Deck 10: Ethnicity and Race

Question 1

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning ethnicity?

A)For whites, the importance of ethnicity has declined in recent years.
B)For whites, ethnicity is largely voluntary and symbolic.
C)Whites can now choose to be ethnic or not.
D)Given high rates of ethnic intermarriages, more and more whites can now choose which ethnicity to be.
E)Like ethnicity for whites, being racially Asian is largely voluntary and symbolic for Asians.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Blaming immigrants for high unemployment rates is an example of:

A)scapegoating
B)victimizing
C)racializing
D)institutional racism
E)discrimination

Answer 2

A

Question 3

An individual or group blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing is called a:

A)stereotype
B)scapegoat
C)victim
D)minority group
E)dominant group

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The term that describes the differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals is:

A)ethnicity
B)ethnocentrism
C)race
D)racism
E)heredity

Question 5

People who,because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics,find themselves in situations of inequality within a society are known as:

A)an ethnic group
B)a racial group
C)a minority group
D)a dominant group
E)scapegoats

Question 6

Although Scott,an African American,was more qualified than Bernardo,a Hispanic American,Bernardo was hired instead of Scott because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are harder workers than African Americans.Denying Scott the job is an example of:

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)displacement
D)projection
E)institutional racism

Question 7

From the fifteenth century onward,as Europeans came into increased contact with people from different regions of the world,they attempted to categorize these people based on their physical attributes.These categories became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives.This is an example of:

A)aggregation
B)eugenics
C)racialization
D)generalization
E)ethnic assimilation

Question 8

The term that describes cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and tend to set people apart is:

A)ethnicity
B)ethnocentrism
C)race
D)racism
E)heredity

Question 9

The term that describes patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions is:

A)interpersonal racism
B)institutional racism
C)multiculturalism
D)segregation
E)scapegoating

Question 10

Joan believes that most drug dealers are black.She continues to hold this belief even though she read in the newspaper that more whites sell drugs than blacks.This attitude is an example of:

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)segregation
D)assimilation
E)institutional racism

Question 11

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the human classification system developed in 1735 by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus?

A)Linnaeus's system is recognized as the first version of a modern classification scheme of human populations.
B)Linnaeaus grouped human beings into four basic categories-Europaeus, Americanus, Asiaticus, and Africanus.
C)Linnaeus assumed that each subgroup had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered.
D)Linnaeus acquired much of his data from the writings, descriptions, commentaries, and beliefs of plantation owners, missionaries, slave traders, explorers, and travelers.
E)Linnaeus's classification scheme was free of the prejudices of Europeans that were prevalent at that time.

Question 12

What is NOT an example of a racialized system?

A)slavery in the former British colonies in the Americas
B)apartheid in South Africa
C)the American South in the early twentieth century
D)the United States after the dismantling of state-sanctioned segregation during the civil rights era of the 1960s
E)all of the above ARE examples of racialized systems

Question 13

The attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics is known as:

A)racism
B)antiracism
C)relativism
D)discrimination
E)nativism

Question 14

The transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object is known as:

A)transference
B)stereotyping
C)discriminating
D)racializing
E)displacing

Question 15

Which of the following statements concerning Western colonialism is NOT true?

A)South Asia, East Asia, the South Pacific, and the Middle East were unaffected by Western colonialism.
B)People poured from Europe by the millions to settle the newly colonized areas of the world.
C)In those societies that were colonized, the indigenous populations were decimated by disease, war, and genocide and were subjected to European rule.
D)The indigenous people in colonized societies are now impoverished ethnic minorities.
E)Europeans believed themselves to be superior to the peoples they colonized and conquered.

Question 16

Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true?

A)Any group that is less than 50 percent of the population is considered a minority group.
B)Sociologists consider people with blue eyes a minority group.
C)Minority groups have some sense of group solidarity.
D)In the middle of the nineteenth century, Irish immigrants to the United States were immediately accepted as part of the dominant group.
E)Asians and Jews experience much more discrimination now than in the past.

Question 17

Which of the following statements concerning racism is NOT true?

A)Racism is a form of prejudice focusing on physical variations between people.
B)Racist attitudes became entrenched during the period of Western colonial expansion.
C)Racist attitudes rest on mechanisms of prejudice and discrimination found in human societies today.
D)Racism can refer to explicit beliefs in racial supremacy such as the systems established in Nazi Germany, before the civil rights movement in the United States, and in South Africa under apartheid.
E)Racism resides in the individual conscious only.

Question 18

Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories such as believing that all Muslims are religious fundamentalists is known as:

A)stereotyping
B)discriminating
C)racializing
D)projecting
E)displacing

Question 19

Soo Young is a fashion model who has difficulty getting work in the international modeling industry because of an industry-wide bias against fashion models who appear to be of non-European ancestry and/or mixed race.This is an example of:

A)interpersonal racism
B)institutional racism
C)multiculturalism
D)segregation
E)scapegoating

Question 20

Which of the following statements concerning race is true?

A)Race can be understood as a classification system that assigns individuals and groups to categories that are ranked or hierarchical.
B)There are clear-cut physical differences between races.
C)The genetic diversity between races is greater than the genetic diversity within them.
D)There are four clearly defined races into which humans are easily categorized.
E)Race as a social construct is no longer important.

Question 21

By 2010,the number of migrants worldwide was estimated at nearly:

A)21 million
B)82 million
C)126 million
D)171 million
E)214 million

Question 22

Amy Chua,in World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability,argues that free-market democracy results in ethnic tension in many developing countries because:

A)of the lack of cultural knowledge each ethnic group has about the other
B)a small ethnic minority enjoys disproportionate economic power
C)newer ethnic groups are unable to assimilate
D)of the history of segregation
E)of excessive free-market regulation

Question 23

In examining recent trends in global migration,Stephen Castles and Mark Miller (1993)have identified various tendencies that they claim characterize migration patterns today and that are expected to persist in the coming years.Which of the following is NOT a tendency?

A)acceleration
B)diversification
C)globalization
D)masculinization
E)all of the above are tendencies noted by Castles and Miller

Question 24

What fraction of undergraduates at the University of California,Berkeley are nonwhite?

A)1/10
B)1/3
C)1/2
D)2/3
E)9/10

Question 25

Which of the following statements concerning the Civil War is NOT true?

A)The Civil War led to the formal abolition of slavery.
B)Most Northern leaders were more interested in abolishing slavery than sustaining the Union.
C)After the Civil War, the real conditions of life for African Americans in the South changed relatively little.
D)Following the Civil War, the "black codes"-laws limiting the rights of blacks-placed restrictions on the behavior of the former slaves and punished their transgressions in much the same way as under slavery.
E)Following the Civil War, acts were passed legalizing segregation of blacks from whites in public places.

Question 26

Which of the following statements concerning segregation is NOT true?

A)In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races.
B)In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Loving v.Virginia that the prohibition of interracial marriage violated the right to privacy.
C)In 1967, racial intermarriage was still a crime in most southern states.
D)Interracial marriage had always been legal in most northern states.
E)Today, de facto segregated residential areas still exist in many U.S.cities.

Question 27

More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from:

A)immigrants
B)Europeans
C)Africans
D)Asians
E)Native Americans

Question 28

Which is a factor in the rise of modern racism?

A)The slave trade could not have been carried on had Europeans not constructed a belief system that allowed them to justify their actions by convincing themselves that Africans belonged to an inferior, even subhuman, race.
B)Racism helped justify colonial rule over nonwhite peoples and denied them the rights of political participation that were being won by whites in the European homelands of the colonizers.
C)An opposition between the colors white and black as cultural symbols was deeply rooted in European culture.
D)The concept of race was invented and diffused.
E)All of the above are factors.

Question 29

The early wave of immigrants to the United States,from the 1820s to the 1880s,was mostly from:

A)northwestern Europe
B)eastern Europe
C)southern Europe
D)Latin America
E)Asia

Question 30

Which of the following events is an example of genocide?

A)Between 1915 and 1923, over a million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish government.
B)In the late 1970s, two million Cambodians died in the Khmer Rouge's killing fields.
C)During the 1990s, in the African country of Rwanda, hundreds of thousands of the minority Tutsis were massacred by the dominant Hutu group.
D)During the 1990s, in the former Yugoslavia, Bosnian and Kosovar Muslims were summarily executed by the Serb majority.
E)All of the above are examples.

Question 31

Which model best fits the experience of Switzerland?

A)assimilation
B)melting pot
C)segregation
D)pluralism
E)multiculturalism

Question 32

Assimilation is defined as:

A)the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, as the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture
B)the idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources
C)a model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship
D)the viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life
E)the practices of keeping racial and ethnic groups physically separate, thereby maintaining the superior position of the dominant group

Question 33

A major new influx of immigrants from __________ arrived in the United States in the 1880s and 1890s.

A)northwestern Europe
B)southern and eastern Europe
C)Latin America
D)Asia
E)Africa

Question 34

Most immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from:

A)northwestern Europe
B)southern and eastern Europe
C)Africa
D)Latin America or Asia
E)there has been very little legal immigration to the United States since 1965

Question 35

Driven by a series of potato famines,1.5 million people migrated to the United States from __________ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in __________ areas.

A)Germany; rural
B)Germany; urban
C)Ireland; rural
D)Ireland; urban
E)China; coastal

Question 36

__________ refers to the movement of people into one country from another for the purpose of settlement,and __________ refers to the movement of people out of one country in order to settle in another.

A)Immigration; emigration
B)Emigration; immigration
C)Assimilation; segregation
D)Segregation; assimilation
E)Multiculturalism; pluralism

Question 37

Dispersal of an ethnic population from an original homeland into foreign areas,often in a forced way or under traumatic circumstances,is known as:

A)immigration
B)emigration
C)diaspora
D)assimilation
E)pluralism

Question 38

The systematic,planned destruction of a racial,political,or cultural group is called:

A)genocide
B)assimilation
C)segregation
D)pluralism
E)multiculturalism

Question 39

The term that describes the practices of keeping racial and ethnic groups physically separate,thereby maintaining the superior position of the dominant group,is:

A)genocide
B)assimilation
C)segregation
D)pluralism
E)multiculturalism

Question 40

Which of the following immigrant groups was subjected to prejudice and discrimination by those who were already established in the United States?

A)Irish
B)Italians
C)Polish
D)Chinese
E)all of the above

Question 41

Which group has the highest income among Latinos?

A)Mexican Americans
B)Puerto Rican Americans
C)Cuban Americans
D)El Salvadoran Americans
E)Guatemalan Americans

Question 42

Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate?

A)Non-Hispanic whites
B)African Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)Hispanics
E)There is almost no difference in college graduation rates among different races and ethnicities.

Question 43

Which group has the lowest high-school graduation rate?

A)Non-Hispanic whites
B)Blacks
C)Asians
D)Hispanics
E)There is almost no difference in high-school graduation rates among different races and ethnicities.

Question 44

Which group was forcibly removed to "relocation centers" in World War II?

A)German Americans
B)Italian Americans
C)Japanese Americans
D)Mexican Americans
E)American communists

Question 45

Which group of Americans saw the most significant increase in household family income in the 1990s?

A)Whites
B)African Americans
C)Hispanics
D)Asian Americans
E)No group saw an increase in household family income in the 1990s.

Question 46

Which is now the largest minority group in the United States?

A)African Americans
B)Hispanic Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)Native Americans
E)Multiracial Americans

Question 47

The United States has elected a total of __________ black senators in the past and present.

A)0
B)3
C)30
D)150
E)300

Question 48

In American Apartheid (1993),Douglas Massey and Nancy A.Denton argue that ________ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people.

A)the history of racial segregation
B)impersonal market forces
C)the biological inferiority of blacks
D)the cultural inferiority of blacks
E)none of the above; black poverty and segregation have almost been eliminated

Question 49

Industrial development in the North,combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South,produced a progressive movement of __________ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century.

A)Europeans
B)African Americans
C)Latin Americans
D)Native Americans
E)Asians

Question 50

As of early 2012,there were __________ black members in the U.S.Senate.

A)0
B)3
C)15
D)30
E)45

Question 51

When comparing the difference in infant mortality rates between the wealthiest white Americans and the poorest African Americans,the infant mortality rates for blacks in the bottom 20 percent of income compared to whites in the top 20 percent was __________ higher.

A)25 percent
B)50 percent
C)2 times
D)5 times
E)there is no difference in infant mortality rate by race or income level

Question 52

In 2007,whites on average could expect to live __________ years longer than African Americans.

A)2.1
B)5.3
C)15.4
D)25.6
E)40.2

Question 53

Members of which Latino immigrant group are more likely to be educated and come from white-collar and professional backgrounds?

A)Mexican
B)Puerto Rican
C)Cuban
D)Haitian
E)Brazilian

Question 54

Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups other than Anglo-Saxons yet still faces the segregation and poverty that for the other groups was only a transitional phase?

A)eastern Europeans
B)southern Europeans
C)Irish
D)African Americans
E)Asian Americans

Question 55

Which Hispanic group is the largest in the United States?

A)Mexican Americans
B)Puerto Rican Americans
C)Cuban Americans
D)El Salvadoran Americans
E)Guatemalan Americans

Question 56

Which of the following statements concerning residential segregation is true?

A)Neighborhood segregation has declined significantly over the past quarter century.
B)Studies show that discriminatory practices toward black clients in the housing market have disappeared.
C)Black and white children still attend separate schools in most rural areas of the South.
D)Most black college students attend traditionally all-black institutions.
E)There is a high level of educational segregation in larger cities.

Question 57

About what percent of the population of the United States is of Asian origin?

A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)20 percent
D)30 percent
E)40 percent

Question 58

Which group of Americans has the highest median household income?

A)Whites
B)African Americans
C)Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
D)Hispanics
E)There is almost no difference in median household income among different races and ethnicities.

Question 59

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do?

A)banned discrimination in public facilities, education, employment, and any agency receiving government funds
B)outlawed discriminatory voting practices
C)outlawed discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes
D)banned all race-based legal restrictions on marriage
E)created a fully racially just society

Question 60

In 1954,in __________ the U.S.Supreme Court unanimously decided that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

A)Dred Scott v.Sandford
B)The State of Tennessee v.John Thomas Scopes
C)Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
D)Roe v.Wade
E)Regents of the University of California v.Bakke

Question 61

In examining recent trends in global migration,Stephen Castles and Mark Miller (1993)have identified four tendencies that they claim characterize migration patterns today and that are expected to persist in the coming years.What are they? Describe them.

Question 62

What is meant by the term racialization? How does this term help us to understand race relations historically and in the present?

Question 63

Which category of full-time workers had the lowest weekly earnings in 2009?

A)black women
B)white women
C)black men
D)white men
E)there was no difference in weekly earnings by race or gender

Question 64

What fraction of all families headed by African American or Latino women lives in poverty?

A)1/10
B)1/4
C)1/2
D)3/4
E)9/10

Question 65

What is a minority group? Why might this term cause confusion? Give two possible sources of confusion.

Question 66

Cuban Americans are relatively more successful than Mexican Americans.How can this difference be explained?

Question 67

Explain the persistence of racial and ethnic inequality in the United States.Refer specifically to the perspectives of Robert Blauner,William Julius Wilson,and Douglas Massey and Nancy A.Denton in your response.Which perspective do you think best explains the persistence of racial and ethnic inequality in the United States? Explain.

Question 68

What is institutional racism? Give examples.

Question 69

Who argued that race has declined in its significance for blacks,especially with respect to economic disadvantages for the poorest segment of the community?

A)Lawrence Bobo
B)Joe Feagin
C)William Julius Wilson
D)Elijah Anderson
E)Robert Blauner

Question 70

Characterize the racial and ethnic inequality that exists in the United States today.Which of the following dimensions of inequality do you think is most significant: education,income,health,or political power? Explain why you think so.

Question 71

What are three factors your textbook authors mention in explaining the historical rise of racism? In your answer,discuss Joseph Arthur de Gobineau's classification of races.

Question 72

Prior to the 1970s,which group would Robert Blauner most likely classify as willing immigrants?

A)Irish Americans
B)Native Americans
C)African Americans
D)Puerto Rican Americans
E)Mexican Americans

Question 73

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Is discrimination always preceded by prejudice?

Question 74

Discuss the four models of ethnic integration mentioned in your textbook-assimilation,melting pot,pluralism,and multiculturalism.What model,or models,characterize ethnic integration in the United States,past and present?

Question 75

Which statement would your textbook authors most agree with?

A)Racism is no longer a significant problem for blacks.
B)In explaining racial inequality between blacks and whites, racism is just as significant now as in the past.
C)In explaining racial inequality between blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism.
D)Although racial inequality can be partially explained by class disadvantage, it is not the primary explanation.
E)Class disadvantage is not a problem for blacks.