Deck 11: Health and Well-Being

Question 1

Thoughts and behaviors affect the environment.The environment affects human biology.In turn,biology affects behavior.This description fits the ________ model of health psychology.

A) medical
B) social
C) behaviorist
D) biopsychosocial

Answer 1

biopsychosocial

Question 2

Which of the following is a major risk factor for heart disease?

A) genetic predisposition
B) quitting smoking
C) engaging in unsafe sex
D) anorexia nervosa

Answer 2

anorexia nervosa

Question 3

Research in different cultural contexts reveals that obesity is

A) stigmatized in some of them and respected in others.
B) universally rejected and devalued.
C) associated with lower economic status, particularly in developing countries.
D) positively associated with social status in most cultures.

Answer 3

stigmatized in some of them and respected in others.

Question 4

A study described in your textbook showed that when normal people are malnourished for a prolonged period of time,they

A) gain 100 or more pounds when they go back to normal eating.
B) permanently stay thin and find it hard to gain back the weight they lost.
C) become obsessed with food, much like people with eating disorders.
D) report more positive emotions because of the positive social feedback they receive.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about dieting behavior?

A) Dieting is largely successful in dealing with weight problems if it can be maintained for long periods of time.
B) Dieting is typically counterproductive for long-term weight loss.
C) Dieting often works for males but is less effective for females.
D) Dieting is on the decline in developed countries.

Question 6

Health psychologists investigate how genetics,behaviors,and social support impact health.This approach of focusing on multiple areas to understand health and well-being is central to the ________ model.

A) medical
B) biopsychosocial
C) healthy habits
D) interactive

Question 7

For which of the following groups would an eating disorder,such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa,be most typical?

A) teenage African American girls
B) Race and class may not be important risk factors for these conditions.
C) teenage Asian women
D) college-age white women

Question 8

Aline is sitting in a physician's office and has just been told that a nurse will be coming in to measure her BMI.Aline is not familiar with the term BMI and starts to panic.How should her mother reassure her about BMI tests?

A) "Do not worry; all they need is a urine test."
B) "BMI needles are very small and do not hurt at all."
C) "Do not be afraid, they just need to listen to your lungs."
D) "Relax, they are just going to measure your height and weight."

Question 9

Dieting as a method of controlling weight has proved ineffective in part because

A) weight gain occurs more rapidly after each episode of dieting is terminated.
B) the diet causes metabolism to increase such that the body becomes highly efficient in using the calories that are available.
C) the body lacks a set point for regulating weight.
D) most people have a set point that is set too high.

Question 10

A BMI should be calculated before one can accurately conclude that a person is

A) depressed.
B) obese.
C) a smoker.
D) malnourished.

Question 11

Health psychologists investigate

A) the absence of disease.
B) personal reports of health.
C) theories instead of experimental research.
D) promoting health and well-being.

Question 12

After finishing six pieces of toast with butter,Sally prepares a batch of brownies while eating large bowls of ice cream,yogurt,and cottage cheese.She then eats half a bag of cookies,a full pizza,and three baked potatoes,even though she does not feel hungry.After eating,she feels guilty,ashamed,and sad but does not vomit or make any other efforts to eliminate the calories she consumed.Sally appears to meet criteria for

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) binge-eating disorder.
D) restrictive dieting.

Question 13

Dora is a moderately obese woman with a full figure.However,Dora is not confronted with social stigma about being overweight.On the contrary,she is often complimented on how attractive she is.Dora

A) is probably a hardy person.
B) will experience a lack of congruent self-concept.
C) will nevertheless experience some negative psychological symptoms that are caused by her weight.
D) probably lives in a developing country.

Question 14

Compared with the medical model of health,the biopsychosocial model approach to health and well-being

A) includes more variables.
B) ignores human biology.
C) is rarely used in practice.
D) does not focus on illness.

Question 15

Dr.Arzun is using the biopsychosocial model as a frame of reference for understanding heart disease.Based on this,she will most likely recommend that a client with heart disease use ________ to treat the illness.

A) medication
B) exercise
C) medication and surgery
D) medication and exercise

Question 16

The body mass index (BMI)of an adopted child will be ________ related to the BMI of the adoptive parents and ________ related to the BMI of the biological parents.

A) strongly; strongly
B) strongly; not at all
C) not at all; strongly
D) not at all; not at all

Question 17

If people did not possess dopamine neurons,addiction to nicotine would be

A) less likely.
B) more likely.
C) unaffected.
D) strong at first and weak later.

Question 18

Claude Bouchard found that identical twins have similar weights regardless of whether they are raised together or apart.This study provides evidence for the idea that

A) environment plays an important role in weight gain.
B) being an identical twin is stressful and therefore likely to cause weight gain.
C) weight gain is inevitable for most people if they overeat.
D) genes play an important role in weight gain.

Question 19

Sarah is trying to be the healthiest person she can possibly be and feel satisfied with life.Sarah is focusing on her

A) health psychology.
B) well-being.
C) health empowerment.
D) self-control.

Question 20

Dr.Haverford suggests to her client that her mood problems stem from problems with the neurotransmitter serotonin.Dr.Haverford mentions nothing about social or behavioral factors that may be related to mood.To understand her client's problems,Dr.Haverford seems to be using the ________ model.

A) interdisciplinary
B) behaviorist
C) biopsychosocial
D) medical

Question 21

Which of the following conditions is an effect of chronic smoking?

A) liver failure
B) immune disorders
C) heart disease
D) brain tumors

Question 22

The most positive aspect of e-cigarettes is that they

A) are non-addictive.
B) only produce secondhand smoke.
C) do not contain tobacco.
D) definitely help people quit smoking.

Question 23

One difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa involves

A) the degree of psychological disturbance present.
B) whether periods of dieting occur.
C) the amount of food that is typically consumed.
D) the race and class of the people who engage in each.

Question 24

Kristine is experiencing some depression and memory problems.To reduce both of these,Kristine's doctor is most likely to recommend

A) meditation.
B) getting exercise.
C) using her social support network.
D) increasing her self-esteem.

Question 25

Jamie needs to quit smoking.According to your textbook,which strategy seems to have been most effective for around 90 percent of people?

A) smoking e-cigarettes instead of traditional cigarettes
B) going "cold turkey"
C) avoiding places where other people smoke
D) substituting smoking for behaviors that are healthier

Question 26

Research suggests that about half of the sexually transmitted infections in the U.S.each year occur in people between the ages of

A) 15 to 24.
B) 28 to 32.
C) 35 to 40.
D) 42 to 50.

Question 27

Turman wants to practice safer sex.Which of the following behaviors will reduce his chances of contracting a sexually transmitted infection?

A) avoid manogamy
B) always use condoms and/or dental dams
C) getting tested for sexually transmitted infections
D) only engage in oral sex

Question 28

If cigarettes did not contain nicotine,the brain's dopamine neurons would be

A) overstimulated by smoking.
B) less affected by smoking.
C) inhibited by smoking.
D) easily activated at first but inactive after the first cigarette.

Question 29

Your sister has been quite thin ever since the eighth grade,but she expresses a great fear of becoming fat and is always looking for ways to lose more weight.Based on this,she is most likely experiencing

A) a high body mass index.
B) the absence of a set point for weight control.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) bulimia nervosa.

Question 30

Evidence suggests that some individuals are more prone to becoming regular smokers than others.One factor involves

A) a greater tendency to have acetylcholine pathways in the brain.
B) a cascade of HPA activation.
C) parents and peers who smoke.
D) the absence of antidrug programs in school.

Question 31

A stressor is any event or stimulus that

A) threatens an organism and elicits a coping response.
B) cannot be coped with.
C) cannot be coped with in the short term.
D) by definition has negative consequences for the organism.

Question 32

You experience a disruption that threatens a part of your life and is difficult with which to deal.Most likely,you will experience body changes,thoughts,and actions associated with the psychological process of

A) a major life stressor.
B) a daily hassle.
C) stress responses.
D) stress.

Question 33

Evidence that humans have a set point for weight is reflected in the fact that

A) when prisoners were fed large amounts of food, they gained less weight than they should have and returned to their normal weight when they resumed a regular diet.
B) when people diet frequently, they wind up gaining more weight than those who do not.
C) studies of semistarvation have shown that long-term reduction in food intake causes people to lose interest in food and eating.
D) as less food is consumed, the body's ability to use the energy contained in the food is reduced.

Question 34

Juanita has contracted a sexually transmitted infection (STI).Juanita may have contracted the STI from any of the following activities EXCEPT

A) having sexual intercourse without a condom.
B) having a PAP test.
C) sharing infected needles.
D) kissing someone who once had a cold sore.

Question 35

Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT

A) bacteria.
B) parasites.
C) fungi.
D) viruses.

Question 36

Milo is training for an international chess competition and thinks that if he "increases his brain volume" he will do better in the competition.Which of the following actions should Milo take to increase his brain volume?

A) reduce the number of hours he watches television
B) go on a vegetarian diet
C) pray
D) exercise

Question 37

Exercise increases the productivity and growth of

A) reproductive hormones.
B) gland tissue.
C) hair follicles.
D) neurons.

Question 38

According to the textbook,being encouraged by peers and enhancing one's self-image are reasons why people

A) eat too much.
B) engage in emotional coping.
C) start smoking.
D) develop a Type A personality.

Question 39

June has a lot of conflict with her mother at home.They also live in a poorer neighborhood that is very dirty and noisy.Although by itself each of these is a small issue,over time they add up to have a strong negative impact.In fact,June is starting to show signs of illness,including high blood pressure.Based on this,it is clear that June is experiencing

A) major life stressors.
B) daily hassles.
C) resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
D) the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 40

LaShawna has no siblings,and her parents do not smoke.Jayda has an older brother and mother who smoke.Who would be more likely to start smoking,and why?

A) LaShawna, because her dopamine neurons are more sensitive to nicotine
B) LaShawna, because smoking would be a novel and exciting experience
C) Jayda, because her family members act as role models for smoking
D) Both girls are equally likely to start smoking.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT an example of a daily hassle?

A) a long line at the grocery store
B) the birth of a new baby
C) a traffic jam
D) forgetting to take out the trash

Question 42

During final exams,Danielle's body always seems to enable her to succeed at her fullest.She seems to have a lot of energy,gets by on little sleep,and never gets sick.However,she always seems to get a cold a week or so after her finals have ended.According to general adaptation syndrome (GAS),at what stage does Danielle operate during final exams?

A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) major stressor

Question 43

The fight-or-flight response helps people cope with

A) danger.
B) overeating.
C) exhaustion.
D) overstimulation.

Question 44

A fight-or-flight response is helpful to humans because it

A) helps a person physically prepare to deal with danger.
B) causes a person to seek out social support.
C) helps a person determine whether stimuli are threatening or irrelevant.
D) supports a person in dealing with chronic stress.

Question 45

Under stress,females are likely to show the ________,whereas males are more likely to show the ________.

A) tend-and-befriend response; alarm stage
B) general adaptation syndrome; alarm stage
C) tend-and-befriend response; fight-or-flight response
D) general adaptation syndrome; fight-or-flight response

Question 46

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)proposes three levels of stress resistance.Which of the following lists the correct order of stages?

A) alarm-exhaustion-resistance
B) exhaustion-alarm-resistance
C) resistance-exhaustion-alarm
D) alarm-resistance-exhaustion

Question 47

Recently,Arianna and Raymond had their first child.They are experiencing difficulty dealing with the lack of sleep and demands of the new baby.The kind of stress Arianna and Raymond are experiencing is called

A) general adaptation syndrome.
B) a daily hassle.
C) mediating factors.
D) a major life stressor.

Question 48

Assume that a negative event has occurred in your life.Which of the following conditions would make this event the most stressful?

A) It occurred just after a positive event.
B) It was just like an event you had experienced a year earlier.
C) It was unexpected.
D) You are female, not male.

Question 49

Melinda just got a new job as a receptionist,and she does not expect it to be very stressful.However,she is nervous about learning how to perform well in the job when she first starts working.The stress Melinda is facing is ________ term and may result in ________ immune function.

A) long; worse
B) long; better
C) short; worse
D) short; better

Question 50

Events that are particularly stressful for humans are those that are

A) boring and predictable.
B) catastrophic and uncontrollable.
C) repetitive.
D) a result of our own actions.

Question 51

According to general adaptation syndrome (GAS),what occurs at the first,or most immediate,level of stress response?

A) The body uses all defenses to fight the stress.
B) The body becomes exhausted.
C) The body prepares itself to respond physically.
D) The body shuts down most organs.

Question 52

Psychologists have emphasized that people experience the fight-or-flight response more than the tend-and-befriend response because

A) the former has greater adaptive value.
B) the research has largely been done with males.
C) research supports the former but not the latter.
D) avoidance responses are more important to survival than are approach responses.

Question 53

A general conclusion stemming from the research on health and stress is that

A) short-term stress is more dangerous to one's health than chronic stress.
B) until recently, psychologists have overemphasized the effects of stress on health.
C) the source of stress is more important to health outcomes than the level of stress.
D) chronic stress has adverse effects on health.

Question 54

For the past several years,people living in Orlando,Florida,constantly received warnings about sinkholes in the area,repeatedly experienced flooding of their homes,and during a particularly bad storm they experienced hail damage to their homes and cars.Over the same number of years,people in Miami did not receive warnings about sinkholes and the recent storm caused only minimal property damage.Which group of people will have better immune functioning,and why?

A) People in Miami will have better immune functioning because they used better coping.
B) People in Miami will have better immune functioning because they did not experience chronic stressors.
C) People in Orlando will have better immune functioning because they are working to overcome a daily life hassle.
D) People in both towns will experience similar immune functioning because immune functioning is largely due to genetics, not environmental events.

Question 55

Anna felt that she could not succeed at her final exam,and thinking about the final exam made her feel physically ill.For Anna,the final exam is most likely a(n)

A) major life stressor.
B) daily hassle.
C) immune response.
D) stressor.

Question 56

When men and women are placed under similar levels of stress

A) both appear equally motivated to seek out social support.
B) women are more likely than men to seek out social support.
C) men are more likely to seek social support than are women.
D) women are more likely to seek out social support but men are more likely to actually receive it.

Question 57

Which of the following would describe the tend-and-befriend response of a person experiencing great stress from his job?

A) Luigi is worn out and is not sure if he can continue at his job.
B) Bruce constantly complains to his family about his mean boss.
C) Joseph strikes his boss in the face after she threated to fire him.
D) Manny tries to form strong relationships with the new workers.

Question 58

When people are going into military combat,adjusting to a new marriage,or starting a new job they are most likely experiencing

A) the fight-or-flight response
B) the tend-and-befriend response.
C) daily hassles.
D) major life stressors.

Question 59

The Type B behavior pattern describes a person who is

A) competitive and time-pressed.
B) easygoing and accommodating.
C) cynical and pessimistic.
D) at high risk for cardiovascular disease.

Question 60

Over the past few years,Farhan has had to deal with a lot of stress.His parents both have chronic diseases,he and his wife argue constantly,and his new job demands a lot of his time.According to research on the long-term effects of stress,Farhan will most likely

A) get divorced in the next year.
B) develop a Type A personality.
C) develop a serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia.
D) show a decreased immune response to infectious diseases.

Question 61

Smoking,overeating,high blood pressure,and ________ strongly predict heart disease.

A) Type A behavior
B) Type B behavior
C) emotion-focused coping
D) problem-focused coping

Question 62

Being hostile or depressed has been found to

A) predict greater risk for heart disease.
B) cause autoimmune disorders.
C) stop the general adaptation syndrome from occurring.
D) increase hormone production.

Question 63

Problem-focused coping involves

A) looking at the "bright side" of a situation.
B) controlling emotional expressions.
C) taking direct steps to confront a stressor.
D) focusing on problems until they appear less stressful.

Question 64

According to research conducted on family focused interventions,the major difference between effective and ineffective family focused treatments involves whether

A) the client has adequate social skills.
B) family members have enough information about the client's illness.
C) a medical practitioner or a family therapist conducts the intervention.
D) family members promote the client's feelings of being in control.

Question 65

In a well-known study of California men,being aggressive and impatient was found to be related to ________,which shows that ________.

A) heart disease; genes control the development of disease
B) immune functioning; stress is a function of lifestyle
C) heart disease; psychological factors are important in disease development
D) hormonal dysfunction; gender will have an effect on disease development

Question 66

A coping strategy that involves comparing oneself to those worse off is known as

A) resilience.
B) the silver-lining effect.
C) downward comparison.
D) hardiness.

Question 67

Your roommate is hostile,very competitive,and pessimistic.On the basis of recent research,which of the following health problems is your roommate most likely to experience later in life?

A) cardiovascular disease
B) immune system failures
C) chronic infections
D) cancer

Question 68

The more negative emotions someone experiences,the greater the chance of developing

A) antibodies.
B) cavities.
C) heart disease.
D) glandular cancer.

Question 69

Two ways that hostility can affect the body are through stress on the heart and

A) increased airflow to the lungs.
B) reduced airflow to the lungs.
C) decreased inflammation.
D) increased serotonin activity.

Question 70

Lazarus divides the cognitive appraisal process into two parts: primary and secondary.Primary appraisals involve

A) deciding whether an event is stressful, benign, or irrelevant.
B) evaluating one's response options.
C) selecting a coping behavior.
D) deciding whether a coping behavior was successful.

Question 71

Seeing someone who is red in the face and "ready to explode" with anger might indicate that the person

A) has a Type A personality.
B) has a Type B personality.
C) has hardiness.
D) is using emotion-focused coping.

Question 72

People who commonly feel hostile and impatient are at increased risk to develop

A) major depressive disorder.
B) heart disease.
C) an immune disorder.
D) an eating disorder.

Question 73

Which of the following people is most likely to develop coronary heart disease at some point in his life?

A) John, a counseling psychologist who is laid-back and enjoys his job
B) Erik, a CEO of a Fortune 500 company who takes frequent vacations
C) Louis, a competitive poker player who is aggressive, impatient, and competitive
D) Jarrod, an elementary school teacher who readily accommodates his coworkers and is easygoing

Question 74

Which one of the following is NOT an example of emotion-focused coping?

A) avoiding a stressor
B) minimizing the problem
C) distancing oneself from the outcome
D) creating alternative solutions

Question 75

Harold has been unemployed for many years and is constantly struggling to pay his bills.The stress Harold is experiencing is an example of

A) a major life stressor.
B) a daily hassle.
C) chronic stress.
D) acute stress.

Question 76

Your roommate is achievement oriented,impatient,aggressive,and time-pressed.Your roommate's behavior fits the ________ pattern.

A) Type A behavior
B) Type B behavior
C) hardiness
D) emotion-focused coping

Question 77

Jane owns a consulting firm and has three employees.Which person should Jane hire if she wants someone who is not competitive,but rather relaxed and easygoing?

A) Lilah, who has a Type A behavior pattern
B) Matt, who has a Type B behavior pattern
C) Reina, who is known for her success at primary appraisals
D) Ted, who is skillful at secondary appraisals

Question 78

Recent research on predictors of heart disease suggests that people who are ________ are particularly vulnerable to cardiac problems.

A) angry or depressed
B) time-pressed and shy
C) low in self-esteem
D) low in cortisol production

Question 79

Emotion-focused coping strategies

A) generally work better over the short term than over the long term.
B) are usually better than problem-focused strategies in various situations.
C) work best in the face of a controllable stressor.
D) are counterproductive in most situations.

Question 80

In Lazarus's two-part cognitive appraisal process,secondary appraisals involve

A) interpreting stressful sensory input.
B) deciding whether a situation is stressful.
C) deciding how to manage and respond to a stressful stimulus.
D) hiding one's emotions.