Deck 24: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid - Base Balance

Question 1

Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle
tetanus.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In which of these compartments would fluid accumulate in edema?

A)intracellular fluid (ICF)
B)transcellular fluid
C)tissue (interstitial) fluid
D)blood plasma
E)lymph

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity.

Question 5

Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7.

Question 6

Hypovolemia refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity.

Question 7

In a state of water balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal.

Question 8

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called

A)baroreceptors.
B)proprioceptors.
C)nociceptors.
D)osmoreceptors.
E)mechanoreceptors.

Question 9

Osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by

A)the temperature difference between compartments.
B)the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment.
C)the relative volume in each compartment.
D)the relative size of each compartment.
E)blood pressure.

Question 10

Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis.

Question 11

A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one.

Question 12

Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration.

Question 13

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors.

Question 14

The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive, and respiratory.

Question 15

The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system.

Question 16

Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion.

Question 17

Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion.

Question 18

Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention.

Question 19

Most body water comes from , whereas most body water is lost via .

A)metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
B)metabolic water; sweat
C)drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air
D)drinking; urine
E)drinking; radiation

Question 20

Most of the body water is in

A)the intracellular fluid (ICF).
B)the extracellular fluid (ECF).
C)tissue (interstitial) fluid.
D)blood plasma and lymph.
E)the transcellular fluid.

Question 21

These scenarios are related with hyperkalemia except

A)cells are more excitable.
B)resting membrane potential is more negative.
C)cells are partially depolarized.
D)cells are more sensitive to stimulation.
E)there is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells.

Question 22

Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except from

A)chronic vomiting.
B)diarrhea.
C)heavy sweating.
D)aldosterone hyposecretion.
E)excessive use of laxatives.

Question 23

Hypernatremia is a plasma concentration above normal.

A)Ca₂+
B)Na+
C)K+
D)Cl-
E)Pi

Question 24

Dehydration results in increased blood and ECF osmolarity.This makes osmoreceptors stimulate secretion by the hypothalamus in the DCT and CD.

A)ADH; decreasing water reabsorption
B)ADH; increasing water reabsorption
C)aldosterone; decreasing sodium and water reabsorption
D)aldosterone; increasing sodium and water reabsorption
E)angiotensin II; increasing sodium reabsorption

Question 25

Prolonged exposure to cold weather can lead to

A)fluid sequestration in the upper limbs.
B)hypotonic hydration.
C)hypovolemia.
D)a positive water balance.
E)a negative water balance.

Question 26

is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments.

A)Na+
B)Cl-
C)Ca₂+
D)K+
E)Pi

Question 27

The calcium of the body fluids

A)participates in muscle contraction.
B)is not a significant component of nucleic acids.
C)serves as a second messenger.
D)activates exocytosis.
E)is not important in blood clotting.

Question 28

Calcium concentration is regulated by

A)hormones.
B)sodium and calcium concentration in plasma.
C)chloride and phosphate concentration in plasma.
D)the parasympathetic nervous system.
E)the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 29

This is the most abundant cation of the ICF.

A)Ca₂+
B)Na+
C)K+
D)Cl-
E)Pi

Question 30

does not stimulate aldosterone secretion.

A)Hypotension
B)Hyponatremia
C)Hyperkalemia
D)High blood sodium concentration
E)High blood potassium concentration

Question 31

Aldosterone receptors are found on cells of

A)the adrenal cortex.
B)the adrenal medulla.
C)the posterior pituitary.
D)the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
E)the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

Question 32

Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with

A)cooling of the mouth.
B)distention of the stomach by ingested water.
C)a drop in blood osmolarity.
D)moistening of the mouth.
E)increased salivation.

Question 33

The total body water (TBW) content of a 70 kg young male is about

A)10 L.
B)20 L.
C)40 L.
D)60 L.
E)70 L.

Question 34

When blood volume and pressure are too high

A)ADH release is inhibited.
B)ADH release is stimulated.
C)renal tubules reabsorb more water.
D)renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
E)the kidneys produce less urine.

Question 35

In a state of hypokalemia

A)cells are partially depolarized.
B)there is more diffusion of potassium into the cells.
C)cells are more excitable.
D)resting membrane potential is more positive.
E)cells are hyperpolarized.

Question 36

This is the principal cation of the ECF.

A)Ca₂+
B)Cl-
C)K+
D)Na+
E)Pi

Question 37

Hemorrhages

A)decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity.
B)decrease body water but increase osmolarity.
C)decrease body water and decrease osmolarity.
D)increase ECF volume but decrease ICF volume.
E)decrease ECF volume but increase ICF volume.

Question 38

Water output is significantly controlled through variations in

A)metabolic water.
B)sweating.
C)cutaneous transpiration.
D)drinking.
E)urine volume.

Question 39

Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of

A)ADH.
B)aldosterone.
C)atrial natriuretic hormone.
D)oxytocin.
E)prolactin.

Question 40

Hypernatremia tends to cause all of the following except

A)water retention.
B)edema.
C)hypertension.
D)interstitial fluid accumulation.
E)a reduction in plasma volume.

Question 41

Excessive intake of antacids can lead to

A)metabolic alkalosis.
B)metabolic acidosis.
C)respiratory alkalosis.
D)respiratory acidosis.
E)digestive alkalosis.

Question 42

Breathing with the head inside a plastic bag can lead to

A)metabolic alkalosis.
B)metabolic acidosis.
C)urinary alkalosis.
D)urinary acidosis.
E)respiratory acidosis.

Question 43

When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they at the same time.

A)secrete potassium
B)secrete sodium
C)reabsorb potassium
D)secrete chloride
E)reabsorb sodium

Question 44

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in erythrocytes?

A)albumin
B)fibrinogen
C)gamma globulins
D)hemoglobin
E)myoglobin

Question 45

An antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells

A)transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells.
B)transports H+ in both directions across the epithelium.
C)transports CO₂ from the blood into the tubule cells.
D)exchanges K+ for Na+.
E)exchanges H+ for Na+.

Question 46

The inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids

A)are not a significant component of nucleic acids.
B)are not important for cell membrane structure.
C)are not necessary in the linking of endergonic with exergonic reactions.
D)form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin.
E)participate in the activation of some enzymes.

Question 47

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in blood plasma?

A)fibrinogen
B)albumin
C)alpha globulins
D)gamma globulins
E)transferrin

Question 48

In a person with normal acid-base balance, there are no bicarbonate ions in urine because

A)they are consumed by neutralizing H+.
B)they are reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells.
C)they are exchanged for CO₂.
D)they are exchanged for Cl-.
E)they rapidly diffuse into the renal tubule cells.

Question 49

In acidosis, the kidneys compensate by

A)secreting more bicarbonate.
B)secreting more ammonia.
C)secreting more sodium.
D)reabsorbing more hydrogen ions.
E)reabsorbing more ammonia.

Question 50

The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the systems.

A)urinary and respiratory
B)urinary and digestive
C)bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
D)bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
E)bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate

Question 51

A weak base

A)binds little OH- and has a weak effect on pH.
B)binds lots of OH- and has a strong effect on pH.
C)binds little H+ and has a weak effect on pH.
D)resists changes in OH-.
E)lowers the pH.

Question 52

Tissue fluid normally has a pH of

A)6.95-7.05
B)7.05-7.15
C)7.15-7.25
D)7.25-7.35
E)7.35-7.45

Question 53

Proteins can buffer a drop in pH by their side groups and can buffer an increase in pH by their side groups.

A)-NH₂; -PO₄
B)-PO₄; -COOH
C)-NH₂; -COOH
D)-COOH; -NH₂
E)-PO₄; -NH₂

Question 54

Emphysema can lead to

A)metabolic acidosis.
B)metabolic alkalosis.
C)respiratory alkalosis.
D)respiratory acidosis.
E)digestive alkalosis.

Question 55

In acidosis, the membrane potential of nerve cells is , which the central nervous system.

A)repolarized; inhibits
B)depolarized; stimulates
C)hyperpolarized; depresses
D)depolarized; depresses
E)hyperpolarized; stimulates

Question 56

Excretion of phosphate

A)increases free potassium ions in the ECF.
B)increases free calcium ions in the ECF.
C)increases free chloride ions in the ICF.
D)decreases free potassium ions in the ECF.
E)decreases free calcium ions in the ECF.

Question 57

The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which

A)supplies the buffer system with CO₂.
B)supplies the buffer system with O₂. -
C)expels HCO₃ produced by the buffer system.
D)expels H+ produced by the buffer system.
E)expels CO₂ produced by the buffer system.

Question 58

The pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by

A)proteins.
B)the bicarbonate system.
C)the phosphate system.
D)the carbonic acid system.
E)ammonium ions.

Question 59

Chronic vomiting can lead to

A)metabolic acidosis.
B)metabolic alkalosis.
C)respiratory alkalosis.
D)respiratory acidosis.
E)lymphatic alkalosis.