Deck 10: Experimental Research: One-Way Designs

Question 1

In an experimental research design, the research hypothesis is that

A) the participants in the different conditions will show different responses to the dependent variable.
B) the participants in any one condition will show the same responses to the dependent variable.
C) the independent variable will produce a significant impact on the experimental manipulation.
D) the means on the dependent variable will be different in the different levels of the independent variable.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The level of the independent variable in which the situation of interest was created is frequently known as which of the following?

A) The control condition
B) The experimental condition
C) The randomized condition
D) The research hypothesis condition

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The term experiment refers to which of the following?

A) A research design in which the dependent variable is not measured.
B) A research design in which the independent variable is measured.
C) A research design in which the dependent variable is manipulated.
D) A research design in which the independent variable is manipulated.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

An experimenter conducts a study in which participants are randomly assigned to study in either a quiet condition or a noisy condition before their learning is tested. This research design has

A) one independent variable and two levels.
B) one condition and one independent variable.
C) two conditions and two independent variables.
D) two independent variables and two levels.

Question 5

Which of the following three characteristics are used in experiments to make inferences about the causal relationship between the independent and the dependent variable?

A) Association, causal priority, and temporal stability
B) Association, temporal priority, and control of common-causal variables
C) Temporal priority, causal correlation, and control of common-causal variables
D) Causal correlation, control of common-causal variables, and experimental rigor

Question 6

Which of the following represents the null hypothesis about the means of the dependent variable in a one-way ANOVA with two levels?

A) The mean in level A is equal to the mean in level B.
B) The mean in level A is greater than the mean in level B.
C) The mean in level A is either greater than or less than the mean in level B.
D) The mean in level A is significantly correlated with the mean in level B.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true?

A) All experiments must have one or more control conditions.
B) All experiments must have two or more control conditions.
C) All experiments must have two or more dependent variables.
D) Some experiments do not have a control condition.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Both the independent and the dependent variables are measured in experimental research.
B) Only the dependent variable is measured in experimental research.
C) Only the independent variable is measured in experimental research.
D) Neither the independent nor the dependent variables are measured in experimental research.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Both the predictor and the outcome variables are measured in correlational research.
B) Only the outcome variable is measured in correlational research.
C) Only the predictor variable is measured in correlational research.
D) Neither the predictor nor the outcome variables is measured in correlational research.

Question 10

The F value is calculated as which of the following?

A) The within-groups variance divided by the between-groups variance
B) The between-groups variance divided by the within-groups variance
C) The mean in the experimental condition divided by the mean in the control condition
D) The between-groups variance divided by the within-groups degrees of freedom

Question 11

An experimenter studies the influence of ingesting sugar on memory. Children are randomly assigned either to eat a low calorie ice cream cone (low sugar condition) or a Ben and Jerry's cone (high sugar condition). They are then asked to learn ten vocabulary words that they did not previously know, and the number of trials it takes to learn them is measured. The independent variable in this experiment is

A) the type of ice cream cone.
B) the number of trials to learn.
C) the number of children in each condition.
D) the differences in the children's memory.

Question 12

Which of the following is used to be certain that the participants in the different conditions of a research design are, on average, equivalent before the experiment begins?

A) Random sampling of participants
B) Random assignment to conditions
C) Temporal priority of the independent variable
D) A measured dependent variable

Question 13

Having more than two levels of the independent variable is necessary to

A) detect causal relationships.
B) control for common-causal variables.
C) detect nonlinear relationships.
D) produce adequate equivalence across the conditions.

Question 14

In experimental research, the temporal priority of the independent variable is guaranteed through the use of

A) the analysis of variance.
B) the experimental manipulation.
C) random assignment to conditions.
D) the creation of initial equivalence.

Question 15

Daniel is testing the effects of watching cartoons on children's play. He has one group watch violent cartoons and another one watch non-violent cartoons. He then measures the children's aggressive play behaviors. What are the levels of Daniel's independent variable?

A) hitting and slapping
B) violent and non-violent cartoons
C) aggressive and non-aggressive play
D) nice and mean children

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT used to help make inferences about causality?

A) Association
B) Causal correlation
C) Temporal priority
D) Control of common-causal variables

Question 17

Experimental designs are called one-way designs if they have

A) one experimental condition.
B) one dependent measure.
C) one random variable.
D) one independent variable.

Question 18

In behavioral research, the expected causal relationship between the independent and the dependent variable is assumed to be which of the following?

A) Deterministic
B) Relativistic
C) Probabilistic
D) Absolutistic

Question 19

The different situations that create the independent variable in an experimental research design (for instance, providing participants with either a high or a low dose of a drug) are known as which of the following?

A) The levels of the independent variable
B) The manipulated effects of the independent variable
C) The means of the independent variable
D) The degrees of freedom of the independent variable

Question 20

The goal of random assignment to conditions is to

A) ensure that the independent variable occurs prior to the dependent variable.
B) ensure that participants are selected randomly from the population.
C) ensure that the participants in the different conditions of the experiment are, on average, equivalent before the experiment begins.
D) select which individuals will receive which dependent measure.

Question 21

When conducting statistical analyses in an experimental design, in order to confirm the research hypothesis, the researcher hopes that which of the following is true?

A) The within-groups variance is greater than the between-groups variance.
B) The between-groups variance is greater than the within-groups variance.
C) The mean in the experimental condition is greater than the mean in the control condition.
D) The mean in the control condition is greater than the mean in the experimental condition.

Question 22

The difference between the t test and the F test is that

A) the t test is used to compare two group means, whereas the F test is used to compare any number of means.
B) the t test is used in calculating the ANOVA, whereas the F test is used in calculating the correlation coefficient.
C) the t test compares means, whereas the F test compares correlations.
D) only the t test is used for descriptive analyses.

Question 23

An experiment produces a between-groups variance estimate (mean square) of 25 and a within groups variance estimate (mean square) of 5. The F value is therefore

A) .2.
B) 25.
C) 10.
D) 5.

Question 24

Monique manipulates self-esteem to be either high, moderate, or low. She finds that performance is significantly better at moderate levels of self-esteem than it is at either high or low levels. Monique has found an example of

A) a linear relationship.
B) two independent variables.
C) a curvilinear relationship.
D) a scatter relationship.

Question 25

In order to compare the means of levels of task performance when mood state is manipulated experimentally, a researcher would likely use which of the following statistical tests?

A) F test
B) Chi-square
C) Pearson correlation coefficient
D) Alpha

Question 26

How many orders of conditions would be needed to counterbalance an experiment that had two conditions?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8

Question 27

In an experimental design that has three levels of the independent variable, a significant F value indicates that

A) the three means are all equal.
B) the three means are not the same, but we cannot tell which means are different from each other.
C) all three means are different from each other.
D) two means are equal, but the third one is different.

Question 28

When there are many different levels of the independent variable in a repeated-measures design, it may not be possible to counterbalance using every order of conditions. Which of the following can be used in such a case?

A) A Latin square design
B) A manipulated design
C) A carryover design
D) A control design

Question 29

Which of the following would NOT be found in the ANOVA summary table?

A) The p-value
B) The degrees of freedom
C) The F value
D) The condition means

Question 30

Which of the following is an advantage of experiments?

A) All behavioral variables can be experimentally manipulated.
B) The experimenter's ability to draw conclusions about the causal relationship between variables is maximized.
C) They provide a better match to real-world situations than do correlational studies.
D) They involve only a relatively minor oversimplification of the real situation.

Question 31

Carryover is said to have occurred in an experiment when

A) the effects of one level of the manipulation are still present when the dependent measure is assessed for another level of the independent variable.
B) there are changes in the research participants over time which are not related to the independent variable.
C) research participants decide to stop participating in the study.
D) participants become fatigued during the experimental situation.

Question 32

Which of the following are necessary in an experimental design?

A) Random assignment and control condition
B) Experimental manipulation and control condition
C) Random assignment and experimental manipulation
D) Null hypothesis and control condition

Question 33

The goal of the ANOVA is to

A) correlate the means of two or more independent variables.
B) correlate the means of two or more dependent variables.
C) compare the means on a dependent variable across levels of an independent variable.
D) compare the means on an independent variable across different levels of a dependent variable.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The t test is a special case of the F test.
B) The t test can be used to compare two or more means.
C) The F test can be used only to compare two means.
D) The t test is used in correlational research, but the F test is used in experimental research.

Question 35

Which of the following ways represents the correct reporting of results according to APA format?

A) F was significantly different on rated aggression across the levels of the cartoon condition, F = 10.98, p < .01.
B) Results showed the p-value to be significant, p < .01.
C) There were significant differences on rated aggression, F(1,38) = 10.98.
D) There were significant differences on rated aggression across the levels of the cartoon condition, F(1,38) = 10.98, p < .01.

Question 36

In an experiment studying the effect of attraction on sexual behavior, the independent variable of attraction is manipulated with two conditions: high attractiveness and low attractiveness. This design has ____________ independent variable with _________level(s).

A) two, two
B) one, three
C) one, zero
D) one, two

Question 37

A repeated-measures design refers to which of the following?

A) An experiment that has two or more levels of the independent variable.
B) An experiment in which equivalence is created by having the same people participate in more than one condition.
C) A design which is repeated more than once.
D) An experiment in which the comparison of the scores on the dependent variable is repeated on different participants in the different levels of the independent variable.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of repeated-measures designs over between-participant designs?

A) The potential for carryover effects
B) The potential for practice and fatigue effects
C) The potential for lowered statistical power
D) The potential for guessing the hypothesis

Question 39

One difficulty of repeated-measures designs is that, due to the possibility of fatigue, practice, or carryover, the researcher may need to use

A) the ANOVA.
B) random assignment to conditions.
C) extra statistical power.
D) counterbalancing.

Question 40

In a repeated-measures design with two levels, the dependent measure will need to be measured on each participant how many times?

A) Once
B) Twice
C) Four times
D) Cannot be determined from the above information

Question 41

Which of the following topics would be most appropriate to study as an independent variable in an experimental design?

A) participant race
B) participant intelligence
C) participant gender
D) participant mood

Question 42

Within repeated-measure designs, experimenters may arrange the order of conditions so that each condition has an equal chance of occurring after each other condition. This method is called

A) clustering.
B) confounding.
C) counterbalancing.
D) decontamination.

Question 43

Eisenberger, Lieberman and Williams (2003) studied the extent to which being excluded by others created brain responses similar to those created by physical pain. The participants, who were all studied while they were in an fMRI scanner, first experienced a baseline session, then a session in which they were included in a game, and then a session in which they were excluded in a game. Which of the following designs was used?

A) Within participants
B) Between participants
C) Latin square
D) Multiple regression

Question 44

An experiment is testing the effect of violent radio broadcasts on aggressive behavior. Each participant listens to a violent broadcast and then completes a survey. The participant then listens to a non-violent radio broadcast and completes a second survey. This is an example of a

A) multiple regression design.
B) between-participants design.
C) within-participants design.
D) cross-sectional design.