Deck 5: The History of the Counseling Profession

Question 1

Frank Parsons:

A) is considered by some the founder of guidance in America.
B) created a comprehensive theory of vocational guidance.
C) was concerned about humane methods of working with people.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

established the Vocational Bureau to assist individuals in career building.

A) Binet
B) Hull
C) Beers
D) Parsons

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Some of the first "crude" guidance tests were developed and utilized by the U.S. Army to assess and place recruits during .

A) World War II
B) the Korean War
C) World War I
D) the Civil War

Answer 3

C

Question 4

College counseling centers were:

A) first developed in the early 1900s as an outgrowth of vocational counseling.
B) developed when the GI Bill funded the college education of more World War II veterans.
C) a relatively new development, mostly occurring around the year 2000.
D) very popular after the Civil War when increased numbers of people went to college.

Question 5

Carl Rogers started from a psychodynamic perspective, but soon developed an approach which was:

A) humanistic, client-­‐centered, nondirective, relatively short-­‐term, and humane.
B) affected greatly by modeled after the vocational guidance movement.
C) modeled after the basic tenets of Freudian psychoanalysis.
D) a reaction against existential humanists who were having increasing influence in the United States.

Question 6

The emergence of the Vocational Guidance Movement in the United States coincided with which historical period?

A) The Industrial Revolution
B) Reconstruction
C) World War I
D) The American Revolution

Question 7

Clifford Beers is known for all but which of the following?

A) Helping to develop he National Committee for Mental Hygiene
B) Lobbying congress to improve the conditions of mental institutions
C) Establishing the National Vocational Guidance Association
D) Being hospitalized with schizophrenia and later writing a book about it

Question 8

Frank Parsons is considered:

A) the founder of psychology.
B) the founder of the first comprehensive system of counseling.
C) the founder of guidance in America.
D) a person who fought the social reform movement.

Question 9

John Brewer suggested that guidance take place in schools within all the following contexts except:

A) adjustment counseling.
B) curriculum planning.
C) occupational guidance.
D) financial planning.

Question 10

The Vocational Bureau:

A) assisted individuals in choosing occupations.
B) was founded by Anna Reed.
C) was an initiative of the U.S. Employment Office.
D) was an offshoot of the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA).

Question 11

The catalyst for the establishment of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA), an act which would allocate funding for the training of counselors, was the:

A) launching of Sputnik.
B) atomic bomb.
C) Iron Curtain.
D) Vietnam War.

Question 12

Which of the following did not affect the early beginnings of the counseling field?

A) The development of the new science of testing
B) The development of psychoanalysis
C) An increase in immigration
D) The development of new drugs to aid in the treatment of mental illness

Question 13

Who of the following was not involved with systematic vocational guidance/counseling near the turn of the 20th century?

A) Frank Parsons
B) Anna Reed
C) Eli Weaver
D) Jane Addams

Question 14

Frank Parson's model of vocational guidance can be summed up by which of the following?

A) Understanding of oneself -­‐> knowledge of different lines of work-­‐> true reasoning
B) Choice -­‐> training -­‐> searching
C) Intuition -­‐> knowledge of different lines of work -­‐> choosing
D) Aptitude -­‐> training -­‐> career

Question 15

Which historical world event provided the catalyst for en masse immigration to the United States of humanistic philosophers, psychiatrists, and psychologists?

A) World War I
B) The rise of Nazism
C) Italian Fascism
D) The founding of the United Nations in 1945

Question 16

The approach of Carl Rogers was based on a view of the individual as:

A) repressed.
B) in need of direction.
C) incapable of making decisions.
D) having personal freedom and being autonomous.

Question 17

Which is correctly matched?

A) Philosophers -­‐-­‐ Early beliefs in spirits and demons
B) Psychiatrists -­‐-­‐ Early belief in a systemic view of families and communities and in advocacy
C) Psychologists -­‐-­‐ Early use of research and testing
D) Social workers -­‐-­‐ First to develop a systematic approach to counseling using theory

Question 18

One of the first systematic classification of jobs, was developed by:

A) Frank Parsons.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Anna Reed.
D) Sanchez de Arevalo.

Question 19

Which act created the U. S. Employment Services and helped provide ongoing vocational guidance and placement to all unemployed Americans?

A) Wagner O'Day Act B National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
C) The Great Society Initiatives
D) Manpower Development and Training Act

Question 20

The first conference dedicated to vocational counseling was held in:

A) London.
B) Chicago.
C) Berlin.
D) Boston.

Question 21

The 1980s to the present have stressed which of the following in the counseling profession?

A) The focus on client-­‐centered counseling skills
B) The development of new theoretical approaches to counseling
C) A cutback on the number of counselors
D) The proliferation of standards in the profession (e.g., ethical guidelines, accreditation, credentialing)

Question 22

Choose the progression that reflects the name changes of the American Counseling Association.

A) ACPA→AAAMFT→AACD→ACA
B) NVGA→APGA→AACD→ACA
C) APGA→ACPA→NVGA→ACA
D) NVGA→APGA→ACES→AACD→ACA

Question 23

The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) did which of the following?

A) Spread humanistic education and counseling methods throughout the country
B) Supported compulsory education
C) Gave money for the training of school counselors in an effort to identify future scientists
D) Gave money for education to returning GIs from World War II

Question 24

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 offered comprehensive vocational services for all individuals deemed to be:

A) disabled.
B) substance addicted.
C) employable.
D) skilled.

Question 25

Which of the following services was not specifically encompassed by the expansion of the original Community Mental Health Centers Act?

A) Drug abuse services
B) Pre-­‐institutional court screenings
C) Special services for the elderly
D) Transportation services for the mentally ill

Question 26

The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 did all but which of the following?

A) Established mental health centers nationally
B) Provided for outpatient, inpatient, emergency, partial hospitalization, and consultation and education services
C) Offered vocational rehabilitation services for the poor
D) Provided low-­‐cost or free mental health services

Question 27

For the counseling profession, the 1970s were highlighted by all but which of the following?

A) A decrease in the number of individuals seeking outpatient counseling.
B) An increase in the number of counselors who worked with individuals with disabilities.
C) The development of "microcounseling skills training."
D) Increased professionalism in the field.

Question 28

Which of the following could reasonably be thought of as the decade of ethical standards in the counseling professions?

A) 1980s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1950s

Question 29

The Division of Counseling Psychology of the American Psychological Association is:

A) Division 1.
B) Division 2.
C) Division 18.
D) Division 17.

Question 30

The period encompassing 1900 to 1950 saw the development of all the following counseling movements except - an approach that would not come into existence until the 1960s.

A) Psychodynamic
B) Directive
C) Client-­‐Centered
D) Gestalt approach

Question 31

In 1992, AACD became known as the:

A) American Society of Counseling Professionals.
B) National Board for Certified Counselors.
C) American Counseling Association.
D) American Psychological Association.

Question 32

Which ACA division was not formed during the 1950s?

A) ASCA
B) AMPF
C) NCDA
D) ARCA

Question 33

The Supreme Court decision that led to the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill was:

A) PL94-­‐142.
B) Miller vs. the U. S.
C) Donaldson v. O'Connor.
D) Wagner O'Day Act.

Question 34

Which ACA division was not formed during the 1960s?

A) NECA
B) AARC
C) CSJ
D) AACE

Question 35

The first credentialing of counselors was offered in 1973 by the:

A) Council for Rehabilitation Education (CORE).
B) National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC).
C) American Counseling Association (ACA).
D) Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP).

Question 36

License portability is also known by the term:

A) reciprocity.
B) transferability.
C) credentialing.
D) conveyance.

Question 37

The counseling profession shows a history that has continually focused on the issue of multicultural counseling.

Question 38

This initiative, by President Lyndon Johnson, provided most of the legislation, which created the funding for many social service programs.

A) The creation of the National Institute of Mental Health
B) Civil right legislation initiative
C) The Great Society
D) The Community Mental Health Centers Act

Question 39

Which of the following is not an issue in the new millennium (2000 and on)?

A) Evidenced-­‐based practice and common factors in counseling
B) Multicultural counseling
C) A renewed integration of the major divisions into ACA
D) Social justice focus

Question 40

Which ACA division was not formed during the 1970s?

A) AMCD
B) ASERVIC
C) AHC
D) ASGW

Question 41

In 1994, the International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) offered a credential known as a Certified Family Therapist (CFT).

Question 42

The expansion of the use of tests, like the Army Alpha, was important to the beginning of the counseling profession, especially relative to vocational counseling.

Question 43

Today, all 50 states in the country offer licensure for counselors.

Question 44

During the 1990s AMHCA and ASCA both threatened to disaffiliated from ACA.

Question 45

As a reflection of the stability of the profession, since the adoption of a code of ethics in
1961, ACA has never revised its code.

Question 46

As an indication of its stability and "settling in," the new millennium (2000 and on) has seen relatively few new initiatives in the counseling profession.

Question 47

Licensure portability has finally become a reality today for counselors in all 50 states.

Question 48

The Association of Marriage and Family Therapy saw its origins during the 1945 and is today a division of the American Counseling Association.