gross; distal
C) medial; gross; distal
D) medial; gross; proximal
E) medial; fine; distal

Question 21

Figure 14- 2 The Corticospinal Pathway
Use Figure 14- 2 to answer the following questions:
Tactile discs are to as tactile corpuscles are to _ .

A) Wilms; Meissner
B) Merkel; Meissner
C) pain; pressure
D) Meissner; Merkel
E) Pacinian; Merkel

Question 22

Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called

A) proprioceptors.
B) chemoreceptors.
C) baroreceptors.
D) nociceptors.
E) thermoreceptors.

Question 23

Figure 14- 2 The Corticospinal Pathway
Use Figure 14- 2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "4."

A) visceral motor commands to smooth muscle
B) motor commands to skeletal muscles
C) pain and crude touch sensations
D) fine touch to the cerebral cortex
E) proprioception to the cerebral cortex

Question 24

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

A) activates fi1 adrenergic receptors.
B) activates fi2 adrenergic receptors.
C) blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
D) A or B
E) B or C

Question 25

A receptor that contains many mechanically gated ion channels would function best as a

A) nociceptor.
B) light receptor.
C) chemoreceptor.
D) tactile receptor.
E) thermoreceptor.

Question 26

Sweat glands contain _ receptors.

A) nicotinic cholinergic
B) muscarinic cholinergic
C) beta
D) alpha
E) both C and D

Question 27

Stimulation of a1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in

A) release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
B) increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.
C) an increase in the amount of intracellular cAMP.
D) decreased membrane permeability to sodium ion.
E) a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP.

Question 28

A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to

A) entry of sodium ion.
B) excitation of the neuron.
C) activation of chemically gated ion channels.
D) both A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 29

Sensory transduction can involve which of the following?

A) change in the flow of ions across the sensory membrane
B) a stimulus altering the permeability of a receptor membrane
C) inhibition of neurotransmitter release
D) the production of a receptor potential
E) any of the above

Question 30

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

A) hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves.
B) relaxation of the urinary sphincter.
C) activation of ventral sweat glands.
D) increased gastric motility.
E) increased heart rate.

Question 31

The conscious state is maintained by the

A) limbic system.
B) general interpretive area.
C) nucleus gracilis.
D) prefrontal lobes.
E) reticular activating system.

Question 32

Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function of the

A) heart.
B) lungs.
C) salivary glands.
D) pupils.
E) all of the above

Question 33

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by

A) blocking acetylcholine receptors.
B) stimulating receptors for norepinephrine.
C) stimulating serotonin receptors.
D) mimicking the action of dopamine.
E) increasing the production of GABA.

Question 34

The inherited brain disorder Huntington disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is and the other is .

A) glutamate; serotonin
B) norepinephrine; serotonin
C) acetylcholine; GABA
D) acetylcholine; serotonin
E) serotonin; norepinephrine

Question 35

The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to sudden visual and auditory stimuli is the tract.

A) vestibulospinal
B) lateral corticospinal
C) tectospinal
D) rubrospinal
E) reticulospinal

Question 36

Which of the following kinds of information do fine- touch and light- pressure mechanoreceptors provide?

A) shape of the stimulus.
B) movement of the stimulus.
C) location of the stimulus.
D) texture of the stimulus.
E) all of the above

Question 37

What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re- uptake?

A) Parkinson
B) Huntington
C) hallucinations
D) agitation
E) depression

Question 38

Upper motor neurons are located in the

A) precentral gyrus.
B) spinal cord.
C) brain stem.
D) postcentral gyrus.
E) both A and C

Question 39

The cerebellum

A) receives input from the motor cortex and basal ganglia.
B) functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium.
C) compares intended movement to actual movement.
D) if damaged leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements.
E) has all these characteristics.

Question 40

Damage to the tectospinal tracts would interfere with the

A) ability to position the arms.
B) ability to make reflex responses of the head and neck in response to sudden movements or loud noises.
C) ability to control motor units located in the leg.
D) ability to coordinate eating and swallowing movements.
E) ability to monitor body position.

Question 41

Figure 14- 3 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 14- 3 to answer the following questions:
The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the medulla oblongata is the tract.

A) vestibulospinal
B) reticulospinal
C) rubrospinal
D) lateral corticospinal
E) anterior corticospinal

Question 42

Which of the following can contribute to receptor specificity?

A) accessory cells that function with the receptor
B) characteristics of the receptor cell membrane
C) the structure of the receptor cell
D) accessory structures and tissues that shield the receptors from other stimuli
E) any of the above

Question 43

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves, except N

A) IX.
B) VII.
C) X.
D) III.
E) XII.

Question 44

Figure 14- 2 The Corticospinal Pathway
Use Figure 14- 2 to answer the following questions:
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

A) vagus nerves.
B) facial nerves.
C) trigeminal nerve.
D) splanchnic nerves.
E) glossopharyngeal nerves.

Question 45

Figure 14- 3 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 14- 3 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "5."

A) white ramus
B) spinal nerve
C) dorsal ramus
D) gray ramus
E) ventral root

Question 46

Figure 14- 3 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 14- 3 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) preganglionic neuron
B) ganglionic neuron
C) astrocyte
D) sensory neuron
E) somatic motor neuron

Question 47

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

A) celiac plexus.
B) hypogastric plexus.
C) sphenopalatine ganglia.
D) cardiac plexus.
E) otic ganglia.

Question 48

Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the nerves.

A) spinal
B) pelvic
C) collateral
D) splanchnic
E) chain

Question 49

Tickle is to _ as itch is to .

A) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors
B) thermoreceptors; nociceptors
C) pressure; heat
D) touch; pain
E) stretch; temperature

Question 50

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ganglia.

A) intramural
B) prevertebral
C) collateral
D) suprarenal
E) chain

Question 51

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be

A) parasympathetic blocking agents.
B) autonomic blocking agents.
C) sympathomimetic.
D) parasympathomimetic.
E) sympathetic blocking agents.

Question 52

A very large, fast- adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a

A) Ruffini corpuscle.
B) tactile Merkel) disc.
C) tactile Meissner) corpuscle.
D) lamellated corpuscle.
E) root hair plexus.

Question 53

Ganglionic neurons in the suprarenal gland

A) have no known function.
B) are modified and can't release neurotransmitters.
C) are located in the suprarenal cortex.
D) release epinephrine into blood capillaries.
E) release acetylcholine into blood capillaries.

Question 54

Figure 14- 3 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 14- 3 to answer the following questions:
Which neurotransmitter is released at the synapses in the structure labeled "3"?

A) norepinephrine
B) endorphin
C) dopamine
D) acetylcholine
E) any the above

Question 55

The corticospinal system is often referred to as the

A) pyramidal system.
B) reticular formation.
C) medullary centers.
D) spinothalamic tracts.
E) red nucleus.

Question 56

Figure 14- 2 The Corticospinal Pathway
Use Figure 14- 2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "1" in this neural pathway.

A) autonomic motor center
B) thalamus
C) primary sensory cortex
D) basal nuclei
E) primary motor cortex

Question 57

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to receptors.

A) muscarinic cholinergic
B) alpha- 2 adrenergic
C) beta- 1 adrenergic
D) nicotinic cholinergic
E) alpha- 1 adrenergic

Question 58

Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of

A) phantom pain.
B) referred pain.
C) psychogenic pain.
D) somatic pain.
E) neurogenic pain.

Question 59

The division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."

A) somatomotor
B) thoracolumbar
C) visceral
D) sympathetic
E) parasympathetic

Question 60

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is

A) coma.
B) sleep.
C) stupor.
D) somnolence.
E) a chronic vegetative state.

Question 61

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

A) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.
C) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord.
D) two nerves from the spinal cord.
E) both A and B

Question 62

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

A) constrict the left pupil.
B) dilate the right pupil.
C) constrict the right pupil.
D) smile and frown.
E) dilate the left pupil.

Question 63

The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone is the tract.

A) anterior corticospinal
B) reticulospinal
C) lateral corticospinal
D) vestibulospinal
E) rubrospinal

Question 64

Only about percent of the information provided by afferent fibers reaches the cerebral cortex and our awareness.

A) 10
B) 1
C) 95
D) 50
E) 25

Question 65

Figure 14- 1 Spinothalamic Tracts
Use Figure 14- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "5."

A) cerebral cortex
B) autonomic ganglion
C) primary motor cortex
D) thalamus
E) primary sensory cortex

Question 66

Figure 14- 1 Spinothalamic Tracts
Use Figure 14- 1 to answer the following questions:
Which of the following is true regarding the structure labeled "6"? 1. The synapse occurs between motor neurons.
2) The sensations may be filtered out.
3) The third- order neuron projects to the primary sensory cortex.
4) The third- order neuron's axon is identified.

A) 2 only
B) 3 only
C) 1 and 3
D) 1 and 4
E) 3 and 4

Question 67

Muscarinic receptors

A) are found mostly in autonomic ganglia.
B) are normally activated by acetylcholine.
C) always produce an excitatory response.
D) control sodium channels in the affected membrane.
E) are blocked by norepinephrine.

Question 68

Examples of sensory modalities include

A) warmth.
B) touch.
C) vibration.
D) smell.
E) all of the above

Question 69

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

A) the heart
B) the salivary glands
C) a blood vessel in the skin
D) a sweat gland
E) the liver

Question 70

Tactile receptors composed of capsules that surround a core of collagen fibers intertwined with dendrites are called

A) Ruffini corpuscles.
B) root hair plexuses.
C) tactile Meissner) corpuscles.
D) tactile discs.
E) lamellated corpuscles.

Question 71

The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is

A) true only for the sympathetic nervous system.
B) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
C) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
D) true only for the somatic nervous system.
E) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 72

A receptor potential may

A) increase neurotransmitter release.
B) be a depolarization.
C) be a hyperpolarization.
D) decrease neurotransmitter release.
E) be any of the above

Question 73

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological states)?

A) trauma
B) digestion
C) exertion
D) stress
E) all of the above

Question 74

As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organs) would you expect might be affected by this injury?

A) left pupil
B) right pupil
C) heart
D) A and B only
E) A and C only

Question 75

The suprarenal medullae secrete

A) renin.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) medullin.
E) both B and C

Question 76

The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except

A) temperature.
B) touch.
C) taste.
D) vibration.
E) pain.

Question 77

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

A) ganglionic neurons.
B) afferent neurons.
C) postganglionic fibers.
D) motor neurons.
E) visceral reflex responses.

Question 78

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except

A) reduced circulation to the skin.
B) dilation of the pupils.
C) increased sweat secretion.
D) increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.
E) decreased heart rate.

Question 79

Figure 14- 1 Spinothalamic Tracts
Use Figure 14- 1 to answer the following questions:
A state of unconsciousness in which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli is

A) sleep.
B) somnolence.
C) stupor.
D) a chronic vegetative state.
E) coma.

Question 80

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

A) lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord.
B) anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord.
C) lateral gray horns of the cervical cord.
D) lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
E) anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.