Deck 26: Nutrition and Metabolism

Question 1

Most body fat in overweight people is stored in the integumentary system.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Macronutrients include

A)sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorous.
B)nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
C)sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
D)carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water.
E)carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The heat-promoting center is located in the hypothalamus, which triggers shivering.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Carbohydrates function as structural components of other molecules including all of the following except

A)glycolipids.
B)glycoproteins.
C)nucleic acids.
D)amino acids.
E)ATP.

Question 5

Mental state does not affect metabolic rate.

Question 6

Consumption of excess calories during adulthood causes adipocytes to multiply.

Question 7

The most abundant nitrogenous waste in blood is urea, which is produced by the combination of ammonia with carbon dioxide.

Question 8

When a person is active, most of the body heat is generated in the brain, heart, and endocrine
glands.

Question 9

Glucose in excess of the body's immediate needs is usually converted to protein.

Question 10

Gut-brain peptides are secreted by the brain and target the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 11

Hypothermia may be fatal if the core body temperature reaches 37°C or lower.

Question 12

The absorptive state lasts about fifteen minutes after a meal.

Question 13

Most carbohydrates in the body are found in

A)adipose tissue.
B)muscular tissue.
C)blood.
D)liver.
E)pancreas.

Question 14

Norepinephrine stimulates cravings for carbohydrates, whereas endorphins stimulate cravings for
proteins.

Question 15

Both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis are examples of catabolism.

Question 16

Body weight is stable when average daily energy intake and output are equal.

Question 17

are short term regulators of appetite, whereas is a long-term regulator.

A)Insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK); peptide YY (PYY)
B)Peptide YY (PYY) and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
C)Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin
D)Leptin and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
E)Leptin and insulin; peptide YY (PYY)

Question 18

Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic fermentation, but the latter is oxygen-
independent.

Question 19

The absorptive state is regulated mainly by insulin, whereas the postabsorptive state is regulated by
multiple hormones.

Question 20

yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas yield about 9 kcal/g.

A)Proteins and carbohydrates; fats
B)Proteins; fats and carbohydrates
C)Fats; carbohydrates and proteins
D)Carbohydrates; fats and proteins
E)Carbohydrates and fats; proteins

Question 21

Vitamin deficiency is the most common worldwide.

A)A (retinol)
B)B6 (pyridoxine)
C)C (ascorbic acid)
D)D (calcitriol)
E)E (α-tocopherol)

Question 22

Which of these processes is essential for all of the rest to happen?

A)glycolysis
B)citric acid (Krebs) cycle
C)lactic acid reduction
D)electron-transport chain
E)anaerobic fermentation

Question 23

Most protein in the body is found in

A)the skeletal system.
B)the muscular system.
C)the cardiovascular system.
D)the integumentary system.
E)the lymphatic system.

Question 24

is a product of aerobic respiration.

A)Carbon dioxide
B)Pyruvic acid
C)Lactic acid
D)Glucose
E)Oxygen

Question 25

The inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein , which harnesses the energy created by H+ flow to produce ATP by a process called .

A)enzyme complex; reduction
B)ATP synthase; oxidation
C)enzyme complex; proton pumping
D)ATP synthase; the chemiosmotic mechanism
E)cytochrome c; reduction

Question 26

happens in the cytoplasm, whereas happens in the mitochondrion.

A)The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport
B)Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation
C)Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
D)Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis
E)Glycolysis; pyruvic acid reduction

Question 27

constitute the so-called "bad cholesterol."

A)Triglycerides
B)Chylomicrons
C)Low-density lipoproteins
D)High-density lipoproteins
E)Very-low-density lipoproteins

Question 28

Most of body's fat is stored as

A)LDL.
B)HDL.
C)cholesterol.
D)triglycerides.
E)fatty acids.

Question 29

Which of the following compounds yields the most ATP per molecule?

A)glucose
B)pyruvic acid
C)acetyl-CoA
D)lactic acid
E)glycogen

Question 30

Most of the NADH contributing energy to ATP synthesis is produced by

A)glycolysis.
B)the citric acid cycle.
C)anaerobic fermentation.
D)the mitochondrial proton pumps.
E)electron transfer from FADH₂.

Question 31

Proteins are associated with all these functions except

A)muscle contraction.
B)transport of blood lipids.
C)blood viscosity and osmolarity.
D)enzymatic reactions.
E)serving as cofactors for enzymes.

Question 32

Lipid functions include all of the following except

A)plasma membrane structure.
B)forming myelin around nerve fibers.
C)chemical structure of hormones.
D)cushioning around soft organs.
E)forming skeletal muscle fibers.

Question 33

Glycolysis and aerobic respiration collectively produce up to ATP per glucose, whereas anaerobic fermentation produces .

A)2; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
B)38; none
C)38; 2
D)38; 36
E)38; about the same, varying from one tissue to another

Question 34

The overall reaction for aerobic respiration is

A)C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 H₂O → 6 CO₂ + 6 O₂.
B)C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O.
C)C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 CO₂ → 6 O₂ + 6 H₂O.
D)6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂.
E)6 O₂+ 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 CO₂.

Question 35

Which of the following would you expect to be in a state of negative nitrogen balance?

A)growing children
B)pregnant women
C)weightlifters
D)patients with muscle atrophy
E)bodybuilders

Question 36

Which is the healthiest ratio?

A)high HDL: low LDL
B)high LDL: low HDL
C)high LDL: low chylomicron
D)high SFA: low HDL
E)high chylomicron: low LDL

Question 37

The synthesis of glucose from amino acids belongs to a metabolic process called

A)glycogenesis.
B)glycogenolysis.
C)glycolysis.
D)gluconeogenesis.
E)glycogen catabolism.

Question 38

High-quality proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids.

A)globular
B)fibrous
C)net
D)incomplete
E)complete

Question 39

is a product of glycolysis.

A)Glucose
B)Carbon dioxide
C)Lactic acid
D)Pyruvic acid
E)Acetyl-CoA

Question 40

Minerals are , whereas vitamins are .

A)micronutrients; macronutrients
B)water-soluble elements; lipid-soluble compounds
C)inorganic elements; organic compounds
D)inessential nutrients; essential nutrients
E)incomplete nutrients; complete nutrients

Question 41

A nude body at a room temperature of 21°C (70°F) loses most of its heat by

A)evaporation.
B)conduction.
C)convection.
D)radiation.
E)forced convection.

Question 42

During periods of fasting, fat is said to have a protein-sparing effect because the body

A)oxidizes its spare protein before it depletes its fat reserves.
B)metabolizes fats and proteins through the same metabolic pathways.
C)must have an adequate fat intake in order to absorb and metabolize proteins.
D)must have an adequate protein intake in order to absorb and metabolize fats.
E)does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first.

Question 43

Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of

A)radiation.
B)conduction.
C)ATP hydrolysis.
D)vasodilation.
E)glycolysis.

Question 44

Fatty acids are catabolized by a process called

A)beta oxidation.
B)ketogenesis.
C)lipogenesis.
D)lipolysis.
E)the fat-sparing effect.

Question 45

Glycogenesis is stimulated by , and glycogenolysis is stimulated by .

A)insulin; glucagon and epinephrine
B)insulin; aldosterone
C)growth hormone; glucagon and epinephrine
D)growth hormone; cortisol
E)growth hormone; insulin

Question 46

does not raise total metabolic rate (TMR).

A)Starvation
B)Anxiety
C)Fever
D)Eating a big meal
E)Pregnancy

Question 47

is secreted during the postabsorptive state.

A)Gastrin
B)Insulin
C)Growth hormone
D)Cholecystokinin (CCK)
E)Secretin

Question 48

The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to them.

A)digest
B)deaminate
C)transaminate
D)aminate
E)synthesize

Question 49

Oxidation of a typical fatty acid can yield

A)2 ATP.
B)18 ATP.
C)36 ATP.
D)38 ATP.
E)129 ATP.

Question 50

Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces , which might lead to .

A)triglycerides; new triglycerides
B)ketone bodies; acidosis
C)pyruvic acid; acidosis
D)glycerol; alkalosis
E)acetyl-CoA; acidosis

Question 51

The highest rate of tissue protein turnover happens in the

A)intestinal mucosa.
B)gastric mucosa.
C)hepatic sinusoids.
D)splenic sinusoids.
E)pancreatic islets.

Question 52

The loss of body heat by conduction can be enhanced by

A)radiation.
B)evaporation.
C)nonshivering thermogenesis.
D)shivering thermogenesis.
E)convection.

Question 53

Fats should account for about percent of the daily caloric intake.

A)5
B)10
C)30
D)50
E)60

Question 54

Only approximately % of the energy in the glucose molecule winds up in ATP, the rest is lost as body heat.

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)80
E)98

Question 55

The basal metabolic rate should be measured when a person

A)is sleeping.
B)first rises in the morning.
C)has just eaten a meal of no more than 2000 kcal.
D)is in the absorptive state.
E)is engaged in normal physical activity but not strenuous exercise.

Question 56

The liver performs all of the following functions except

A)glycogenesis.
B)detoxification.
C)phagocytosis.
D)secretion of digestive enzymes.
E)synthesis of plasma proteins.

Question 57

The quickest physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss is

A)convection.
B)cutaneous vasoconstriction.
C)nonshivering thermogenesis.
D)cutaneous vasodilation.
E)diaphoresis.

Question 58

People on weight-loss diets often lose weight quickly at first, but then more slowly.This is for all the following reasons except

A)water is lost quickly but other weight is harder to lose.
B)the initial weight loss is mostly fat.
C)as a diet progresses, the body produces more fat even with the same caloric intake.
D)the body lowers its metabolic rate when it loses weight.
E)will power often weakens as the diet progresses.

Question 59

What metabolic process produces ammonia?

A)beta oxidation of α-ketoglutaric acid
B)lipolysis
C)transamination of urea
D)amination of keto acids
E)deamination of glutamic acid