Deck 17: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Two key therapeutic elements in the treatment of behaviour disorders are not only the therapy techniques but also the _.

A) therapeutic relationship
B) problem severity
C) client's openness
D) client's motivation

Answer 1

therapeutic relationship

Question 2

The goal of psychoanalysis is to:

A) help clients understand their resistance to the therapeutic process.
B) help clients achieve insight.
C) change the client's negative transference to positive transference.
D) analyze and resolve the client's transference reactions.

Answer 2

help clients achieve insight.

Question 3

John has made little progress during his last few months in therapy, but just last week, his therapist thought that he was close to gaining some important awareness about his unconscious patterns. John's therapist is eager for their next session, but when John's appointment time comes, John does not show up and phones later to apologize, saying that he accidentally forgot about it. Psychoanalytic theorists would most likely interpret John's behaviour as an example of:

A) resistance.
B) negative transference.
C) free association.
D) repression.

Answer 3

resistance.

Question 4

According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is "the royal road to the unconscious"?

A) transference
B) free association
C) dreams
D) fixations

Question 5

During the course of therapy, a client develops strong emotional feelings for his therapist. He thinks about her often and though he is unwilling to admit it, he has become quite dependent on and attracted to her. Though he is only just becoming aware of this,
He has noticed that his therapist in many ways reminds him of his mother. This example best demonstrates the psychoanalytic concept of:

A) insight.
B) resistance.
C) transference.
D) free association.

Question 6

Her stepfather abused Samantha emotionally and physically. Now, as a young adult, she is working with a therapist to resolve some of her low self-esteem and relationship issues. Over the course of therapy, Samantha begins to feel great anger toward her male therapist, telling him how much she resents his control over her. She almost quits
Therapy because she begins to feel that he is too controlling and makes her feel so
Insignificant. Her therapist is able to show Samantha that she is acting irrationally and has experienced a of her feelings to her therapist.

A) free association
B) positive transference
C) resistance
D) negative transference

Question 7

Bob has been feeling rather down and depressed the past few months and is considering talking to someone about his problems. Which of the following professionals is Bob more likely to consult with first?

A) a psychologist
B) a psychiatrist
C) a family physician
D) a psychiatric social worker

Question 8

Which of the following mental-health professionals are medical doctors specializing in psychotherapy and biomedical treatments?

A) psychiatrists
B) counselling psychologists
C) clinical psychologists
D) family counsellors

Question 9

Psychoanalysts study the dreams of their patients because it is assumed that dreams:

A) represent the patients' unconscious attempts to successfully solve their problems.
B) represent the patients' first attempts at resistance in therapy.
C) express unconscious wishes and fantasies that are typically repressed during the day.
D) contain the essential elements of the transference.

Question 10

In psychoanalytic theory, it is assumed that while the person may consciously want help, there may be an unconscious motivation not to change. The defensive patterns that disrupt therapy and function to maintain the present condition are called:

A) repression.
B) resistance.
C) transference.
D) insight.

Question 11

Which of the following mental-health professionals receives his or her training in medical school?

A) a psychiatric social worker
B) a marriage and family counsellor
C) a psychiatrist
D) a clinical psychologist

Question 12

Helping people achieve greater insight, which is an awareness of the underlying dynamics of their problems, is the primary therapeutic goal of _.

A) cognitive therapy
B) behaviour modification
C) psychoanalysis
D) humanistic therapy

Question 13

Kelly's therapist listens to her talk about the problems she is having this school year but continues to ask about events and emotions Kelly experienced as a child and hasn't thought about in ages. Her therapist believes she will change the unconscious factors that are creating her inability to deal with her current maladaptive behaviours by helping
Kelly achieve _.

A) counterconditioning
B) positive transference
C) self-actualization
D) insight

Question 14

Two treatment elements that are combined in the management of all psychological disorders are:

A) transference and countertransference
B) interpretation and insight
C) the therapeutic relationship and psychological techniques
D) medications and psychological techniques

Question 15

A therapist asks her client to begin sharing the various thoughts and feelings that are currently in her awareness. This continues for several minutes, with the client commenting on the changing process of what is appearing in her conscious mind. This therapist is using the therapeutic technique known as:

A) free association.
B) random reporting.
C) insight.
D) analyzing the transference.

Question 16

Though psychological treatments and medications are often thought of as the main curative elements in psychotherapy, often positive changes are produced as a function of the power of _.

A) behaviour modification
B) insight
C) the therapeutic relationship
D) countertransference

Question 17

The techniques of free association and dream analysis are similar in that both are used to:

A) access unconscious material.
B) increase feelings of unconditional positive regard.
C) identify important antecedents and consequences.
D) identify maladaptive thinking.

Question 18

When a therapy client responds to his therapist as if the therapist was an important figure from his past, is said to occur.

A) transference
B) insight
C) wish fulfillment
D) resistance

Question 19

Susan has an anxiety disorder and has sought help from a therapist, Dr. Jones. Dr. Jones believes that Susan's anxiety is related to her unconscious fear of her unmet sexual impulses and that in order for Susan to get over her anxiety problem, she needs to have greater awareness of this unconscious dynamics. Dr. Jones appears to be trying to
Produce positive changes by fostering more insight and is most likely associated with the
________ approach to therapy.

A) interpersonal
B) psychoanalytic
C) cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 20

While listening to his client talk about her favourite memories from childhood, Dr. Peabody begins to notice that whenever his patient's thoughts approach her sister, she quickly changes the topic and talks about something else. When Dr. Peabody begins probing her memories and thoughts about her sister, his client starts missing therapy appointments often cancelling without notice. This defensive manoeuvre is known as
________.

A) transference
B) free association
C) modelling
D) resistance

Question 21

Studies showing that most of the therapeutic improvement of clients occurs by the 10th session of psychodynamic therapy were presented to make the argument that:

A) interpretations do not appear to be necessary for psychodynamic therapy to be effective.
B) there is little empirical evidence supporting the psychodynamic concept of resistance.
C) brief psychodynamic therapy is a viable and effective alternative to traditional psychoanalysis.
D) traditional long-term psychoanalysis yields significantly better patient outcomes than brief psychodynamic therapy does.

Question 22

According to Carl Rogers, the most important curative agent in psychotherapy is:

A) the relationship between client and therapist.
B) self-actualization.
C) increased awareness of negative thoughts.
D) the development of insight.

Question 23

A therapist who takes a humanistic approach to psychotherapy would most likely have the goal of creating a therapeutic environment that:

A) discovers unconscious impulses.
B) reinforces desired behaviours.
C) challenges irrational thoughts.
D) allows for self-exploration.

Question 24

Which of the following was mentioned as a difference between traditional and brief psychodynamic therapy?

A) Brief psychodynamic therapy pays significantly less attention to the importance of insight than traditional psychoanalysis does.
B) Brief psychodynamic therapy tends to focus on current life problems while traditional psychoanalysis attempts to rebuild the client's personality.
C) In brief psychodynamic therapy, the therapist is considerably less active than in traditional psychoanalysis.
D) Brief psychodynamic therapy relies more heavily on free association than traditional psychoanalysis does.

Question 25

The assumption that psychological disorders are produced by the blockage of natural tendencies toward personal growth is most consistent with the:

A) cognitive approach.
B) behavioural approach.
C) psychodynamic approach.
D) humanistic approach.

Question 26

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is considered to be a brief therapy based primarily on the principles of psychoanalysis?

A) client-centred therapy
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) cognitive therapy
D) interpersonal therapy

Question 27

A humanistic therapist's refusal to offer advice or guidance to his or her client is best representative of the client-centred therapist attribute of:

A) empathy.
B) genuineness.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) resistance.

Question 28

To increase the insight of their clients, psychoanalysts use the primary therapeutic technique of _.

A) free association
B) resistance
C) interpretation
D) transference

Question 29

After several months of psychoanalytic therapy, a psychoanalyst makes the comment to his client: "It seems as if you're responding to me as if I was your father and you believe that you have significantly disappointed me." This statement is best considered as an example of:

A) a free association.
B) an explanation.
C) an interpretation.
D) resistance.

Question 30

Cathy has been seeing a therapist for a month. The therapy sessions focus on showing Cathy that she can control her actions and how she should take responsibility for her behaviour. Most likely, her therapist is coming from a perspective.

A) trait
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioural
D) humanistic

Question 31

Which of the following is considered to be the primary or chief therapeutic technique used by psychoanalysts to help clients gain awareness of important material?

A) free association
B) transference
C) interpretation
D) dream analysis

Question 32

Though they are usually considered to be quite different, the psychoanalytic and the humanistic approaches to psychotherapy are similar in that:

A) they both assume that childhood events play an important role in psychological disorders.
B) the humanistic perspective is essentially an extension of basic psychoanalytic principles.
C) they both rely heavily on the use of dreams and interpretations.
D) they both have similar conceptualizations of humans and human nature.

Question 33

In contrast to a psychoanalytic therapy session, the perspective that focuses on the present and future instead of the past is the perspective.

A) trait
B) behavioural
C) humanistic
D) biological

Question 34

A therapist takes a moment to paraphrase what he has just heard his client say in a way that accurately captures the feelings the client was experiencing. In client-centred therapy, this would be considered an example of reflecting, and this technique is often
Used to foster the important therapist characteristic of .

A) interpretation
B) unconditional positive regard
C) genuineness
D) empathy

Question 35

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the perspective of psychotherapy.

A) psychoanalytic
B) cognitive
C) behavioural
D) humanistic

Question 36

According to the humanistic theorist Carl Rogers, the "active ingredient" in therapy is ________ for which he identified three important and interrelated therapist attributes.

A) the therapist's personality
B) the therapeutic relationship
C) the client's personality
D) the client's own self-exploration

Question 37

All of the following were mentioned by Carl Rogers as important and essential therapist characteristics EXCEPT:

A) empathy.
B) genuineness.
C) congruence.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 38

A therapist feels frustrated because her client has recently missed three of her last five appointments. If the therapist were to express these negative feelings to her client, this would best demonstrate Carl Rogers's important therapist characteristic of:

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) empathy.
C) sympathy.
D) genuineness.

Question 39

In psychoanalytic theory, any statement made by the therapist that is intended to help the client gain insight into their behaviour or dynamics is called:

A) an interpretation
B) an explication
C) an explanation
D) a clarification

Question 40

All of the following are differences between traditional psychoanalysis and brief psychodynamic therapies except:

A) most brief psychodynamic therapies replace free association with talking.
B) most brief psychodynamic therapies do not make use of insight or interpretation.
C) most brief psychodynamic therapies focus on current life problems rather than the reconstruction of personality.
D) the therapists conducting brief psychodynamic therapies are usually more active.

Question 41

Exposure therapies operate on the assumption that the most direct way to reduce or eliminate a learned anxiety response is _.

A) operant extinction
B) positive reinforcement
C) response cost punishment
D) classical extinction

Question 42

All of the following were mentioned as examples of therapy procedures derived directly from the principles of classical conditioning EXCEPT:

A) rational-emotive therapy.
B) exposure therapies.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) aversion therapy.

Question 43

The rational-emotive therapy is concerned with _.

A) negative thoughts
B) irrational feelings
C) negative feelings
D) irrational thoughts

Question 44

In Albert Ellis's ABCD model of emotional disturbance, the "A" stands for the:

A) antecedent.
B) automatic thoughts.
C) activating event.
D) aversive situation.

Question 45

When Josh brings home a report card with a failing grade in French, he is very sad. According to rational-emotive therapy, the failing grade is the of the sadness.

A) disputing factor
B) consequence
C) activating event
D) outcome

Question 46

Jerry is working with a therapist to get over his depression. The therapist points out how most of his depressive feelings appear to be produced by thoughts such as, "because my boss doesn't like me, I will never get promoted!" The therapist helps Jerry to identify when this previously automatic thought is present and suggests that he come up with some way of challenging this conclusion. Jerry most likely has a therapist who is using:

A) interpersonal therapy.
B) cognitive therapy.
C) rational-emotive therapy.
D) client-centred therapy.

Question 47

Carl is involved in a therapy group in which he is frequently asked to role-play various people and even inanimate objects in order to gain more access to feelings from which he has been cut-off. The therapist facilitating the group is rather imaginative when
Suggesting activities for the group and has been known to be challenging every now and then. Carl's therapy group is most likely based on the principles of:

A) interpersonal therapy.
B) person-centered therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) Gestalt therapy.

Question 48

Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) They both agreed in the importance of validating their therapies through research.
B) They both asserted that self-exploration is important for growth and health.
C) They both assumed the existence of a self-actualizing tendency.
D) Their therapies are both considered to be humanistic in nature.

Question 49

The assumptions that psychological disorders are learned in exactly the same ways as normal behaviours and that they can be treated by applying the basic principles of learning is typical of the _ approach to therapy.

A) biological
B) behavioural
C) humanistic
D) interpersonal

Question 50

The identification and replacement of irrational thoughts and the ABCD model of emotional disturbance are most closely associated with which of the following people?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Aaron Beck
C) Albert Ellis
D) Carl Rogers

Question 51

The Gestalt therapy approach of Fritz Perls is largely based on:

A) operant conditioning principles that describe how associations between behaviours and consequences are learned.
B) social learning principles that describe how people can learn from modelling and behavioural observations.
C) classical conditioning principles that describe how associations between stimuli are learned.
D) perceptual principles that describe how different stimuli are perceived.

Question 52

Cognitive therapy is currently considered to be the psychological treatment of choice for which of the following disorders?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) depression
C) somatic symptom disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 53

Josh is visiting a friend when he accidentally breaks a valuable plate. He begins to berate himself for his clumsiness and stupidity, and almost instantaneously he starts to feel embarrassed and upset. According to Ellis's ABCD model of emotion, the breaking of the plate would represent the:

A) "A"
B) "B"
C) "C"
D) "D"

Question 54

Research has found positive results for cognitive therapy with all of the following disorders EXCEPT:

A) anger disorders.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) depression.
D) somatoform disorders.

Question 55

Brad's therapist is unconcerned with the reasons why Brad is always late and focused on how to change Brad's maladaptive behaviour of always being late. It is likely that Brad's therapist engages in which type of therapy?

A) cognitive therapy
B) behaviour therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) Gestalt therapy

Question 56

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is considered to be a humanistic approach to therapy?

A) rational-emotive therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) free association therapy
D) Gestalt therapy

Question 57

Which of the following pays the least amount of attention to internal processes, including thoughts, feelings, or unconscious dynamics?

A) behaviour therapies
B) humanistic therapies
C) cognitive therapies
D) psychodynamic therapies

Question 58

This therapy is often conducted in a group format, it sometimes incorporates role-playing, and it can be rather confrontational. This is _ therapy.

A) rational-emotive
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive behavioural
D) Gestalt

Question 59

The decrease in popularity of Gestalt therapy may have been due to:

A) the personal conflict that he had with the more popular Carl Rogers.
B) extensive research that found the techniques of Gestalt therapy are ineffective.
C) the strong psychoanalytic influence on his approach to therapy.
D) the fact that Fritz Perls was not interested in testing his ideas through research.

Question 60

Nadine wants to ask Ramon out on a date but is afraid he will say "no." According to Ellis's theory, Nadine is not really afraid of Ramon saying "no," but rather _.

A) that she will feel foolish
B) she is reminded of past boys, those that have turned her down
C) she has an irrational belief that she is worthless and will never get a date
D) she has a fear of going out alone

Question 61

Russell is an alcoholic who wants to quit drinking. When he seeks help from a therapist, he is given a drug that will cause nausea if he drinks alcohol. Russell's therapist is using a type of therapy called:

A) aversion therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) virtual reality therapy
D) token economy

Question 62

In this therapy, a previously positive conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a noxious unconditioned stimulus in an attempt to eliminate the undesirable behaviour evoked by the CS. This is:

A) systematic desensitization
B) negative exposure therapy
C) avoidance therapy
D) aversion therapy

Question 63

Lennon was diagnosed with depression. Following an fMRI, the doctor suggested that Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) would not likely be the best treatment option. It is likely that when Lennon rated words with negative emotional meaning he showed low levels of activity in his:

A) hippocampus
B) frontal cortex
C) cingulate cortex
D) amygdala

Question 64

Jake is staying in a large halfway house for recovering addicts. Every time he successfully finishes his chores around the house, helps a roommate, or does any other appropriate behaviour, he receives a token. These tokens can be later exchanged for privileges such as staying out past curfew or going to a movie theatre. This system is an example of:

A) malingering
B) a client-centred approach
C) counterconditioning
D) behaviour modification

Question 65

Because its effects often do not generalize well from the treatment setting to the real world, many researchers believe that __ would be more effective if it were used
In concert with learning specific coping skills programs that focus on avoiding relapse.

A) exposure therapy
B) aversion therapy
C) cognitive therapy
D) systematic desensitization

Question 66

The results from a neuroimaging study suggest that the correlation between serotonin levels and dysfunctional beliefs is a correlation.

A) no
B) positive
C) normal
D) negative

Question 67

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) appears to help individuals who are depressed become:

A) more stimulated.
B) less anxious.
C) more emotionally responsive.
D) less emotional.

Question 68

Token economies are based on the systematic application of:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) counterconditioning.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) punishment.

Question 69

Counterconditioning and stimulus hierarchies are most central to which of the following therapeutic interventions?

A) aversion therapy
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) exposure therapy

Question 70

Which of the following therapies represent the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?

A) aversion therapy
B) exposure therapy
C) rational-emotive therapy
D) behaviour modification

Question 71

Treating anxiety symptoms by presenting a feared stimulus (such as a dog or heights) and preventing the target person from avoiding that stimulus is typical of ________ therapies.

A) exposure
B) aversive
C) cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 72

Jake is staying in a large halfway house for juvenile substance abusers. Every time he successfully finishes his chores around the house, helps a roommate, or does any other appropriate behaviour, he receives a token. These tokens can be later exchanged for privileges such as staying out past curfew or going to a movie theatre. The goal of this system is to eventually have these positive behaviours:

A) be controlled by self-reinforcement processes and social reinforcers
B) receive a minimal number of tokens for the same tasks
C) get him released from the halfway house
D) illustrate an economic lesson

Question 73

Systematic desensitization focuses on the process of learning a response that is incompatible with anxiety. This is based on the concept of _.

A) aversive conditioning
B) counterconditioning
C) response prevention
D) a stimulus hierarchy

Question 74

According to the two-factor learning theory, the most direct way to reduce a phobia is through exposure to the feared conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) while keeping the operant avoidance response from
Occurring by using _ .

A) shaping
B) systematic desensitization
C) behaviour modification
D) response prevention

Question 75

Bartock was treated for depression with medication and Shula took Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). A PET showed changes in their:

A) white matter.
B) cortex.
C) corpus callosum.
D) gray matter.

Question 76

Eugene has a terrible fear of being in a boat. Eugene works for the Coast Guard doing an administrative job, but he knows he will have to get over this fear in order to receive a promotion. His boss offered to pay for a behavioural therapy. Eugene, who was extremely anxious, wanted the least anxiety provoking behavioural therapy, chose:

A) aversion therapy
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) standard exposure therapy

Question 77

Beatrice would like to stop her habit of biting her fingernails. In order to do this, she covers the ends of her fingertips, including her nails, with a bitter tasting antibacterial spray. When Beatrice puts her fingernail in her mouth she is met with a noxious taste and removes her nail immediately from her mouth. In this case, the bitter taste might be
Considered the:

A) conditioned stimulus (CS)
B) conditioned response (CR)
C) unconditioned response (UCR)
D) unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 78

Janice has a phobia of dogs and decides to consult with a behaviour therapist in order to get some help. The therapist first teaches her a muscle relaxation technique. After she has learned this, they create a list of increasingly fearful situations involving dogs.
Starting with the least feared situation, the therapist has Janice imagine it and then use her relaxation training to eliminate any anxiety that arises. This therapist is using the
General technique called systematic desensitization, and the list that they have created is an example of _.

A) flooding
B) aversive conditioning
C) a stimulus hierarchy
D) a positive reinforcer

Question 79

As part of a smoking cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in:

A) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
B) avoidance therapy.
C) negative exposure therapy.
D) aversion therapy.

Question 80

Exposure therapies have been used effectively to treat agoraphobics by:

A) treating them with brief psychodynamic therapy.
B) training them in systematic desensitization.
C) enabling them to identify and change key automatic thought patterns.
D) requiring them to confront feared situations.