Deck 8: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

Luke grew up by the beach and only wears sandals.Because of this,it is likely Luke considers sandals to be the most typical type of "shoe." For Luke,sandals would most likely be the ________ of the category "shoes."

A) stereotype
B) heuristic
C) exemplar
D) prototype

Answer 1

prototype

Question 2

Juan believes that robins are a good example of a "bird." Sergei believes that penguins are a good example of a "bird." Juan and Sergei are both correct according to the ________ model of organizing concepts.

A) schema
B) stereotype
C) exemplar
D) prototype

Answer 2

exemplar

Question 3

Dr.Brown conducts research on how concepts are represented in people's minds.He believes that each category has one perfect representation of a concept.Based on this,Dr.Brown most likely follows the ________ model of organizing concepts.

A) prototype
B) exemplar
C) concept
D) schema

Answer 3

prototype

Question 4

A prototype includes ________ in a category.An exemplar includes ________ in the category.

A) the most typical concept; all examples of concepts
B) the least typical concept; the most typical concept
C) only stereotypical concepts; the least typical concept
D) all examples of concepts; only stereotypical concepts

Question 5

When you read the word cake on a menu,it is a(n)________ representation.The picture of a cake on a menu is a(n)________ representation.

A) analogical; symbolic
B) symbolic; analogical
C) symbolic; conceptual
D) conceptual; symbolic

Question 6

When you write out a list of directions to find your way to a restaurant,you are writing words that do not physically resemble the locations of the streets.Because of this you are using a(n)________ representation.

A) analogical
B) symbolic
C) heuristic
D) algorithm

Question 7

Dr.Smith is interested in how concepts are represented in people's minds.He believes that a category includes all of the examples of the concepts in that category.Dr.Smith most likely follows the ________ model of categorizing concepts.

A) analogical representation
B) prototype
C) exemplar
D) symbolic representation

Question 8

Chris is describing what lasagna is to a friend who has never eaten it before.He tells his friend,"Lasagna usually has layers of noodles with cheese and sauce in between each layer." In this situation,Chris is describing his ________ of lasagna.

A) mental map
B) category
C) analogical representation
D) concept

Question 9

Regina is mentally manipulating information about how her boyfriend's new jeans fit him.When Regina does this she is

A) experiencing insight about whether he is attractive.
B) using an algorithm to decide whether the jeans fit.
C) developing a mental map of her boyfriend.
D) thinking about how he looks in the jeans.

Question 10

An advantage of the prototype model in describing how we think about concepts is that

A) it organizes concepts hierarchically.
B) a different prototype can be chosen for different reasons.
C) it allows for flexibility in letting unusual concepts be included in a category.
D) all examples of concepts are equally important.

Question 11

A picture of a computer is an example of a(n)________ representation.The word computer is an example of a(n)________ representation.

A) mental map; conceptual
B) conceptual; mental map
C) analogical; symbolic
D) symbolic; analogical

Question 12

Cognitive schemas allow for easy,fast processing of information about people,events,or groups that are related in some way.However,when we make generalizations about these people,events,or groups,we are using

A) concepts.
B) stereotypes.
C) exemplars.
D) heuristics.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking?

A) translating your Spanish homework into English
B) calculating the tip on your dinner bill
C) taking a nap with soft music playing
D) using a map to drive to a new store

Question 14

When Dave started driving,he had to use a navigation system to get around his city.Over time,Dave could drive through his city without the navigation system because he knew the names of all the roads and had a visual image in his mind of where they are.Dave has most likely developed a ________ of his city.

A) categorical representation
B) mental map
C) symbolic representation
D) series of individual prototypes

Question 15

Dr.Earl is a cognitive psychologist who studies thinking.Which question is most relevant to Dr.Earl's research?

A) How do we cope with tragic events?
B) How does a person's culture influence his or her career choice?
C) How do we mentally rotate objects to "see" them from many angles?
D) How does the behavior of a group affect one person?

Question 16

When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant,it has some physical characteristics of the actual objects-streets and their locations.Because of this,the map is a(n)________ representation.

A) analogical
B) symbolic
C) exemplar
D) prototype

Question 17

When people group several concepts together,such as baseball,basketball,and football,based on the shared property of being "ball sports," they are creating a ________of the concepts.

A) prototype
B) category
C) exemplar
D) mental map

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an example of an analogical representation?

A) a subway map
B) a family tree
C) a diagram of the human body
D) a sign language gesture for "please"

Question 19

When Mary thinks about a "guitar," she is using a mental representation of specific knowledge about that object.Mary is thinking about a

A) mental map.
B) schema.
C) stereotype.
D) concept.

Question 20

A road map and a photograph have some of the physical characteristics of objects.Because of this,they are ________ of the external world around us.

A) analogous representations
B) exemplars
C) symbolic representations
D) mental maps

Question 21

Kevin wants to be a doctor but right now he is an English major.Kevin is trying to find out how to change majors to one that will allow him to reach his goal.Kevin is engaging in

A) problem solving.
B) informal reasoning.
C) decision making.
D) formal reasoning.

Question 22

Last week,Alana saw a television show about a rare,but fatal,virus.Now,she has a runny nose and a fever and thinks she has contracted the virus.Alana's thinking is most likely based on

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) using framing.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) an algorithm.

Question 23

Because she heard that her blind date was an accounting major,Cynthia imagined that he would be conservative,humorless,and dull.Cynthia's generalization of what an accounting student is like is an example of a(n)

A) exemplar.
B) stereotype.
C) mental map.
D) analogical representation.

Question 24

Isaac is baking a cake by following the instructions in the recipe exactly.Isaac is using ________ to make the cake,which means that his cake will turn out correctly.

A) insight
B) an algorithm
C) a heuristic
D) restructuring

Question 25

Your friend says the new restaurant in town has the best hamburgers.To see whether she is correct,you read a variety of online restaurant reviews.You are using ________ reasoning to determine whether this conclusion is valid.

A) formal
B) informal
C) heuristic
D) algorithmic

Question 26

Using algorithms in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________.

A) requiring minimal thinking; not always working
B) not always working; requiring minimal thinking
C) always working; requiring effortful thinking
D) requiring effortful thinking; always working

Question 27

Some mental shortcuts can cause errors in thinking.For example,simply because a piece of information is remembered easily does not mean that the best decision is based on that information.This error in thinking reflects

A) an analogy.
B) insight.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 28

James is trying to break into a safe,but he does not know the four-digit code.To find the right code,he uses a procedure that will obtain the right result if he uses it correctly.Specifically,he tries every possible set of four-digit numbers until he finds the correct one.James is using a(n)________ to find the correct code.

A) analogy
B) mental set
C) heuristic
D) algorithm

Question 29

Using heuristics in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________.

A) requiring minimal thinking; not always working
B) not always working; requiring minimal thinking
C) always working; requiring effortful thinking
D) requiring effortful thinking; always working

Question 30

Your rent is due,but you are short $100.You find a way around this obstacle to meet the goal of paying the rent by offering to clean your friend's house for $100.You now have enough money to pay your rent.To reach your goal,you have just used the thinking strategy of

A) reasoning.
B) decision making.
C) problem solving.
D) framing.

Question 31

According to the paradox of choice,having some choice is good,and having even more choice

A) makes people feel more satisfied with their decisions.
B) forces people to use an algorithm to make decisions.
C) can be frustrating and impair thinking.
D) allows us to have insight about what we really want.

Question 32

Lauren is baking a cake but realizes that she is missing ingredients.She has to make a cake,so she finds a new recipe that will work with the ingredients she has.Lauren is engaging in

A) informal reasoning.
B) framing.
C) problem solving.
D) formal reasoning.

Question 33

Which of the following best describes reasoning?

A) finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal
B) selecting the best option among a set of alternatives
C) choosing between general information and specific information
D) using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

Question 34

Which of the following best describes problem solving?

A) finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal
B) selecting the best option among a set of alternatives
C) reasoning from general information to specific information
D) using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

Question 35

Jethro believes that all elderly people have difficulty hearing and understanding.Whenever he interacts with an elderly person,Jethro automatically speaks loudly and slowly.Jethro is applying his ________ of the elderly in these interactions.

A) algorithm
B) prototype
C) stereotype
D) exemplar

Question 36

The type of thinking that uses shortcuts to allow one to make a decision quickly,without considering all of the evidence,is called

A) a heuristic.
B) insight.
C) an algorithm.
D) framing.

Question 37

Gillian bought one set of tools because that brand offered a $10 rebate.The tool company influenced her decision by presenting the information about the rebates.This is a strategy known as

A) restructuring.
B) framing.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 38

Bob believes that the Seahawks will win the Super Bowl this year.To see whether you agree with Bob,you read a variety of online reviews about the Seahawks and their opponents and compare the statistics for each team.To determine whether Bob's conclusion is reasonable,you are engaging in

A) reasoning.
B) problem solving.
C) decision making.
D) heuristics.

Question 39

Jake is choosing his major from three different alternatives: biology,Spanish,or psychology.Jake is using

A) problem solving.
B) framing.
C) decision making.
D) insight.

Question 40

You read a description about a woman named Tyra,who happens to be extremely beautiful and almost six feet tall.You are asked to predict whether Tyra is a model or a science teacher.To do this,you think of your prototypes of a model and a science teacher,and decide that Tyra is a model.Your reasoning may be faulty due to

A) an algorithm.
B) framing.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 41

You are studying for your exam when the electricity goes out.In order to have enough light to read your textbook,you put your cell phone in front of the page and use the light from the screen to read the book.You are able to successfully study for your exam because you avoid

A) restructuring the problem.
B) functional fixedness.
C) working backward.
D) using analogies.

Question 42

Steve is trying to determine whether it will rain this Saturday.He quickly remembers that it has rained the past three Saturdays.If he uses this information to make his decision,he will be using

A) framing.
B) insight.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 43

Marco wants to get an A on his exam.To do this,he divides up the material into small sections and focuses on learning a different section every day until he knows all of the material for the exam.Marco is ________ to achieve his goal of getting an A on his exam.

A) using subgoals
B) working backward
C) creating an analogy
D) using insight

Question 44

You get to your car and realize you have lost your keys.So you think of the last time you saw your keys and retrace your steps from that point.You are using the problem-solving technique of ________ to help find your keys.

A) subgoals
B) working backward
C) analogy
D) sudden insight

Question 45

Josie has decided that she wants to become a doctor,but she feels overwhelmed when she thinks about how many years of school it will take to become a doctor.She could manage this feeling by breaking the process into smaller pieces.If she did this,she would be using

A) working backward.
B) subgoals.
C) sudden insight.
D) an analogy.

Question 46

When we encounter a difficult problem,thinking about the problem in a new way can help solve it.This technique is known as

A) using a mental set.
B) functional fixedness.
C) restructuring.
D) using an analogy.

Question 47

Josh is having trouble deciding which of two pairs of shoes to buy.Donna tells him that when she could not decide which of two sweaters to buy,she decided to buy both sweaters.Josh realizes that buying both pairs of shoes will solve his problem as well.Josh ________ to solve his problem.

A) worked backward
B) used insight
C) overcame a mental set
D) used an analogy

Question 48

Annie needs to take her cat to the vet but she does not have a carrier.She remembers that once she took her guinea pig to the vet in a pot.But she knows the cat will not fit in a pot,so she cannot use this strategy.Annie is having a hard time solving the problem because of

A) poor insight.
B) a mental set.
C) subgoals.
D) framing.

Question 49

Terry is making a multilayer wedding cake.While trying to make sure it does not collapse,he remembers a bridge he saw that had an interesting support system.He applies that support system to the cake structure to make sure it does not collapse.Terry ________ to solve his problem.

A) worked backward
B) used an analogy
C) used insight
D) created subgoals

Question 50

When solving a problem using insight,the solution is reached

A) by achieving one's subgoals.
B) suddenly when it just pops into one's head.
C) based on how similar the problem is to other problems.
D) by starting at the goal state and working backward.

Question 51

Using an analogy to help solve a problem is most likely to occur when the problem

A) is very specific and well-defined.
B) has many subgoals.
C) is similar to another problem.
D) cannot be solved by working backward.

Question 52

When you meet Joe,he tells you that he loves math and building computers and robots.You decide that Joe must be an engineering student and not a liberal arts student,even though there are more liberal arts students at your school.In making this decision,you have just used

A) the representativeness heuristic.
B) an algorithm.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) an analogy.

Question 53

Fred wants to be a lawyer.To achieve this goal,Fred realizes he will have to graduate from law school.He also knows that to go to law school,he will have to graduate from college.So,he decides that his first step toward his goal of being a lawyer is to apply to college.To solve his problem Fred is using

A) an analogy.
B) working backward.
C) insight.
D) subgoals.

Question 54

While moving into a new apartment,Cole needed to hold the door open but he did not have a doorstop.Instead,he used his heavy potted plant to prop open the door.Cole solved this problem by

A) overcoming functional fixedness.
B) framing.
C) restructuring.
D) using a mental set.

Question 55

After struggling to solve a physics problem,you take a break for lunch.When you go back to work on the problem,the solution suddenly pops into your head.In this case you used ________ to solve the problem.

A) an analogy
B) restructuring
C) insight
D) a mental set

Question 56

When a friend asks for a restaurant recommendation,you quickly remember the place where you ate last night and suggest that restaurant to her.You most likely thought of that restaurant due to

A) framing.
B) insight.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 57

Karl is posting signs on campus and he ran out of tape to put up the last sign.He could not figure out another way to put up the sign even though he was chewing gum and could have used the gum to put up the sign.Karl most likely does not come up with this solution because of

A) framing.
B) functional fixedness.
C) restructuring.
D) lack of insight.

Question 58

Cara is a mechanic.She fixes three cars that will not start by replacing their batteries.When a fourth car is brought in and will not start,she assumes the problem is the battery.Cara's assumption is based on

A) functional fixedness.
B) restructuring.
C) a mental set.
D) an analogy.

Question 59

Sam always buys one specific brand of cell phones because she believes that brand is the most reliable.Sam is using ________ to decide what cell phone to buy,which may help her save time picking out her next cell phone.

A) restructuring
B) formal reasoning
C) an algorithm
D) a heuristic

Question 60

To buy cheese,Kumiko goes to a large store with a big selection of cheeses.Nima goes to a much smaller store with only a few choices of cheeses.Who is more likely to buy cheese,and why?

A) Kumiko, because his store has more choices
B) Nima, because his store has fewer choices
C) Kumiko, because he will be able to decide which is the perfect cheese for him
D) Nima, because he can make his decision more quickly

Question 61

Cory performs well at the word game Scrabble because he is good at solving problems and rearranging letters quickly to form many words.These skills reveal his ________ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) spatial
C) practical
D) interpersonal

Question 62

A man is skiing skillfully down a mountain.This man would most likely score high on bodily kinesthetic intelligence,according to the ________ theory.

A) general intelligence
B) triarchic
C) emotional intelligence
D) multiple intelligences

Question 63

The idea that one single intelligence factor contributes to performance on all intellectual tasks is known as the ________ intelligence theory.

A) general
B) single
C) fluid
D) crystallized

Question 64

Although many successful musicians may not have "book smarts," they certainly have the "street smarts" needed to succeed in the music industry.The theory of intelligence that best accounts for this observation about "book smarts" and "street smarts" in musicians is the ________ theory.

A) triarchic
B) general intelligence
C) emotional intelligence
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 65

Which of the following would be an example of crystallized intelligence?

A) Maggie is able to solve unfamiliar math problems.
B) Aaron can compose a beautiful piano piece in one week.
C) Jordan can easily recite the entire dictionary.
D) Miguel can think quickly in complicated situations.

Question 66

Bridget just took an intelligence test.The results show that Bridget has very high musical intelligence.The test Bridget took was probably based on the

A) triarchic theory.
B) theory of emotional intelligences.
C) theory of general intelligence.
D) theory of multiple intelligences.

Question 67

Dr.Green is a respected therapist.His clients appreciate his ability to recognize and understand their feelings during difficult situations,even when they themselves do not understand their own feelings.Based on this,Dr.Green appears to have very high ________ intelligence.

A) linguistic
B) emotional
C) practical
D) general

Question 68

Mary does well in both math and science.According to general intelligence theory,Mary's performance in literature and history should be ________ how she does in math and science.

A) worse than
B) completely unrelated to
C) as good as
D) much better than

Question 69

Our ability to learn quickly,understand complex ideas,and use knowledge to solve problems demonstrates

A) informal reasoning.
B) intelligence.
C) insight.
D) formal reasoning.

Question 70

Alina often has trouble understanding her own feelings and has difficulty recognizing when her friends are expressing their feelings.Alina probably has low ________ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) practical
C) emotional
D) kinesthetic

Question 71

Marilyn is very skilled at crossword puzzles,in part because she has a lot of knowledge about crosswords that she acquired through experience.Her knowledge of crossword puzzle words reflects ________ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) crystallized
C) creative
D) spatial

Question 72

The main concept of general intelligence theory is that

A) one factor underlies intelligence.
B) there are three different types of intelligence.
C) there are two types of intelligence.
D) intelligence is too general to measure accurately.

Question 73

When John uses his knowledge to reason,make decisions,and adapt to environmental challenges,he is

A) showing intelligence.
B) avoiding a mental set.
C) showing insight.
D) avoiding functional fixedness.

Question 74

Sue is a great math student.According to multiple intelligences theory,Sue's linguistic intelligence should be ________ her mathematical/logical intelligence.

A) greater than
B) less than
C) equal to
D) unrelated to

Question 75

If you can make decisions,solve problems,learn quickly,and adapt to changes in the environment,you probably have a

A) low level of intelligence.
B) high level of intelligence.
C) high level of insight.
D) low level of insight.

Question 76

According to the theory of multiple intelligences,the famous authors Mark Twain and Dr.Seuss most likely possessed high ________ intelligence.

A) musical
B) spatial
C) intrapersonal
D) linguistic

Question 77

Joel is fantastic at solving logic problems but has a terrible vocabulary and cannot find most countries on a map.Joel would most likely be considered ________ in fluid intelligence and ________ in crystallized intelligence.

A) high; high
B) low; low
C) high; low
D) low; high

Question 78

If you have a higher level of general intelligence,you are also likely to have better

A) parenting skills.
B) interpersonal relationships.
C) physical health.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 79

Monica is very good at algebra and chemistry.However,she is not very good at writing short stories.According to the triarchic theory of intelligence,Monica most likely has high ________ intelligence and low ________ intelligence.

A) logical; linguistic
B) analytical; linguistic
C) logical; creative
D) analytical; creative

Question 80

Mr.O'Neil,a high school math teacher,believes that students who are good at math will also be good in English,history,and music.Mr.O'Neil's belief most closely resembles the ________ intelligence theory.

A) triarchic
B) general
C) multiple
D) emotional