Deck 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality

Question 1

What is obesity?

A)excessive body weight
B)a health condition characterized by the inability to maintain balance
C)a sociological term used to describe unequal societies
D)a tendency to generalize
E)any eating disorder

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Why have some sociologists criticized Talcott Parsons's notion of the "sick role?"

A)because sociologists have long done away with the theoretical use of the term role in analysis
B)because it cannot be applied across all contexts, cultures, and historical periods
C)because functionalist approaches are no longer studied in sociology
D)because it does not capture the theoretical experience of sociologists in the academy
E)because it oversimplifies complex symbolic relationships among different languages

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What term refers to the process by which we control phenomena regarded as "natural," such as reproduction?

A)the socialization of reproduction
B)the socialization of the body
C)the socialization of health
D)the socialization of nature
E)the socialization of phenomena

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Albert has a body mass index over thirty and is therefore obese.His friend Stan is not obese.According to the text,which of the following statements is true?

A)Albert and Stan have equal chances of suffering from strained family relationships.
B)Albert and Stan have equal chances of suffering from schizophrenia.
C)Albert and Stan have equal chances of suffering from cancer.
D)Albert and Stan have equal chances of suffering from sleep apnea.
E)Albert and Stan have equal chances of suffering from employment discrimination.

Question 5

Miguel is a researcher who studies the ways people interpret the social world and the meanings they ascribe to it.He applies this approach to health and illness as a corrective to some of Talcott Parson's work.What school of sociology mentioned in the text does he probably belong to?

A)symbolic interactionist
B)structuralist
C)functionalist
D)postmodernist
E)interpretationist

Question 6

Most sociologists accept that most of what we now recognize as medicine is a consequence of developments in Western society over the past three centuries.Sociologists would include all of the following items among these developments EXCEPT:

A)a trend toward seeing the origins and treatments of disease as physical and explicable in scientific terms
B)the acceptance of the hospital as the setting within which to treat serious illnesses
C)the development of the medical profession as a body with codes of ethics and significant social power
D)the inclusion of self-taught healers
E)the requirement that medical training be systematic and long term

Question 7

Tina is a researcher in a university who investigates how and why our bodies are affected by our social experiences and the norms and values of the groups to which we belong.What field of study does Tina research?

A)sociology of experience
B)sociology of norms
C)sociology of values
D)sociology of the body
E)sociology of groups

Question 8

Elvira is a university professor who teaches and investigates the process by which humans control phenomena regarded as "natural," such as reproduction.She is especially intrigued by the fact that phenomena that used to be "natural," or given in nature,have now become social-they depend on our own social decisions.What term do sociologists use to refer to this process?

A)phenomenology
B)the socialization of nature
C)the naturalization of socialization
D)the nature of socialization
E)the social nature of phenomena

Question 9

Mathilda is morbidly obese.She regularly has problems interacting with her family,friends,and strangers due to the stereotypes that abound regarding her illness.She even lost a job once because she could no longer accept the degrading comments made by her coworkers and boss regarding what they perceived as her moral failings for being so obese.What term would sociologists use to refer to her obesity since it is devalued and labeled by society as undesirable?

A)a disadvantage
B)a stigma
C)a dogma
D)a relativity
E)a sick role

Question 10

Which of Corbin and Strauss's types of "work" involves the process of incorporating an illness into one's life,making sense of it,and developing ways of explaining it to others?

A)illness work
B)coping work
C)everyday work
D)adapting work
E)biographical work

Question 11

Mabel is a sociologist who thinks that society usually operates in a smooth and consensual manner.What school of sociology mentioned in the text does she probably belong to?

A)symbolic interactionist
B)structuralist
C)functionalist
D)postmodernist
E)consensualist

Question 12

Kevin is a ten-year-old American boy who lives in a poor neighborhood and suffers from childhood obesity.Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to be responsible for his condition?

A)playing video games excessively
B)watching too much television
C)a lack of healthy food choices at school and home
D)living in an impoverished society where food is scarce
E)drinking too many sugary drinks

Question 13

Which of the following questions would a symbolic interactionist most likely ask?

A)Why do some humans become ill while others do not?
B)How do people put themselves at risk of contracting illness?
C)How does illness shape individuals' daily lives?
D)What does the way we define illness tell us about healthy practices?
E)Where do individuals become ill?

Question 14

Todd suffers from chronic back pain.Mostly he just tries to grin and bear it,but at times the pain is so debilitating that he takes strong painkillers to just be able to get out of bed in the morning.What type of work,as defined by Corbin and Strauss,is Todd incorporating?

A)illness work
B)coping work
C)everyday work
D)adapting work
E)biographical work

Question 15

How do sociologists know that the causes of eating disorders,such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia,and obesity reflect social factors more than physical or biological factors?

A)because Max Weber clearly showed that their origins lie in the cult of beauty present in the Roman Republic
B)because if physical or biological factors were responsible, physicians would have found a cure for such important health issues
C)because women suffer from these conditions much more often than men
D)because these conditions are almost unknown in the developing world
E)because they are very recent health problems

Question 16

Rene was diagnosed with cancer recently and has started chemotherapy.She feels extremely run down after sessions but manages to keep up with her housework by dividing it into small tasks that she can do without becoming completely overwhelmed.She tries to rest between tasks and to recover before tackling another task around the house.What type of work,as defined by Corbin and Strauss,is Rene incorporating?

A)illness work
B)coping work
C)everyday work
D)adapting work
E)biographical work

Question 17

Richard is a social worker who coordinates activities for the "Let's Move!" program described in the text.Which of the following activities would he be most likely to include in the program?

A)a plan to bring grocery stores to inner-city neighborhoods and to help small urban grocery stores or bodegas stock their shelves with healthy grains and produce
B)classes aimed at informing adults about the employment opportunities present around the country in order to encourage worker flexibility through movement
C)free medical checkups for homeless inner-city dwellers
D)refinancing seminars for homeowners who may lose their homes in rural areas
E)projects designed to provide affordable, clean housing to people who live in unsanitary conditions

Question 18

Paul has an enlarged prostate and is thus forced to go to the bathroom frequently.He is embarrassed by his condition and avoids telling others about his illness.When he goes out with his friends to dine and is asked why he leaves the table so often,he tells others that he is calling home to check on the children.What type of work,as defined by Corbin and Strauss,is Paul incorporating?

A)illness work
B)coping work
C)everyday work
D)adapting work
E)biographical work

Question 19

According to the text,which assumption below would probably NOT follow from Talcott Parsons's notion of the "sick role"?

A)A sick person should not be personally blamed for being ill.
B)A sick person should consult a physician.
C)A sick person should not have to work or go to school.
D)A sick person should stay in bed.
E)A sick person should be isolated from society.

Question 20

Pat suffers from anorexia nervosa.All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A)Pat is more likely to be a woman than a man.
B)Pat is more likely to be between the ages of twelve and twenty-six than all other ages combined.
C)Pat cannot suffer from bulimia because bulimia involves bingeing and purging.
D)If Pat is a man, it is more likely that he is gay than straight.
E)Pat suffers from the psychological disorder that has the highest mortality rate.

Question 21

Akiki is a sixteen-year-old orphan girl from Uganda.What can be inferred from the text about her situation?

A)She was probably orphaned because her parents died of AIDS.
B)She will likely be placed into a state institution for orphaned children.
C)Her parents were probably killed by government troops.
D)Her parents were likely murdered by members of a gang.
E)She will not likely be targeted for recruitment into a gang because she is so young.

Question 22

What term refers to the set of principles underpinning Western medical systems and practices that defines diseases objectively,in accordance with the presence of recognized symptoms,and holds that the healthy body can be restored through scientifically based medical treatment?

A)the Western healthcare model
B)the scientific method of health
C)the biomedical model of health
D)the scientific healthcare method
E)the Western biomedical model

Question 23

According to the text,why are some men less likely to seek annual checkups?

A)because they are socialized to believe that men should be "traditionally masculine," strong, and self-sufficient
B)because as a result of their work, men generally have more responsibilities than women and thus have less time for regular medical checkups
C)because men are more likely to feel physically threatened by healthcare personnel than women
D)because men become ill less often and therefore believe that they do not need checkups as often as women
E)because more men than women have health insurance and although restorative care is more expensive than preventative care, they are not economically burdened by putting off health issues

Question 24

According to the text,why did diseases such as smallpox and measles produce epidemics that ravaged or completely wiped out native populations in the Americas after contact with Europeans in the late fifteenth century?

A)because Europeans refused to share their medicines with the native peoples
B)because the native peoples lacked resistance to these diseases
C)because Europeans forced the native peoples to relocate to massive urban centers, where the bacteria easily spread
D)because Europeans forced the native peoples to abandon their traditional medicines, which had kept the diseases largely at bay before contact
E)because native peoples fled from their traditional locations before the European onslaught and found themselves without adequate food, medicine, and shelter

Question 25

According to the text,why may differences in occupational status lead to inequalities in health and illness even when medical care is fairly evenly distributed?

A)because hospitals are located closer to professionals and white-collar workers
B)because manual laborers often come from immigrant backgrounds and bring many health problems with them from their places of origin
C)because government health programs offer a wider variety of solutions to people from professional backgrounds than to other workers
D)because those who work in offices or in domestic settings have less risk of injury or exposure to hazardous materials than some manual workers
E)because many studies have shown that doctors subconsciously divert significantly more time and resources to people who they believe are professionals.

Question 26

Gaia is interested in her health.She often consults health-related Web pages for advice about diet,disease prevention,and treatment.What trend mentioned in the text are her activities an example of?

A)a trend characterized by doctors who, lacking quality healthcare training, must rely on the Internet for practical knowledge
B)a trend characterized by young, uninsured individuals who must utilize the Internet in place of going to see physicians due to economic circumstance
C)a trend that sees individuals increasingly becoming health consumers and adopting an active stance toward their own health and well-being
D)the Internet healthcare shopper trend
E)the Web healthcare trend

Question 27

The twentieth century has witnessed all the following trends in industrialized societies EXCEPT:

A)the virtual eradication of polio
B)a significant increase in life expectancy
C)a precipitous drop in infant mortality rates
D)a rise in standards of health and well-being
E)the virtual elimination of health inequalities

Question 28

April is a woman,and Jack is a man.Which of the following statements is true?

A)Jack is more likely to live fewer years than April does.
B)Jack is more likely to suffer from acute conditions than April is.
C)Jack is more likely to suffer from nonfatal chronic conditions than April is.
D)Jack is more likely to spend any given day sick in bed than April is.
E)Jack is more likely to report his health as fair or poor than April is.

Question 29

Brian quit high school before graduating and never returned to school.Joe has a university degree.Which of the following statements is true?

A)Each man is equally likely to know his own blood pressure.
B)Each man is equally likely to smoke.
C)Each man is equally likely to engage in aerobic exercise.
D)Each man is equally likely to be overweight.
E)Each man is equally likely to suffer from a genetic disease.

Question 30

Yu spends most of his time in the countryside picking herbs to use in his place of work.He dries the herbs and makes teas and elixirs for his customers,who are ill people who distrust doctors and Western medicine in general.His clients use his concoctions to treat their maladies instead of going to a doctor.What term do sociologists use to describe Yu's practices?

A)alternative medicine
B)faith healing
C)complementary medicine
D)herbal remedy cures
E)elixirology

Question 31

According to the text,which of the following items has NOT been put forth by sociologists to explain the health and mortality disadvantage for blacks?

A)Blacks as a group have less money than whites.
B)The murder rate for young black males is more than 7.5 times higher than for their white peers.
C)There is a higher prevalence of hypertension among blacks than whites, especially black men.
D)Black women also are far less likely than white women to exercise regularly.
E)Black babies are significantly more likely to be born prematurely than white babies.

Question 32

The most important example of a disease that has almost disappeared from the world in the last half century or so is:

A)malaria
B)measles
C)influenza
D)smallpox
E)scarlet fever

Question 33

Most people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):

A)live outside of Africa
B)are heterosexual
C)are overwhelmingly male
D)are intravenous drug users
E)are hemophiliacs

Question 34

According to the text,programs of health education and disease prevention:

A)work better among more prosperous, well-educated groups
B)have been shown to be by far the most effective publicly funded means of effecting the changes needed to significantly reduce extant health inequalities
C)have been resisted by physicians and other healthcare personnel who are more interested in their careers than in helping others
D)are especially effective in poor societies
E)usually produce significant changes in behavior

Question 35

One of the major barriers to the treatment of the HIV and AIDS epidemic worldwide is:

A)the ineffectiveness and uselessness of treatments and prevention for the disease despite years of research
B)the increasing number of intravenous drug users
C)the increasing percentage of homosexuals who practice unsafe sex
D)the increasing percentage of heterosexuals who practice unsafe sex
E)the discrimination against people living with these infections

Question 36

Which of the following people would most likely practice alternative medicine?

A)an oncologist
B)a chiropractor
C)a pediatrician
D)a cardiologist
E)a hematologist

Question 37

When Sonia came to the United States,she was bewildered by the magnitude of healthcare choices available.Some people in her home village in the mountains of Peru seek health advice from local healers who have no formal training.Sonia had learned many of these techniques from a healer in Peru and decided to offer herbal remedies to cancer patients in the United States to combat the side effects of the chemotherapy treatments they were receiving from their doctors.What term do sociologists use to describe what Sonia offers?

A)alternative medicine
B)faith healing
C)complementary medicine
D)Peruvian curing
E)side effect treatment

Question 38

Tracy is an African American woman.Barbara is a white American woman.Which of the following statements is true based on the information in the text?

A)It is about equally likely that Tracy is infected with HIV or AIDS as Barbara.
B)Tracy is slightly more likely to be infected with HIV or AIDS than Barbara.
C)Barbara is slightly more likely to be infected with HIV or AIDS than Tracy.
D)Tracy is significantly more likely to be infected with HIV or AIDS than Barbara.
E)Barbara is significantly more likely to be infected with HIV or AIDS than Tracy.

Question 39

How do some sociologists explain the fact that although Hispanics in the United States have fewer socioeconomic resources than whites,studies have shown that their health-and especially the health of their infants-is just as good as if not better than that of whites?

A)Hispanics have more genetic resistance to many debilitating diseases than whites.
B)Whites are more socially cohesive than Hispanics.
C)Studies of the health of Hispanics in the United States focus on those who successfully migrated to the United States and who are believed to be in better health than those who remained in their native countries.
D)For cultural reasons, Hispanics are more devoted to healthy activities, such as playing sports and dancing, than whites.
E)The Spanish language contains a much richer vocabulary associated with health issues than any other language, and this gives Hispanics an advantage when thinking about and communicating health issues.

Question 40

Why are large areas of East Africa devoid of cattle today?

A)because changes introduced by European intruders allowed the multiplication and uncontrolled spread of the tsetse fly, which carries illnesses that are fatal to both humans and livestock
B)because the natives of the region practiced a scorched earth policy of defense against European intruders in which they slaughtered their own herds and burned down their own villages
C)because European intruders forced economic changes on the native peoples including the transformation from activities based on nomadic cattle herding and grazing to activities based on sedentary grain farms and enclosed private estates
D)because European cattle farmers resented the cheap imports that flowed into the continent after colonization and colonial administrators were pressured to destroy millions of animals owned by natives
E)because the African cattle transmitted diseases to Europeans that the native peoples had resistance to and the subsequent substitution of European cattle breeds for the African breeds proved unsuccessful

Question 41

According to the text,one notable victory for the International Lesbian and Gay Association was:

A)persuading the Council of Europe to require all of its member nations to repeal laws banning homosexuality
B)forcing the New York City police department to release all arrested activists after the Stonewall riots
C)shaming Uganda into repealing its especially harsh homophobic laws
D)persuading the security council of the United Nations to approve a statement in support of gay marriage
E)collecting over $500 million from Asian countries to combat HIV and AIDS in Asia

Question 42

The sociologist Peter Bearman asserted that:

A)since males with female twins are less likely to report same-sex attractions than other males are, having a female sibling the same age provides a model for an "ideal sexual partner" and demonstrates that social factors influence sexual orientation
B)since males with female twins are equally likely to report same-sex attractions as other males are, social factors do not influence sexual orientation
C)since males with female twins are about twice as likely to report same-sex attractions than other males are, the parents of opposite-sex twins are more likely to give them unisex treatment, which leads to a less traditionally masculine influence on the males, and this demonstrates that social factors influence sexual orientation
D)due to the wide diversity and sheer number of influences on sexual orientation, no reliable conclusions can be drawn from studies of twins
E)due to the extreme difficulty associated with isolating social factors, only studies on identical twins are able to shed light on factors influencing sexual orientation, and in order to be reliable, they must concentrate on biological and genetic components only

Question 43

According to the text,which of the following terms is incorrectly used,misleading,and should be avoided?

A)sexual desire
B)sexual orientation
C)sexual preference
D)sexual partner
E)sexual need

Question 44

What is the term that sociologists use to refer to an aversion to or hatred of homosexuals,their lifestyles,and their practices?

A)hate crime
B)homosexual aversion
C)gay hate
D)homophobia
E)homoaversion

Question 45

Vanessa recently admitted to her family and friends that she is homosexual.Now she no longer hides the fact that her best friend,Margaret,is also her partner.All of the following are results of people like Vanessa "coming out" EXCEPT:

A)Since the 1960s, the lives of lesbian and gay Americans have become quite normalized.
B)New York City, San Francisco, London, and other large metropolitan areas worldwide have thriving gay and lesbian communities.
C)Coming out is important not only for the individual, but also for others in the larger society because previously closeted lesbians and gays discover they are not alone.
D)Coming out is important not only for the individual, but also for others in the larger society because many heterosexuals recognize that people whom they admire and respect are homosexual.
E)Coming out has resulted in an increasing rejection of homosexual lifestyle because homophobes who were previously willing to ignore the presence of homosexuals in society when they were hidden no longer are willing to do so.

Question 46

Ruth was a teenager during the 1970s.Maggie was a teenager in the first decade of the twenty-first century.Which of the following statements is true,according to the text?

A)It is slightly more likely that Ruth engaged in sex as a teenager.
B)It is significantly more likely that Ruth engaged in sex as a teenager.
C)It is slightly more likely that Maggie engaged in sex as a teenager.
D)It is significantly more likely that Maggie engaged in sex as a teenager.
E)Both girls were equally as likely to have engaged in sex as teenagers.

Question 47

Jules is a man who regularly dresses as a woman.According to sociologists,Jules is:

A)a bisexual
B)a transvestite man
C)a transvestite woman
D)a transsexual man
E)a transsexual woman

Question 48

Fran's sexual orientation is homosexual.Which of the following statements is true?

A)Far fewer than half of Americans approve of Fran's lifestyle.
B)Slightly less than half of Americans approve of Fran's lifestyle.
C)Slightly more than half of Americans approve of Fran's lifestyle.
D)An overwhelming majority of Americans approves of Fran's lifestyle.
E)Sociologists do not have enough reliable information to know how many Americans approve of Fran's lifestyle.

Question 49

According to the influential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,homosexuality:

A)was never considered a personality disorder
B)was considered a personality disorder until 1920
C)was considered a personality disorder until 1950
D)was considered a personality disorder until 1980
E)is still considered a personality disorder

Question 50

Jim is a woman who regularly dresses as a man.According to sociologists,Jim is:

A)a bisexual
B)a transvestite man
C)a transvestite woman
D)a transsexual man
E)a transsexual woman

Question 51

Max's sexual orientation is homosexual.Most sociologists would claim that:

A)if Max has an identical twin, it is overwhelmingly probable that the twin is also homosexual
B)if Max has an identical twin, it is overwhelmingly probable that the twin is not homosexual
C)Max's sexual orientation is a result of biological influences
D)Max's sexual orientation is a result of social influences
E)it is virtually impossible to determine if Max's sexual orientation is a result of biological or sociological influences

Question 52

According to the text,what is regarded as the first shot fired in the battle for gay rights in the United States?

A)the Stonewall Inn nightclub raid
B)California Proposition 8
C)Lawrence v.Texas
D)the Texas sniper shootings
E)the Family Research Council shooting

Question 53

Juliana is an American sociologist whose research centers on why some people become homosexual and others do not.According to the text,why do investigators like Juliana devote such considerable time to research focused on this question?

A)because heterosexuality is the norm for most people in U.S.culture
B)because increasing numbers of people are becoming homosexual
C)because it has only recently been learned that people are only born homosexual
D)because various religious organizations funded such research to try to counter trends that they viewed as anathema
E)because sociologists as a group are more likely to become homosexual than the general population

Question 54

Clellan Ford and Frank Beach,using anthropological evidence from more than two hundred societies,found that:

A)although only slight variations existed among societies regarding "natural" sexual behavior, norms of sexual attractiveness varied greatly
B)only slight variations existed among societies regarding "natural" sexual behavior and that norms of sexual attractiveness were largely universal
C)striking variations existed among societies in what was regarded as "natural" sexual behavior but norms of sexual attractiveness were largely universal
D)striking variations existed among societies in what was regarded as "natural" sexual behavior and in norms of sexual attractiveness
E)comparison of "natural" sexual behavior and norms of sexual attractiveness across cultures was impractical due to methodological impediments

Question 55

Tiffany was a man and became a woman.According to sociologists,Tiffany is:

A)a bisexual
B)a transvestite man
C)a transvestite woman
D)a transsexual man
E)a transsexual woman

Question 56

Western attitudes toward sexual behavior:

A)were for nearly two thousand years molded primarily by Christianity, whose dominant view was that all sexual behavior is suspect, especially that needed for reproduction
B)were for nearly two thousand years molded primarily by Christianity, whose tenets were seldom ignored due to the dominance of social life by the Church
C)have historically rarely included the idea that sexual fulfillment can and should be sought through marriage
D)have remained surprisingly constant throughout even the last two or three centuries
E)have reflected similar assumptions about the sexual activities of men and women

Question 57

Although Sigmund Freud's research was carried out in the Victorian era,it clearly revealed that:

A)humans are born without concrete sexual tastes and society teaches them what to like by adulthood through the socialization process
B)human sexuality is usually determined at birth, although the socialization process does have a limited role in influencing people by adulthood
C)female and male sexual tastes are similar at birth but increasingly vary as adulthood approaches, largely due to hormonal differences between males and females
D)female and male sexual tastes vary widely at birth but become increasingly similar as they approach adulthood due to the socialization process
E)human sexual tastes are widely varied at birth, are curbed by society through socialization, but still remain significantly diverse through adulthood

Question 58

Phil was a woman and became a man.According to sociologists,Phil is:

A)a bisexual
B)a transvestite man
C)a transvestite woman
D)a transsexual man
E)a transsexual woman

Question 59

According to the text,currently,traditional attitudes toward sex exist alongside much more permissive attitudes,which developed widely and became openly public:

A)in the eighteenth century
B)in the nineteenth century
C)in the early twentieth century
D)in the 1960s
E)in the 1980s

Question 60

Alfred Kinsey's research,which was begun in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s,was surprising because it revealed:

A)the extent to which assumptions about the sexual activities of men and women had come to resemble each other
B)a tremendous discrepancy between prevailing public expectations of sexual behavior and actual sexual conduct
C)the homogeneity of sexual experience in the United States
D)that prudish religious attitudes toward sex had largely disappeared in the United States
E)a strong correlation between income and sexual attitudes

Question 61

What is sexual orientation?

Question 62

What are the some of the important contributions of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality?

Question 63

How do functionalist theorists and symbolic interactionists differ in their perspectives on health and illness?

Question 64

What are some important findings about sexual behavior discovered since Alfred Kinsey?

Question 65

Provide at least two explanations for the gender gap in health.

Question 66

Describe the mainstream gay and lesbian rights movement of today.

Question 67

What social processes were involved in the creation of homosexuality as a sexual orientation and identity?

Question 68

What is the biomedical model of health?

Question 69

Why are infectious diseases more common in developing nations than in the United States today?

Question 70

Describe changes in sexual practices over the past two centuries.

Question 71

Jack and his partner,Steve,celebrated the International Day Against Homophobia this year.What year was it first celebrated?

A)1920
B)1950
C)1975
D)1990
E)2005

Question 72

What are some social consequences of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)epidemic in developing nations?

Question 73

Compare complementary and alternative medicine.

Question 74

How do social class and race affect health?

Question 75

Aurora is a sociologist who studies how social factors affect one's access to health-enhancing resources such as healthy food,safe walking and running paths,and high-quality healthcare.Which of the following factors would she be LEAST likely to include in her studies?

A)race
B)class
C)height
D)gender
E)region