Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Since anxiety can hurt test performance,Thatcher does relaxation exercises before a big exam.He is shocked when he does poorly on the exam.He would have been less surprised had he known about the relationship between physiological activation and performance,as described in

A) self-determination theory.
B) Cannon's theory of homeostasis.
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Answer 1

the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Question 2

Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements.However,he has little to eat,lives in poverty,and spends most of his time alone working on his art.Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy?

A) Satisfaction is an emotion, not a need.
B) Lower needs must be met before higher needs.
C) Satisfying the need for esteem requires financial success.
D) Lower and higher needs cannot be met simultaneously.

Answer 2

Lower needs must be met before higher needs.

Question 3

Jenna plans to be an engineer.However,she loves taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep.Jenna's behavior is best explained by

A) a satisfaction of needs.
B) drive reduction.
C) incentives.
D) the pleasure principle.

Answer 3

the pleasure principle.

Question 4

From an evolutionary perspective,we can see that pleasure ________ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it ________.

A) increases; promotes adaptive behaviors
B) decreases; interferes with adaptive learning
C) decreases; promotes negative behaviors
D) increases; interferes with responses to pain

Question 5

Raymond is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days.He finally realizes he is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep.Raymond's desire to go home and get some rest so that he no longer feels tired is a(n)

A) goal.
B) incentive.
C) drive.
D) need.

Question 6

Cyril is writing an essay on Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Which of the following should he include as a critique of the theory?

A) Self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.
B) It is limited to Western cultures.
C) It defines the nature of a need too broadly.
D) It underestimates the role of physiological factors.

Question 7

Jerome's boat sank in cold water and his body temperature is dangerously low,so he starts swimming to raise his body temperature.According to motivational theory,Jerome's low temperature created a deficient state called a(n)________,which in turn created a motivating state called a(n)________ to increase his temperature.

A) habit; incentive
B) incentive; habit
C) need; drive
D) drive; need

Question 8

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class.Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to do well on the final.Cesar's behavior is affected by

A) a drive.
B) external motivation.
C) a habit.
D) internal motivation.

Question 9

When he misses lunch,August knows he is experiencing a state of deficiency.Pretty soon,he starts to feel hungry and he goes to a deli to eat.August was motivated to eat because he experienced the psychological state called a(n)________,which will reduce his state of deficiency.

A) goal
B) incentive
C) need
D) drive

Question 10

Robert becomes anxious during exams.He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down.Over time,Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become a(n)

A) incentive.
B) habit.
C) drive.
D) need.

Question 11

Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles,but she forgot to bring water with her.Soon,she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst.Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation?

A) drive reduction
B) incentive
C) optimal arousal
D) the pleasure principle

Question 12

Gertrude is close to finishing her degree in biology and has been offered several good jobs in her field.However,Gertrude decides that she really wants to become a carpenter.She quits school and becomes a very happy and successful carpenter.According to Maslow,Gertrude

A) does not have a need for achievement.
B) is self-actualized.
C) has high self-esteem.
D) is behaving according to her set point.

Question 13

Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year.His brother tries to get him to go to some social events,but Hugh does not want to do anything.Hugh's behavior is not energized,directed,or sustained,and he is lacking

A) motivation.
B) emotion.
C) self-actualization.
D) homeostasis.

Question 14

Antoinette is a real risk taker.She loves to skydive,and she can party all night.Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities,such as reading and yoga.These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their

A) extrinsic motivations.
B) optimal levels of arousal.
C) intrinsic motivations.
D) self-actualization.

Question 15

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life.During her pregnancy,she gained 25 pounds.After having her baby,Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds.For Ruth,130 pounds is a(n)________,and her body went back to it through the process of ________.

A) optimal weight; equilibrium
B) set point; equilibrium
C) set point; homeostasis
D) optimal weight; homeostasis

Question 16

When explaining the purpose of homeostasis,Dr.Murphy would most likely suggest that it

A) generates a drive to satisfy a need.
B) stabilizes conditions in the body.
C) creates a state of arousal.
D) uses incentives to reduce drives.

Question 17

Mauricio does not get enough milk to drink and begins to eat chalk from his classroom to replace the missing calcium.Mauricio eating chalk in order to replenish the calcium in his body is an example of

A) self-determination.
B) a habit.
C) an incentive.
D) homeostasis.

Question 18

During recess,children are trying to balance a seesaw.If one side is too low,a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child;if one side is too high,a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one.The children's behavior is similar to our biological states as they try to create

A) drive satisfaction.
B) equilibrium.
C) arousal.
D) a habit.

Question 19

Terry's home was destroyed in a hurricane.It is hard to find food,so he is constantly hungry.However,he feels lucky because his family survived and he is together with his loved ones.According to Maslow's theory,Terry's ________ needs are not met,but his ________ needs are being met.

A) safety; esteem
B) physiological; belonging
C) physiological; esteem
D) safety; belonging

Question 20

Janelle knows that motivational states are directive,meaning that they

A) call attention to important goals.
B) activate us to do something.
C) help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs.
D) determine a pattern of physiological activation.

Question 21

Marty just lost 15 pounds.Even though she has better eating habits,she has a strong urge to eat more frequently than she did before she lost the weight.The most likely reason for Marty's problem is

A) an increase in ghrelin.
B) a decrease in glucose.
C) a decrease in leptin.
D) equal levels of leptin and ghrelin.

Question 22

One day,Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree.Ted is startled and falls backward,hitting his head on a rock.The next day,Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible.Ted may have damaged the part of his brain called the

A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) frontal lobe
D) hippocampus

Question 23

Daria is writing a lecture and wants to explain the difference between being motivated by states of biological deficiency versus being motivated by incentives.Which of the following should she include as an example of an incentive that can motivate behavior even though it is NOT related to a "need"?

A) water
B) sleep
C) achievement
D) money

Question 24

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine,but she really does not like to work out.If she decides to use incentives to motivate her exercising behavior,which of the following is Shana most likely to do?

A) focus on how much pleasure she feels when she is exercising
B) work out at midnight when she has the most energy
C) buy herself a new pair of shoes after exercising every day for two weeks
D) weigh herself each morning to decide how much she needs to exercise that day

Question 25

Roland tells himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it.Then,Roland's coach tells him he can get a full soccer scholarship to college.Now Roland tells himself that he is working so hard because he needs to earn a scholarship.Roland now enjoys soccer less.Self-perception theory would explain Roland's behavior by saying that

A) he no longer feels that he is choosing to practice and play.
B) he is afraid that he will start losing games.
C) winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer.
D) playing has become too much hard work.

Question 26

Parvati is a competitive gymnast at the Olympic trials.She is highly motivated to perform her absolute best.Given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance,the best advice you can give Parvati is that she should calm down because

A) very high arousal can hurt her performance.
B) very low arousal can help her performance.
C) extrinsic motivation will reduce her ability to focus.
D) self-efficacy will increase her ability to focus.

Question 27

Sandra is a nutritionist who knows that long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves the hormone called

A) glucose.
B) ghrelin.
C) leptin.
D) insulin.

Question 28

Pluto the dog is hit by a car while chasing a squirrel.Afterward,he starts losing weight and does not seem interested in eating his food.Pluto is most likely having problems with the part of the brain that processes the hormone ________,which should indicate when to stop eating.

A) ghrelin
B) glucose
C) leptin
D) insulin

Question 29

Stewart desperately wants a job in computers.During his interview,he is aggressive about his thoughts and ideas.A motivation theorist who believes in extrinsic motivation would say that Stewart's behavior in the interview is most likely motivated by

A) the drive to achieve homeostasis.
B) a strong need for esteem.
C) a high optimal level of arousal.
D) the incentive of wanting to earn a high salary.

Question 30

Blythe had a large breakfast in the late morning.Even though she was planning to skip lunch,she starts to feel hungry at noon and decides to eat.The fact that Blythe wants to eat at her normal lunchtime even though she ate a late breakfast can be best explained by

A) classical conditioning.
B) homeostatic adjustment.
C) poor self-regulation.
D) low self-efficacy.

Question 31

Troy finds it very hard to lose weight.No matter how often he exercises,he keeps gaining weight instead of losing it.He thinks that he has a genetic predisposition to be overweight,which has most likely made him sensitive to the hunger-promoting effects of

A) ghrelin.
B) leptin.
C) the hypothalamus.
D) the gustatory cortex.

Question 32

When you are hungry,the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is________.After you finish a big meal,the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is ________.

A) low; high
B) high; low
C) low; low
D) high; high

Question 33

Sally is having a hard time losing weight and keeping it off because the more weight she loses,the hungrier she feels.This condition is most likely due to the effects of ________,which triggers feelings of hunger.

A) insulin
B) leptin
C) glucose
D) ghrelin

Question 34

After you finish a big meal,the level of glucose in your bloodstream increases.What happens next in order for your body to process the glucose?

A) When glucose reaches a certain level, your hypothalamus stops producing it.
B) Your pancreas produces insulin to manage the glucose.
C) Your stomach releases ghrelin to counteract the glucose.
D) Your fat cells release leptin, which tells your hypothalamus to stop producing glucose.

Question 35

Luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night.During his spring break,however,he sleeps 10 hours just because he enjoys it so much.Luke's behavior is difficult to explain with which of the following motivation theories?

A) drive reduction
B) incentives
C) optimal arousal
D) the pleasure principle

Question 36

Hernando and Fiona are in an advanced math class,which they love.In order to increase his effort in the class,Hernando's parents give him $5 for every "A" that he gets.Fiona's parents do not reward her for good grades.Fiona is more likely to do well in the class because of

A) self-perception theory.
B) self-efficacy.
C) delayed gratification.
D) self-determination theory.

Question 37

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation,which is her goal.Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material.Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation.Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.

A) intrinsic; extrinsic
B) extrinsic; intrinsic
C) intrinsic; intrinsic
D) extrinsic; extrinsic

Question 38

Recently,Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition.Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours,she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing a lot less.Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden loss of interest happened because

A) she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice.
B) she is afraid of not doing well at the competition.
C) the competition is now more important than the music.
D) playing has become work, not pleasure.

Question 39

Jalila reads the paper every day because she is intrinsically motivated.Jalila most likely reads the paper because

A) she uses it to find grocery coupons to save herself money.
B) she feels a need to keep current with world events.
C) it keeps her mind occupied during her boring staff meetings.
D) it prevents the person next to her on the train from talking to her.

Question 40

Lulu has a hard time sitting still and concentrating when doing her homework.Lulu's father says to her "If you can sit still and focus for 10 minutes and get these three math problems right then we can play soccer together for a while." Lulu's father is trying to motivate a change in her behavior by

A) supporting Lulu in reaching self-actualization about math homework.
B) getting Lulu to an optimal level of arousal to do the math homework.
C) offering Lulu an incentive to finish the math homework.
D) helping Lulu to increase her intrinsic motivation to complete the math homework.

Question 41

Emilio has an "A" average,and Claudio has a "C" average.Both men have career aspirations of becoming aeronautical engineers to work for NASA.Claudio likely has ________ than Emilio.

A) lower achievement motivation
B) higher achievement motivation
C) better delayed gratification
D) worse delayed gratification

Question 42

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster,which is producing high levels of arousal.They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love.The effect the roller coaster has on Jason and Cora is associated with the ________ of emotion.

A) physiological processes
B) subjective evaluations
C) cognitive beliefs
D) primary evolutionary adaptations

Question 43

Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day.This finding supports the idea that the need for ________ is a fundamental adaptive motive.

A) actualization
B) belonging
C) efficacy
D) affiliation

Question 44

Beth's entire family has a high achievement motivation.Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members?

A) unrealistically high career goals
B) attainable personal goals
C) high exam scores
D) high grades in career-related classes

Question 45

John really wants to become a doctor.He continues working toward his goal,despite the fact that he has trouble with the course work and has difficulty getting admitted to college and paying for his education.John's willingness to keep working toward his goal,despite the setbacks,is an indication that John has

A) grit.
B) external motivation.
C) internal motivation.
D) natural talent.

Question 46

Ekman and colleagues found that several emotions are common to people around the world,including all of the following EXCEPT

A) fear.
B) guilt.
C) sadness.
D) disgust.

Question 47

Delia lives far from her family and rarely visits them.On a recent trip home,Delia realizes that her nephews do not know who she is.This makes Delia feel remorseful.Because remorse is a blend of other feelings,Delia is experiencing a(n)________ emotion.

A) positive
B) objective
C) secondary
D) primary

Question 48

Your siblings are arguing about who will be more successful in school.Your brother says that he will,because he has more natural talent and intelligence.Your sister thinks that she will,because she has more grit.You decide to settle the argument by telling them the latest research finding on whether natural talent or grit is more important in predicting success.What should you tell them?

A) Intelligence is a better predictor than grit for educational attainment.
B) Grit is only important in achieving short-term, but not long-term, goals.
C) Intelligence is only important in achieving long-term, but not short-term, goals.
D) Grit is a better predictor than intelligence for educational attainment.

Question 49

Makenna is starting her first job as a teacher.To effectively motivate her students,Makenna should

A) set goals that are easy to meet so she can reward her students often.
B) not set goals for them because they should be intrinsically motivated.
C) allow each student to set his or her own goals so that everyone is likely to succeed.
D) set challenging and specific goals that are not too difficult or too easy, to encourage persistence and concentration during lessons.

Question 50

At a potluck,everyone brings his or her favorite dish to share.Gavin decides to avoid the foods he has never heard of before and instead eats only the macaroni and cheese he brought to the party.In this example,Gavin eating food he prepared himself suggests that he is most influenced by

A) satiety cues.
B) conditioning.
C) the limbic system.
D) familiarity.

Question 51

Noor and Ahmad,4-year-old twins,are shopping with their mother.She offers to buy them each a small cookie now or a large toy later if they are good during the shopping trip.Noor takes the cookie,but Ahmad waits for the toy.Based on this,who will be more successful in high school?

A) Noor, because he has a higher achievement motivation
B) Noor, because he can delay gratification
C) Ahmad, because he can delay gratification
D) Ahmad, because he has a higher achievement motivation

Question 52

When re-creating Mischel's famous marshmallow delay-of-gratification study,Art finds that children who successfully wait to eat the marshmallow are LEAST likely to

A) focus on a painting on the wall.
B) play with another toy.
C) sing a song.
D) stare at the marshmallow.

Question 53

If Phong makes his girlfriend Regina dinner and his menu selection is influenced by his culture,he would most likely make Regina

A) french fries, because he can make them very well.
B) snake wine, because it is a delicacy in his native Vietnam.
C) spinach salad, which she eats several times a week.
D) chicken pot pie, because it was her favorite food growing up.

Question 54

Tara is shooting hockey pucks into a net.If she has a low need for achievement,she will probably take ________ practice shots.

A) moderately difficult
B) very easy
C) no
D) many

Question 55

Ross is explaining the different theories of emotion to his younger brother.When describing the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory,he explains that a situation causes a

A) physiological response that is followed by a cognitive label.
B) cognitive label and the physiological response follows.
C) physiological label that is followed by a physiological response.
D) physiological response that is followed by a physiological label.

Question 56

Jie recently got out of a bad relationship.While she is excited to be single again,she is not sure how she will move forward on her own.Jie's uncertainty in making a subjective evaluation about her current situation means she is struggling with

A) arousal.
B) attitude.
C) motivation.
D) emotion.

Question 57

John is hanging out with a group of friends.According to the need to belong,which friend will pay the most attention to social information?

A) Nate, who is outgoing and has many friends
B) Suzanne, who is shy but has a close group of friends
C) Akon, who belongs to many social groups
D) Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

Question 58

The final project for your class is due in a few days.You ask a classmate how his project is going.He tells you that he has not started,because no matter how hard he tries,he can never get a good grade.Based on this statement,it is likely that your classmate

A) is low in achievement motivation.
B) is high in achievement motivation.
C) has low self-efficacy.
D) has high self-efficacy.

Question 59

You are training for a marathon.You spend all your extra time conditioning and practicing,because you know that the more effort you put in,the more likely you are to succeed.Based on this,it is likely that you have

A) low intrinsic motivation.
B) high intrinsic motivation.
C) low self-efficacy.
D) high self-efficacy.

Question 60

Mr.Griffin has a class full of students with high achievement motivation.To help these students do well on his calculus exam,Mr.Griffin should write questions that are

A) difficult.
B) easy.
C) moderately difficult.
D) variable in their difficulties.

Question 61

After he was robbed,Marcus kept replaying the incident in his mind."Why did I leave the door unlocked? Some of my stuff was irreplaceable and I can never get it back." By continually focusing on this negative event,Marcus is coping with his feelings through

A) thought suppression.
B) misattribution.
C) distraction.
D) rumination.

Question 62

Current research about the role of the amygdala in emotion suggests that the path from the thalamus to the cortex to the amygdala

A) initiates memory retrieval.
B) confirms whether a threat is present.
C) selects a response.
D) determines the appropriate response.

Question 63

Linda is feeling shaky,her heart is racing,and her mouth is dry.She attributes these symptoms to the fact that she has a big presentation in five minutes and she is nervous.Which theory of emotion best explains Linda's experience?

A) James-Lange
B) Schacter-Singer two-factor
C) Cannon-Bard
D) misattribution

Question 64

Janet and Joan are on a hot air balloon ride.They experience identical patterns of physiological arousal: increased heart rate,sweaty palms,pupil dilation,and increased breathing.After each woman assesses the environment,Janet feels happy while Joan is very scared.Which theory of emotion can best explain this difference?

A) Schacter-Singer two-factor
B) misattribution
C) Cannon-Bard
D) James-Lange

Question 65

Jason gets excited every time he walks into his physics class.However,Jason has never really liked science,so he does not think that his excitement is due to the class.Instead,he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner.Jason's misattribution of his arousal in an attempt to explain the excitement he feels is consistent with which theory of emotion?

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Maslow's
D) Schacter-Singer two-factor

Question 66

Mabel is comparing theories of emotion.When studying the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory,she notes that people experience emotion through

A) simultaneous physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.
B) the subjective emotion followed by the physiological response.
C) physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation.
D) the emotion correlated with the physiological response pattern.

Question 67

Eva and Garnet survived a traumatic bus accident.During the accident,Eva's amygdala was severely damaged while Garnet experienced no injuries.When compared with Garnet,you would expect Eva to be ________ to develop a conditioned fear to buses.

A) less likely
B) more likely
C) equally likely
D) unlikely

Question 68

In a study,male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy.Participants in Group A are told that the drug will make them happy.Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug.Later on,an attractive woman enters the room.According to the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory,Group A is less likely to feel attracted to the woman because these participants

A) were already happy when they came to the experiment.
B) expected positive feelings from the drug.
C) identified the positive feelings later.
D) were not told about the effects of the drug.

Question 69

Blake is waiting to hear whether he has been accepted to medical school.He is so anxious that he is having trouble working.To cope with the situation,he tries to keep himself from thinking about it by practicing the guitar.In doing so,Blake is dealing with his feelings through

A) rumination.
B) thought suppression.
C) distraction.
D) reappraisal.

Question 70

Kirsten and Dustin have gone down the most demanding ski trail at the resort.Back at the lodge,they are feeling extra excitement from finishing their trail and suddenly find that their attraction for each other has increased greatly.This effect is most likely due to

A) physiological arousal.
B) excitation transfer.
C) reappraisal.
D) emotion labeling.

Question 71

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake.Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) You are afraid because you are shaking.
B) You are shaking because you are afraid.
C) You are shaking because you know that a snake is scary.
D) You are shaking and you are afraid.

Question 72

Kyoti and Niwako are discussing the places in town where they have met the best-looking men.Based on excitation transfer,which place will be at the top of the list?

A) the library
B) the laundromat
C) a quiet restaurant
D) a dance club

Question 73

Current research about the role of the amygdala in emotion suggests that the path from the thalamus to the amygdala

A) initiates memory retrieval.
B) confirms whether a threat is present.
C) prepares one to respond to the threat.
D) determines the appropriate response.

Question 74

When going to her office on the seventh floor,June either takes the elevator or the stairs.If June takes the stairs,she will be annoyed when asked a simple question by her coworkers.However,if June takes the elevator,she is more patient.The irritated reaction that occurs when June is physiologically aroused by climbing the stairs is an example of

A) the facial-feedback hypothesis.
B) an emotion label.
C) excitation transfer.
D) reappraisal.

Question 75

Winona has difficulty determining how fearful someone is based on the person's facial expressions.Her friends worry that she can no longer process the emotional significance of stimuli due to brain damage and think there is a problem with Winona's

A) hippocampus.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) thalamus.
D) amygdala.

Question 76

Danny,who has a damaged amygdala,accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned.Later,Danny's reaction to fire is that he

A) knows it is dangerous and has a strong conditioned fear response to it.
B) does not think it is dangerous and has no conditioned fear of it.
C) does not think it is dangerous but becomes terrified around it.
D) knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it.

Question 77

Tia is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is having trouble understanding the James-Lange theory of emotion.Her friend Brian took the course last semester and is most likely to explain the relationship between fear and trembling as

A) unrelated.
B) being felt simultaneously.
C) someone trembles because he or she feels afraid.
D) someone feels afraid because he or she is trembling.

Question 78

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake.Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A) You are afraid because you are shaking.
B) You are shaking because you are afraid.
C) You are shaking because you know that a snake is scary.
D) You are shaking and you are afraid.

Question 79

Lisa does not like going to her sister Megan's piano recitals,but she finds that if she forces herself to smile during the recital,she will ________,as predicted by the ________.

A) begin to feel happy; facial-feedback hypothesis
B) begin to feel happy; Cannon-Bard theory
C) not feel any differently than she did before; facial-feedback hypothesis
D) not feel any differently than she did before; Cannon-Bard theory

Question 80

In the musical The King and I,the lead character sings about whistling when she feels afraid to hide her fear,which eventually makes her not feel afraid.The idea that acting like you are not afraid keeps you from feeling afraid is similar to which theory of emotion?

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Schacter-Singer two-factor
D) misattribution