Deck 7: Inequalities of Gender

Question 1

What can we conclude from Murdock's cross-cultural survey?

A) Metalworking is done by both men and women.
B) No society has allowed women to hunt.
C) Nothing about biology requires men and women to be assigned different work.
D) Sex-typed work is not an issue for premodern societies.
E) No society considers cooking to be men's work.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein, how does each society determine the types of work performed by men and women?

A) By the status of the family in the society
B) By physical and mental abilities
C) By the social arrangements of that society
D) By a person's motivation and aspirations
E) By their biology or their reproductive capacity

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Anthropologist Marvin Harris proposed that the relative physical strength of males and females and the necessity of hand-to-hand combat in tribal wars resulted in .

A) palimony
B) patrilineal descent
C) matrilineal descent
D) patriarchy

Answer 3

D

Question 4

José tends goats in the country of Ecuador, while his wife, Maria, takes care of the family crops. Jean is a lawyer in France and his wife, Sonia, is a midwife. Why are Jean and José's jobs considered to be more important?

A) Because they are more difficult
B) Because they are done outside the home
C) Because they require more training
D) Because they require greater strength
E) Because Jean and José are men

Question 5

In the biology versus culture debate, what is the important question, according to Janet Chafetz?

A) "Which differences are clearly due to socialization?"
B) "How does 'different' becomes translated into 'unequal'?"
C) "Which differences are clearly due to biology?"
D) "Why does gender vary cross-culturally?"
E) "Why are women more biologically prepared for nurturing?"

Question 6

Overall, women hold about percent of all earned PhDs in Canada.

A) 2.4
B) 8.6
C) 12.7
D) 27
E) 20

Question 7

What has happened to the status of women in China as China has begun to make the transition to capitalism?

A) It remains the same as before capitalism was introduced.
B) It is difficult to determine.
C) It has started to deteriorate.
D) It has become equal to that of men.
E) It has increased significantly.

Question 8

There are approximately one billion adults who cannot read. About of those who cannot read are women.

A) an equal number
B) one-third
C) two-thirds
D) one-half
E) one-fourth

Question 9

Which term is used to describe the unequal access to power, prestige, and property in a society based on a person's sex?

A) Feminism
B) Sex-typing
C) Gender inequality
D) Hierarchy
E) Sexual harassment

Question 10

Which term refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish males from females?

A) Gender
B) Morphology
C) Sex
D) Sex-types
E) Sexism

Question 11

According to the major theory of the origin of patriarchy, what is the primary factor explaining the development of patriarchy?

A) The division of labour between the sexes
B) Universal physical differences between men and women
C) It is in our genes
D) The biology of human reproduction
E) The agricultural revolution

Question 12

According to Alice Rossi, women are biologically:

A) predisposed for "mothering" and unaffected by societal factors.
B) better prepared for "mothering" than men.
C) less prepared for "mothering" than men.
D) less capable of working in certain occupations.
E) more capable of working in certain occupations.

Question 13

Most sociologists believe that gender differences in behaviour between men and women are the result of_ .

A) the different pair of chromosomes that males and females have at birth
B) women's physical frailness in comparison with men
C) women's higher intelligence in comparison with men
D) biological inheritance
E) socialization and social control

Question 14

At a global level, women earn percent less than men.

A) 10
B) 16
C) 22
D) 30
E) 36

Question 15

Sociologists classify women as a because each society has set up barriers that prevent women from gaining equal access to power, property, and prestige.

A) minority group
B) class
C) dominating group
D) subgroup
E) subculture

Question 16

What has Gerda Lener suggested concerning patriarchy?

A) It may have different origins in different places.
B) It may have developed with the origin of private property.
C) It may cease to exist.
D) It may not have existed in early societies.
E) It may be necessary for the survival of a society.

Question 17

In which types of societies is there believed to be greater equality between the sexes?

A) Hunting and gathering
B) Agricultural
C) Industrialized
D) Pastoral
E) Feudal

Question 18

The case of the 7-month-old identical twin boy whose sex was accidentally altered by a physician demonstrates that .

A) family upbringing influences gender behaviour
B) only individual personality influences gender behaviour
C) gender is entirely based on nature
D) no definite conclusions can be drawn from cases such as this
E) gender is entirely based on nurture

Question 19

Which term refers to the social characteristics a society considers to be proper behaviours for males and females?

A) Sex
B) Androgyny
C) Norms
D) Attributes
E) Gender

Question 20

Sophia lives in a society where men are dominant over women. This is an example of what type of society?

A) Neoarchal
B) Alternative
C) Patriarchal
D) Femiarchal
E) Matriarchal

Question 21

During the 1960s, the "second wave" of feminism emerged. What was one contributing factor to this re-emergence of feminism?

A) Large numbers of women entered the labour force.
B) Women became a numerical majority in North America.
C) They adopted more militant tactics.
D) Women got bored with housework.
E) Women wanted the right to vote.

Question 22

Professor Smith is teaching an Introductory Sociology class. One student in the class is constantly interrupting the professor. Which of the following is likely true?

A) The professor is a male and the student is a male.
B) The professor is a female and the student is a female.
C) The professor is a male and the student is a female.
D) The professor is a female and the student is a male.
E) There is not enough information to tell the sex of either the professor or the student.

Question 23

Recently, a search of hospital records revealed that women were more likely to die from coronary bypass surgery than men. When researchers looked for an answer, they found that these differing rates in death from this surgery were caused by:

A) women usually being older when operated on.
B) women's disproportionate inclination toward poor health.
C) women waiting longer to visit the doctor than men.
D) unintentional sexual discrimination.
E) men having a stronger constitution than women.

Question 24

Which theory is based on the philosophy that there is equality between women and men?

A) Symbolic interactionism
B) Neo-Marxism
C) Communism
D) Feminism
E) Exchange theory

Question 25

Research indicates that more women than men are enrolled in Canadian universities. In 2006, women accounted for percent of students in all bachelor degree programs.

A) 58
B) 79
C) 89
D) 69
E) 49

Question 26

Which theory attempts to break down the binary gay-straight categorization of people and their sexuality?

A) Radical feminism
B) Liberal feminism
C) Queer theory
D) Socialist feminism
E) Postmodernism

Question 27

What is central to sexual harassment?

A) Physical attraction
B) Pressure to have sex
C) Sexual comments
D) The abuse of power
E) Men bothering women

Question 28

With the changes in the work force that are occurring, both women and men report they have been sexually harassed. What usually happens when a man reports that he has been harassed?

A) He is less likely than female victims to receive a sympathetic ear.
B) He is more likely to be believed than women.
C) He is more likely to address the situation.
D) He is more likely to consider it a compliment.
E) He is able to more easily handle the situation.

Question 29

Leticia has worked for 10 years in the public relations department of a large firm. She has not been promoted to any executive position even though she has directed several successful projects for the firm. What term is used to describe this situation?

A) The "gender pay gap"
B) The "child penalty"
C) The "glass elevator"
D) The "mommy track"
E) The "glass ceiling"

Question 30

Which factor is most important in understanding the gender pay gap?

A) Level of education
B) Choice of job
C) Years of service
D) Workplace characteristics
E) Marital status

Question 31

Sociologists have noted that conversation between a man and a woman is often more like talk between .

A) an employer and employee
B) two children
C) a husband and wife
D) social equals
E) an intimate couple

Question 32

Even today, patriarchy continues to exist because of the that justify[ies] male dominance.

A) women's ideologies
B) physical strength of men
C) inherent leadership qualities of men
D) biological differences
E) cultural supports

Question 33

The majority of students with a nursing degree are women. Research has shown that this sex-typing of majors is primarily due to .

A) gender discrimination in education
B) women being more empathetic
C) sexual harassment
D) gender socialization
E) the prestige of nursing

Question 34

Where is a gender gap in earnings found?

A) In all industrialized societies
B) Only in industrialized European societies
C) Only in North America
D) Only in Canada
E) Only in blue-collar jobs in Canada

Question 35

What did sociologist Christine Williams find about men who are employed in occupations traditionally considered women's occupations?

A) They climbed a "glass escalator" and were promoted quickly.
B) They were treated the same as females in these occupations.
C) They also encountered the "glass ceiling" in their profession.
D) They were more likely to encounter sexual harassment.
E) They had lower job satisfaction.

Question 36

What is one way to confront the conflict between work and families?

A) Encourage women to spend less time with their children
B) Encourage workplaces to provide on-site day care
C) Encourage women to be satisfied with lower aspirations and fewer promotions
D) Encourage workplaces not to hire mothers
E) Encourage women to remain childless

Question 37

Women are now the majority among graduates in two previously male-dominated professional fields: and .

A) pharmacy; veterinary medicine
B) engineering; medicine
C) humanities; pharmacy
D) social sciences; veterinary medicine
E) engineering; pharmacy

Question 38

In his classic study, The American Solider, Samuel Stouffer found that officers used feminine terms as insults to motivate soldiers. This is an example of .

A) latent homosexuality in the military
B) masculine humour in the military
C) the generalized devaluation of women in U.S. society
D) bad manners by officers that were not "gentlemen"
E) sex stereotypes

Question 39

Charity has been offered a position in a corporation. In her interview she was told that her job would be less demanding and she would not have to put in long hours as they were sure that Charity would appreciate being more committed to her family and less committed to the firm. What is happening in this situation?

A) Charity is being placed on the "mommy track."
B) Charity is encountering sexual harassment.
C) Charity is being treated with gender sensitivity.
D) Charity is being asked to climb aboard the "glass elevator."
E) Charity is encountering the "glass ceiling."

Question 40

Jill is a feminist who believes strongly that we must develop alternative, women- centred organizations and institutional arrangements that meet women's needs. Jill is representative of the faction of the women's movement.

A) liberal
B) radical
C) conservative
D) fundamentalist
E) radically conservative

Question 41

Like many women in Canada, Martha and Mary are interested in becoming athletes. They will likely find their sport is and compared to men's.

A) overfunded; increasingly mainstream
B) underfunded; marginalized
C) overfunded; increasingly televised
D) underfunded; increasingly televised
E) overfunded; still marginalized

Question 42

In every nation, women average less pay than men.

Question 43

The Communist revolution improved the status of women in China.

Question 44

While women outnumber men, they are underrepresented in political office. Which of the following is provided as a reason for this?

A) The irregular hours are incompatible with women's roles as mothers.
B) Women are more likely to go into law or business.
C) Women identify themselves as needing political action.
D) Women are not good at being supportive partners.
E) Women are reluctant to make political decisions.

Question 45

Today's generation is likely to see a fundamental change in the number of women who are in political office. One reason is that in some areas the primary concern for choosing qualified candidates has become whether the candidate , regardless of gender.

A) has sex appeal
B) represents visible minorities
C) can win the election
D) has a supportive spouse
E) has children or not

Question 46

In the future, what might gender equality become?

A) A goal
B) More realistic
C) A social movement
D) A background condition for living in society
E) A political debate

Question 47

Studies over the past decade indicate that body-image disturbances may be more common in men than was previously believed.

Question 48

Feminists encourage people to examine "agency." What is agency?

A) The ways in which women are responding positively to change
B) The experience of girls over the age of 12 as evidence of progress
C) Male bosses in positions of authority
D) The experience of girls under the age of 12 as evidence of progress
E) The types of jobs women gravitate to

Question 49

Gender is a biological characteristic that you inherit.

Question 50

According to symbolic interactionists, the visible differences of sex are given meaning by each society. On the basis of these meanings, males and females are assigned to different groups; as a result, people learn contrasting expectations of life depending on their sex.

Question 51

Delivering babies is universally seen as a job with low prestige.

Question 52

The majority of date rapes usually occur .

A) without proof
B) after the first date
C) because sexual activity is expected on dates
D) after couples have known each other about a year
E) because the woman is flirty

Question 53

In 1973, Michael forced his wife to have sex with him. According to Canadian law at that time, what could Michael have been charged with?

A) Rape
B) Sexual assault
C) Sexual abuse
D) Date rape
E) Nothing

Question 54

What would be an effective solution to reduce violence against women in Canada?

A) Make physical defence classes mandatory for all women
B) Make it illegal to manufacture video games that depict violence against women
C) Teach women self-defence techniques
D) Break the connections between violence and masculinity
E) Incarcerate violent men for longer periods of time

Question 55

Gender inequality refers to the ranking of males and females according to their natural abilities.

Question 56

As gender relations change and men lose powers, what do some conflict theorists suggest may be the result?

A) Some women will become more violent towards men.
B) Some men will use violence to reassert their power.
C) Women will feel less threatened by men.
D) Violence against women rates will decrease.
E) Violence against women rates will remain the same.

Question 57

The types of work that men and women perform in each society are determined by biology, not by social arrangements.

Question 58

What suggestion does author Susan Faludi give to men?

A) Join the feminist movement
B) Learn to show more emotions
C) Undertake more unpaid domestic work
D) Question the trappings of traditional notions of masculinity
E) Pay more attention to their appearance

Question 59

All people, no matter their social class, are stratified by gender.

Question 60

The new reproductive technology has given rise to a number of social dilemmas because there are no clear-cut norms to cover the issues raised by the new forms of reproduction that are being allowed. Which term is used to describe this situation?

A) Cultural ambiguity
B) Technological constructionism
C) Cultural lag
D) Technological determinism
E) Conservatism

Question 61

Depending on the activity, greater prestige is given to some male activities in some societies and greater prestige is given to some female activities in other societies.

Question 62

The reproductive technology has led to cultural lag as we try to determine the relative roles of men and women in technological conception.

Question 63

The majority of adults who cannot read in the world are women, but the majority of children in the world who are not enrolled in grade school are males as they are working to help their families economically.

Question 64

Conflict theorists ignore the impact of gender inequality at the level of individual relationships.

Question 65

Anthropologist George Murdock found that sex-typing of work is only evident in post-industrial societies.

Question 66

2593 is the year that Canadian law professor Kathleen Lahey determined that women will finally be celebrating Women's Equality Day.

Question 67

Prior to 1983, a Canadian man could not be charged with raping his wife.

Question 68

Although women outnumber men, they are considered a minority group because they are discriminated against on the basis of physical and cultural characteristics.

Question 69

The militant tactics of British and American suffragists were adopted by Canadian feminists.

Question 70

Conversation between a man and a woman is often more like talk between an employer and an employee than conversation between social equals.

Question 71

In Canada in 2009, women earned 74.5 cents for every dollar their male counterparts earned.

Question 72

Canada is one of the few countries in the world with more women than men in the national legislature.

Question 73

The case of the 7-month-old identical twin whose sex was accidentally altered by a physician provides evidence that gender is entirely a matter of nurture.

Question 74

The major theory of the origin of patriarchy suggests that patriarchy developed from the biology of human reproduction.

Question 75

Most date rapes go unreported.

Question 76

Patriarchy persists because there are cultural supports to justify gender inequality.

Question 77

Postmodernists tend to favour the biological explanation of gender differences.

Question 78

Feminist sociologists using conflict theory to explain gender patterns of violence suggest that as gender relations change, men will no longer resort to violence to assert their power and dominance.

Question 79

Liberal feminism is mainly concerned with developing alternative women-centred organizations.

Question 80

Canada has never had a female Prime Minister.