Deck 7: Industrial Capitalist Societies

Question 1

According to Randall Collins, educational inflation is most likely to occur in societies having:

A) sponsored-mobility educational systems and high levels of class segregation
B) contest-mobility educational systems and high levels of class segregation
C) contest-mobility educational systems and low levels of class segregation
D) sponsored-mobility educational systems and low levels of class segregation

Answer 1

contest-mobility educational systems and low levels of class segregation

Question 2

Sponsored-mobility educational systems have historically been most characteristic of:

A) Japan and China
B) the United States and England
C) West Germany and Switzerland
D) England and France
E) the United States and the Soviet Union

Answer 2

England and France

Question 3

According to Kolko, the distribution of income in the United States:

A) equalized substantially between 1910 and 1959
B) did not change in any major way between 1910 and 1959
C) has become much more unequal in the last 50 years
D) substantially equalized between 1910 and 1959, but since then has moved in the direction of greater inequality

Answer 3

did not change in any major way between 1910 and 1959

Question 4

What Dore calls qualificationism refers to:

A) the domination of an educational system by a concern with educational certificates rather than learning for its own sake
B) the "diploma disease"
C) essentially the same thing that Collins calls credentialism
D) all of these

Question 5

Among the industrial capitalist societies, appears to have the most unequal distribution of income, while has/have the most egalitarian distribution:

A) Britain; Sweden
B) Germany; Norway
C) the United States; Sweden, Denmark, and Japan
D) Italy; Switzerland

Question 6

Wright's Marxian conception of class in contemporary capitalism stresses that classes are:

A) simply owning and non-owning groups
B) groups organized around ownership, credential assets, and organizational assets
C) found only within the modern corporation
D) groups organized around authority relations

Question 7

Available figures concerning inequality in the distribution of income in the United States:

A) ignore the major increases in the standard of living experienced by much of the population during the twentieth century
B) demonstrate a trend toward equalization
C) undoubtedly understate the real extent of income inequality
D) show that income inequality has increased markedly throughout the twentieth century

Question 8

Sponsored-mobility educational systems:

A) place students into an educational track or channel early in their educational careers
B) are typified by open competition in the pursuit of degrees
C) are typified by only a very subtle and informal kind of tracking or channeling
D) are constructed around Affirmative Action programs

Question 9

Conventional sociological conceptions of the class structure of modern capitalism, such as that of Rossides, stress that social classes are:

A) social categories based primarily on different types of occupations
B) groups organized around property ownership
C) groups organized around authority relations
D) none of these

Question 10

One of the most striking facts about education in Western industrial societies in the twentieth century is its:

A) enormous expansion at all levels
B) increasing status-group orientation
C) increasing practical-skill orientation
D) stagnation in the 1960s

Question 11

In Wright's Marxian class scheme, the petty bourgeoisie consists of:

A) owners of small businesses who employ no workers
B) small businessmen who employ five or more workers
C) directors of medium-sized corporations
D) professionals who work in large organizations

Question 12

Daniel Bell claims that Western societies, and the United States in particular, have been evolving toward a postindustrial society. This is a type of society in which:

A) knowledge and expertise replace property ownership as the basic mechanism on which the system turns
B) communism replaces capitalism
C) cherished values are threatened
D) industrial forms of technology are replaced by less energy-intensive forms

Question 13

In the transition from agrarian to industrial societies, the degree of stratification has:

A) declined
B) inceased slightly
C) increased dramatically
D) remained the same

Question 14

Randall Collins has claimed that most educational change in American society has resulted from:

A) technological advance
B) changing values
C) credential inflation
D) international rivalry

Question 15

Collins views the uniquely large size and massive expansion of the American educational system as rooted in:

A) America's commitment to educational equality
B) the ethnic diversity of America
C) the size of the government
D) American religion

Question 16

In Wright's Marxian class scheme, capitalists:

A) own means of production
B) employ ten or more workers
C) earn their incomes through the exploitation of workers
D) all of these

Question 17

The Japanese educational system:

A) is highly credentialized
B) expanded enormously throughout the twentieth century
C) both of these
D) neither of these

Question 18

According to Wright, people who own no means of production and possess no credential assets or organizational authority are known as:

A) small employers
B) uncredentialed supervisors
C) proletarians
D) petty bourgeois

Question 19

While the social democratic welfare states of Scandinavia have had limited success in achieving a more equal distribution of income, they have been successful at:

A) substantially reducing poverty
B) providing for the health, housing, and educational needs of the population
C) decommodifying labor
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 20

The distribution of wealth in the United States and Britain:

A) is much more unequally distributed than is income
B) is unequally distributed in about the same way as income
C) cannot be reliably measured
D) is quite unequally distributed but has shown definite signs of equalizing in the past 20 years

Question 21

Tatu Vanhanen argues that the factor that contributes most to the development of democracy is:

A) mass education
B) whether a society is predominantly Protestant or Catholic
C) the degree to which the population possesses power resources
D) all of these

Question 22

Esping-Andersen argues that the most important contribution of welfare states is the decommodification of work. This means that:

A) work is undertaken purely for the psychological gratification it brings
B) considerable attention is given to the quality of life of the worker
C) the capitalist division of labor has been replaced by a socialist division of labor

Question 23

The movement of individuals to a class position higher or lower than the position they were born into is known as:

A) intragenerational mobility
B) intergenerational mobility
C) transgenerational mobility
D) social climbing

Question 24

Sanderson and Alderson suggest that the theory of education as nation-building:

A) aids our understanding of the origins of mass education and of the prominence of primary and secondary education in so many of the world's societies
B) is thoroughly inadequate
C) can explain not only the origins of modern mass education, but also the reasons for educational expansion in those societies with very large educational systems
D) none of these

Question 25

Mobility involve the degree to which a social class consists of individuals who were born into a different social class, whereas mobility consist of the extent to which persons born into a given social class end up in another class in adulthood:

A) inflows; outflows
B) outflows; inflows
C) processes; structures
D) ingressions; egressions

Question 26

When individuals are mobile between their first job and the job they hold much later in life, they are undergoing:

A) social improvement
B) social deterioration
C) intergenerational mobility
D) intragenerational mobility

Question 27

The Gini coefficients for most Western industrial societies range from about to about :

A) .250 to .400
B) .450 to .600
C) . 500 to .750
D) .125 to .275

Question 28

The largest and most comprehensive welfare states in Europe are found in:

A) Eastern Europe
B) northern Europe i.e., Scandinavia and the Netherlands)
C) southern Europe
D) central Europe

Question 29

Social mobility is the term used to identify the extent of:

A) upward or downward movement in the class structure of a society
B) movement of people from region to region within a society
C) movement of people from one society to another
D) all of these

Question 30

The United States and other modern industrial societies are characterized by:

A) substantive democracies
B) formal democracies
C) restricted democracies
D) Herrenvolk democracies

Question 31

According to Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, full substantive democracy is most likely to develop when:

A) a society's landowning class has considerable economic and political power
B) a society's working class is large and well-organized
C) a society's self-employed class is large and well-organized
D) the development of capitalism is retarded and the industrial sector of the economy remains small

Question 32

Keister shows that the Gini coefficient for the distribution of financial wealth in the United States in the late 1990s was:

A) .45
B) .60
C) .30
D) .94

Question 33

Esping-Andersen shows that liberal welfare states tend to be found in societies with , whereas social democratic welfare states are usually found in societies with
:

A) strong working classes; weak working classes
B) weak working classes; strong working classes
C) authoritarian governments; democratic governments
D) Protestants controlling the government; Catholics controlling the government

Question 34

Research by Lisa Keister shows that, in terms of the distribution of wealth, the top wealth quintile in the United States owned approximately
Wealth:

A) 50
B) 85
C) 98
D) 40 percent of the total

Question 35

In the United States in 1995, the top income quintile received percent of the total income, whereas the bottom quintile received percent:

A) 20; 20
B) 10; 30
C) 20; 50
D) 46.5; 4.4

Question 36

Following Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Sanderson and Alderson argue that democracy emerged in large part as the result of one of the fundamental contradictions of capitalism. By this they mean that:

A) parliamentary democracy is necessary for capitalism to flourish, but capitalism is not necessary for parliamentary democracy to flourish
B) parliamentary democracy is necessary for capitalism to flourish, but the inherent tendencies toward crisis in capitalism make democracy impossible to sustain
C) capitalist development creates a working class which is able, in turn, to use its strengths to advance its own interests against the interests of capitalists

Question 37

Sanderson and Alderson suggest that the Marxian explanation of the development of parliamentary democracy:

A) can account for the parliamentary dimension of democracy, but not for universal suffrage
B) can account for universal suffrage, but not for the parliamentary dimension of democracy
C) can account for both the parliamentary dimension of democracy and universal suffrage
D) cannot account for either the parliamentary dimension of democracy or universal suffrage

Question 38

Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens have shown that the development of universal suffrage:

A) has been favored by capitalists
B) preceded the development of the parliamentary dimension of democracy
C) was not shaped in any meaningful way by the desires of capitalists
D) has generally been resisted by capitalists

Question 39

A formal democracy is a government which officially declares itself democratic:

A) but falls short of this in practice
B) and in fact is democratic in practice
C) but places limitations or restrictions on the practice of democracy
D) and honors a formal set of rights and freedoms

Question 40

Which of the following features of modern mass educational systems do the authors of the theory of education as nation-building claim to address?

A) the universal, standardized, and highly rationalized character of modern mass educational systems
B) the striking similarities between the educational systems of otherwise very different countries
C) the orientation of modern educational systems toward the individual as the primary social unit
D) all of these

Question 41

According to Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, democracy took root earliest and most firmly in those societies that had experienced:

A) the Protestant Reformation
B) governmental reform
C) high levels of industrialization
D) religious freedom

Question 42

John Kautsky's research on welfare states shows that socialist labor parties have been strongest in those societies:

A) where small farmers and merchants made up most of the population
B) in which the nobility or aristocracy remained politically powerful well into the twentieth century
C) with very large populations of Catholics and Jews

Question 43

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries most of the societies that form part of today's advanced industrial world underwent the so-called demographic transition. This was a process in which:

A) mortality rates dropped first and birth rates fell later, leading to small family size and a low rate of population growth
B) birth rates fell and then were followed by declining mortality rates
C) mortality rates fell while birth rates remained high

Question 44

Paul Kingston's research shows that social mobility in the United States is:

A) very limited
B) extensive
C) extremely hard to determine
D) changing all the time - extensive in some years but limited in others

Question 45

Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens explain the transition to full democracy as resulting from:

A) the actions of the bourgeoisie
B) the middle class's desire for more freedoms
C) the imitation of the USA by Europe and the rest of the world
D) the political struggles of the working class

Question 46

The type of democracy found today in industrial capitalist societies is known as democracy:

A) formal
B) substantive
C) restricted
D) participatory

Question 47

In the third or final stage of the demographic transition:

A) death rates began to decline but birth rates remained high
B) birth rates began to decline but death rates remained high
C) both birth rates became low and population growth slowed dramatically

Question 48

Kautsky's research also shows that socialist labor parties have been weak in those societies:

A) in which there had never been an aristocracy
B) in East and Southeast Asia
C) in Central and Eastern Europe

Question 49

Keister's research shows that the Gini coefficient for wealth inequality in the United States in the early 1990s was in the range of:

A) .50 to .60
B) .40 to .60
C) .80 to .87
D) .20 to .35

Question 50

According to Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, the most important element of democracy is:

A) extension of voting rights to the mass of the population
B) the existence of a parliamentary or congressional body
C) the existence of separate states within a federal structure
D) freedom of speech

Question 51

Sanderson and Alderson hold that modern democracy:

A) is found in only a few industrial capitalist societies
B) does not exist in its true form
C) is a form of government involving constitutional liberties, parliamentary bodies, and free elections
D) is government of, by, and for the people

Question 52

The first societies to introduce mass primary education were:

A) the US, Canada, Russia, and Austria-Hungary
B) England, France, Switzerland, and Wales
C) Japan, China, Russia, and Poland
D) Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway

Question 53

Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens claim that historically the social class most hostile to democracy has been the:

A) landlord class
B) working class
C) peasantry
D) middle class

Question 54

In recent years wealth inequality in the United States has been:

A) increasing
B) decreasing
C) remaining the same

Question 55

In the 1990s, approximately percent of American high school graduates were pursuing some type of postsecondary education:

A) 25
B) 65
C) 35
D) 90

Question 56

Democratic government developed earliest in and latest in :

A) Latin America; Asia
B) North America; Western Europe
C) Western Europe; North America
D) Western Europe and North America; the Third World

Question 57

The earliest democracies were generally restricted rather than full democracies, and the restrictions on voting normally involved:

A) gender and property ownership
B) religion and race
C) health and wealth
D) ethnicity and political party membership

Question 58

Tatu Vanhanen, a Finnish political scientist, argues that:

A) people are naturally predisposed toward democracy and it is easy to establish
B) governments in large-scale societies will be authoritarian when the people lack resources they can use to force those governments to be more democratic
C) most modern industrial societies are called democracies, but they really aren't

Question 59

Inequalities of income and wealth in the United States and Britain are:

A) very different - Britain is a much more unequal society
B) very different - Britain is a much more equal society
C) much more similar than different

Question 60

In his comprehensive study of over 170 modern countries, Vanhanen has found that the factor most closely related to a country's level of democracy is:

A) the level of power resources possessed by the population
B) its level of income inequality
C) its type of religion
D) its type of educational system

Question 61

Sponsored-mobility educational systems tend to be highly class-segregated and to determine a student's educational fate early in his or her career.

Question 62

The United States, Russia, and England have the world's largest and most comprehensive educational systems.

Question 63

Collins's theory of the expansion of the American educational system suggests that education has been used as a weapon for economic success rather than as an end in
itself.

Question 64

The American educational system is an excellent example of a contest-mobility educational system.

Question 65

One of the most common explanations of the demographic transition is that it resulted from:

A) the declining economic value of children's labor with industrialization
B) female empowerment
C) declining infant mortality rates
D) the development of stem cell research

Question 66

Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens argue that democracy emerged earliest and developed farthest in capitalist societies with large and well-organized working classes.

Question 67

Marxists like Barrington Moore and Albert Szymanski view modern democratic government as the form of government most suited to the economic interests of capitalists.

Question 68

Daniel Bell believes that future societies will be increasingly controlled by knowledge experts rather than by capitalist entrepreneurs.

Question 69

Lenski has shown that modern industrial societies are less severely stratified than agrarian societies of the past.

Question 70

In industrial countries today, primary and secondary education is more or less universal i.e., nearly everyone of the appropriate age attends).

Question 71

Of the three types of welfare states identified by Esping-Andersen, the liberal welfare state provides the greatest number and degree of benefits.

Question 72

According to Barrington Moore, the turn toward parliamentary government in England had to do with the compatibility of that form of government with the class
interests of capitalists.

Question 73

According to Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, a democracy is a government that grants individual rights to the masses and that elects government officials through the popular vote.

Question 74

Between 1959 and 1999 the income distribution in the United States changed little.

Question 75

Not all officially democratic governments are associated with full substantive democracy.

Question 76

Sanderson and Dubrow's research found that the most important factor determining declining rates of childbearing in the demographic transition was:

A) female empowerment
B) declining rates of infant mortality
C) changes in religious beliefs and values
D) new birth control technologies

Question 77

Keister's research shows that, in the United States, wealth inequality increased between1962 and the 1990s.

Question 78

The theory of education as nation-building proposes that mass educational systems arose as a means of integrating the individual into the modern nation-state.

Question 79

The first modern democracies emerged in the eighteenth century in Prussia, Austria-Hungary, Spain, and Denmark.

Question 80

Sanderson and Alderson favor the Marxian explanation of democracy over the explanation of Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens.