Deck 15: Innate Immunity

Question 1

Which of the following statements about natural killer lymphocytes is incorrect?

A) They secrete toxins onto virally infected cells.
B) They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and produce toxins that kill the parasite.
C) They accomplish extracellular killing.
D) They identify and spare normal cells.
E) They are involved in the removal of neoplastic cells.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

MACs are

A) the initial trigger for the lectin pathway.
B) the end result of both the classical and alternative complement systems.
C) the initial trigger for the classical complement system.
D) the initial trigger for the alternative complement system.
E) the end result of only the alternative complement system.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm that stain blue?

A) neutrophils
B) basophils
C) lymphocytes
D) monocytes
E) eosinophils

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Diapedesis is an activity associated with

A) wandering macrophages.
B) stem cells.
C) NK cells.
D) mast cells.
E) erythrocytes.

Question 5

The complement system is involved in all of the following EXCEPT:

A) triggering of fever.
B) opsonization.
C) chemotaxis.
D) triggering of inflammatory reactions.
E) production of antibodies.

Question 6

Chemotaxis is

A) the squeezing of cells between the cells lining capillaries in order to attack invading microbes.
B) the extension of pseudopodia to surround a microbe.
C) the transport of substances across the cytoplasmic membrane.
D) the movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
E) the attachment of phagocytes to a microorganism by binding to complementary proteins.

Question 7

Microbial antagonism refers to

A) the presence of pathogens on the surface of the skin, which will invade the body through abrasions.
B) the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways, and that prevent pathogens from invading the body.
C) the presence of resident bacteria on the surface of the body and in cavities that connect to the surface.
D) the presence of normal microbiota that can become pathogens under certain conditions.
E) the ability of microbiota to mutate into pathogens.

Question 8

The classical complement pathway is activated by

A) antibodies.
B) siderophores.
C) mast cells.
D) lysosomes.
E) platelets.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT true of the surface of the skin?

A) It is salty.
B) It has normal flora.
C) It is acidic.
D) It has goblet cells.
E) It has sebum as a coating.

Question 10

Mucous membranes are found in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

A) composing the inner lining of the vagina.
B) lining the stomach.
C) lining the peritoneal cavity.
D) in the lungs.
E) in the urinary bladder.

Question 11

Which of the following cells increase in number during a helminth infection?

A) basophils
B) eosinophils
C) macrophages
D) neutrophils
E) lymphocytes

Question 12

Which of the following are phagocytic cells found in the epidermis?

A) Kupffer cells
B) microglia
C) dendritic cells
D) neutrophils
E) wandering macrophages

Question 13

Which of the following are phagocytic chemotaxic factors?

A) peptides from complement
B) chemokines
C) antibodies
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the body's second line of defense?

A) inflammation
B) lacrimal secretions
C) interferon
D) complement proteins
E) phagocytes

Question 15

Pyrogens stimulate which of the following processes?

A) margination
B) blood clotting
C) interferon
D) vasodilation
E) fever

Question 16

Which of the following is a type of phagocytic cell?

A) a monocyte
B) a basophil
C) an erythrocyte
D) a neutrophil
E) a megakaryocyte

Question 17

Microglia are fixed macrophages of the

A) liver.
B) lymph nodes.
C) lungs.
D) central nervous system.
E) epidermis.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of antigen binding to antibody?

A) interferon production
B) membrane attack complex formation
C) cell lysis
D) opsonization
E) inflammation

Question 19

Which of the following statements about innate immunity is NOT correct?

A) It is the body's resistance toward all foreign invaders.
B) It protects humans from many of the pathogens found in plants and other animals.
C) It is also known as "inborn" resistance.
D) It is based on the fact that the physiology of human cells is different from that of other organisms.
E) It is the resistance one is born with.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the body's nonspecific lines of defense against disease?

A) bloodborne chemicals
B) intact skin
C) mucous membranes
D) protective cells
E) antibodies

Question 21

How does aspirin act to decrease the symptoms of inflammation?

A) It blocks the release of histamine.
B) It interferes with the action of interferons.
C) It is an antitoxoid for most microbial toxins.
D) It prevents complement activation.
E) It acts as an antiprostaglandin.

Question 22

The initial stage of phagocytosis is

A) chemotaxis.
B) adherence.
C) elimination.
D) ingestion.
E) killing.

Question 23

Which of the following is(are) activities of neutrophils?

A) enzyme production that leads to the formation of nitric oxide
B) formation of neutrophil extracellular traps
C) phagocytosis
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.

Question 24

Which complement protein is the key to the activation of the alternative pathway of complement activation?

A) C1
B) C2
C) C3
D) C4
E) C5

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT an example of a walled- off area in the tissue that contains a fluid made of dead tissue cells and dead leukocytes?

A) an abscess
B) a tumor
C) a pustule
D) a pimple
E) a boil

Question 26

Which of the following types of cells begins as a monocyte?

A) erythrocyte
B) macrophage
C) megakaryocyte
D) eosinophil
E) basophil

Question 27

The residual body is

A) the attachment of a phagosome to the surface of a pathogen.
B) a type of granule in a granulocyte.
C) the remains of a phagosome after digestion.
D) an antigen- antibody complex.
E) the union of a phagosome with lysosomes.

Question 28

The result of alpha and beta interferon activity is production of

A) macrophages.
B) complement.
C) antiviral proteins.
D) inflammation.
E) opsonins.

Question 29

Each Toll- like receptor recognizes a variety of microbial chemicals.

Question 30

Which of the following substances is(are) responsible for the edema associated with inflammation?

A) factor P
B) histamine
C) leukotrienes
D) alpha interferon
E) beta interferon

Question 31

Interferons nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections.

Question 32

Which of the following substances activate(s) the phagocytic activity of macrophages?

A) beta interferon
B) gamma interferon
C) antiviral proteins
D) factor B
E) alpha interferon

Question 33

Defensins are small peptides that work specifically against certain pathogens.

Question 34

All of the following substances help initiate inflammation EXCEPT:

A) bradykinin.
B) leukotrienes.
C) prostaglandins.
D) lysozyme.
E) histamine.

Question 35

The M protein on the surface of Streptococcus pyogenes

A) is an antibody- antigen complex.
B) is a pyrogen that elevates the body temperature.
C) is a chemotaxic substance that attracts neutrophils.
D) is part of the bacterium's capsule and prevents adherence of phagocytes to its surface.
E) acts as a toxin to human cells.

Question 36

Which of the following characteristics is shared by the skin and mucous membranes?

A) Lysozymes are always present.
B) They both have cilia.
C) Sebum may be present.
D) They are both constantly shedding and replacing cells.
E) The outer layers are composed of dead cells.

Question 37

Gamma interferon is the first interferon secreted in a viral infection.

Question 38

Which of the following allow(s) a microbe to steal iron from the body?

A) transferrin
B) NOD proteins
C) ferritin
D) siderophores
E) lactoferrin

Question 39

Which of the following substances is not involved in the alternative pathway for activation of the complement system?

A) factors B, D, and P
B) C3b molecules
C) antibodies from lymphocytes
D) exotoxins from bacteria
E) lipopolysaccharides from fungi

Question 40

Sweat contains lysozyme.

Question 41

are antimicrobial peptides secreted by sweat glands.

Question 42

Macrophages that leave the bloodstream and scavenge throughout the body are called macrophages.

Question 43

The three types of complement pathways are the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the
pathway.

Question 44

As the level of pyrogens decreases, a fever begins to subside, causing a set of processes collectively known as the _ of a fever.

Question 45

Phagocytes kill a pathogen once it has been ingested, whereas eosinophils and can accomplish extracellular killing by secreting toxins.

Question 46

is an oily substance that lowers the pH of the skin's surface to about pH 4 and is inhibitory to many bacteria.

Question 47

Inflammation is an important part of the body's first line of defense, and involves migration of phagocytes to the area.

Question 48

The formed elements of the blood are produced in the bone marrow by a process called _ .

Question 49

Histamine and prostaglandins are involved in inflammatory reactions.

Question 50

The proportion of leukocytes, as determined by a(n) , can serve as a sign of disease.

Question 51

The process known as allows neutrophils and eosinophils to squeeze between the cells lining the capillaries in order to phagocytize invading microbes.

Question 52

Pyrogens affect the hypothalamus, causing elevation of the internal body temperature.

Question 53

A chemical reaction in which the product of each reaction becomes the enzyme that catalyzes the next reaction is known as a(n) _ reaction.

Question 54

The third line of defense is considered a(n) response.

Question 55

Epithelial cells are continually being replaced by the cytokinesis of in mucous membranes.

Question 56

Fever augments the beneficial effects of interferons.

Question 57

The alternative pathway for complement activation is more effective than the classical pathway.

Question 58

The cells in the tracheal mucous membrane produce mucus.

Question 59

In the case of phagocytes, positive chemotaxis involves the use of to move toward the microorganism.

Question 60

The formation of membrane attack complexes results in _ .

Question 61

Describe at least three physical mechanisms that are part of the first line of defense.

Question 62

Humans have innate-inborn-resistance. What is meant by this?

Question 63

What is phagocytosis? What does it involve?

Question 64

What are macrophages?

Question 65

What are pyrogens? How do they affect the body?