Deck 13: Behaviour in a Social Context

Question 1

When explaining our own behaviour, when we make more personal attributions for successes and more situational attributions for failures, then has occurred.

A) social facilitation
B) the self-serving bias
C) the fundamental attribution error
D) attributional polarization

Answer 1

the self-serving bias

Question 2

The fundamental attribution error refers to how people tend to overestimate the importance of personal factors and the importance of situational factors, when explaining other people's behaviours.

A) ignore
B) underestimate
C) overcompensate
D) overestimate

Answer 2

underestimate

Question 3

At times, people tend to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of personal factors when explaining other people's behaviours. This is termed a _.

A) self-perception theory
B) self-serving bias
C) fundamental attribution error
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 3

fundamental attribution error

Question 4

Before Dr. Smith's receptionist led a new patient into his dental office she told him that the little girl was not very bright. Armed with this information, Dr. Smith did not pay much attention when the little girl asked him questions about the examination after he had finished. He didn't really believe she would understand his explanations. Dr. Smith had of less intelligent people.

A) a stereotype
B) a recency belief
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) a behavioural perspective

Question 5

A generalized belief about a group or a category of people is defined as a .

A) social norm
B) stereotype
C) schema
D) mental set

Question 6

Making relatively more personal attributions for success and relatively more situational attributions for failure is known as the:

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) primacy effect.
C) self-serving bias.
D) self-justification effect.

Question 7

When forming impressions of people, when people tend to attach more importance to initial information that is learned about a person, this is termed the .

A) recency effect
B) stereotype effect
C) source effect
D) primacy effect

Question 8

Charlene is often late for work in the morning. The primary reason for her tardy behaviour is that she has to rely on a nanny to arrive on time to care for her three children before she can leave her house. In Charlene's case, her late behaviour can best be explained by:

A) social loafing
B) situational attributions
C) personal attributions
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 9

All of the following were mentioned by Kelley as factors that determine the attributions we make EXCEPT:

A) context.
B) consistency.
C) consensus.
D) distinctiveness.

Question 10

An elderly woman accosts Susan, a news anchorwoman, on the street one day. It seems the older woman watched the television news last night during which Susan reported on a newly developed method of birth control. The woman is opposed to all methods of birth control for religious reasons and she assumed that Susan personally believes in birth control. The woman is committing the _.

A) mistake of association
B) observational learning error
C) social facilitation tactic
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 11

Jared is very upset at the low score he received at his piano competition. Jared typically receives low scores but this time he thought he would do better. He begins to believe that the three judges were all against him from the start. In this case, Jared would be attributing his low score to the:

A) distinctiveness
B) in-group bias
C) situation
D) his lack of ability

Question 12

The tendency to be more alert to information that is received first and the tendency for initial information to shape how subsequent information is perceived may both help to explain:

A) the self-serving bias.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) social facilitation.
D) the primacy effect.

Question 13

Nora was driving the store clerk crazy! She was trying to find a swimsuit to take on vacation with her next week and not one suit she tried on flattered her figure at all. Nora, attributing the problem to the fact that manufacturers are not making swimsuits in flattering styles anymore, may be exhibiting:

A) negative transference
B) personal attributions
C) cognitive dissonance
D) the fundamental attribution error

Question 14

Cross-cultural studies examining the consistency of the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias have shown that:

A) the fundamental attribution error is consistent across cultures, while the self-serving bias is not.
B) both tendencies are susceptible to cultural influences.
C) both tendencies are highly consistent across cultures.
D) the self-serving bias is consistent across cultures, while the fundamental attribution error is not.

Question 15

Juan is in the process of forming an opinion about someone when a friend, who is taking a psychology class, tells him to avoid making snap judgements and to carefully consider the evidence. The net result of this advice is that Juan feels more accountable for his opinions. The advice of Juan's friend should most likely decrease:

A) the self-serving bias.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) the primacy effect.
D) the recency effect.

Question 16

When Sarah takes her new boyfriend home to meet her parents she is very nervous. Trying to explain that he is anxious about the meeting, she introduces Brendon, telling her parents that he is anxious, nervous, and very quiet. Later on, after having calmed down considerably, when her brother comes home she introduces Brendon as quiet because of his nervousness and anxiety about meeting her family. Based on the primacy effect, which of the following will be true about Brendon's impression on Sarah's parents and her brother?

A) Her parents will have a more favourable impression because they met him first.
B) Both her parents and her brother will be impressed as the same words were used to introduce him in both cases.
C) Her brother will have a more favourable impression due to "quiet" being more positive than "anxious."
D) Both her parents and her brother will be unimpressed with Brendon.

Question 17

Tamara is careless at the office one day and accidentally prescribes the wrong medicine for a twelve year-old patient. When her new associate catches the mistake, he assumes she does not know the difference in medications and that she must not be practicing very good medicine, and that she may not be very bright. This tendency to underestimate the role of situational factors when explaining Tamara's behaviour is the:

A) internal locus of control
B) indiscriminatory process
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 18

Think back to the example in the textbook, when Kim says that Art 391 is boring. Under which of the following conditions are we most likely to make a situational attribution that Art 391 is indeed boring?

A) when consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus are all low
B) when consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus are all high
C) when consensus is high and distinctiveness and consistency are both low
D) when consistency is high and distinctiveness and consensus are both low

Question 19

Think back to the example in the textbook, when Kim says that Art 391 is boring. Under which of the following conditions are we most likely to make a personal attribution that Kim is being overly critical?

A) when consensus is high and distinctiveness and consistency are both low
B) when consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus are all low
C) when consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus are all high
D) when consistency is high and distinctiveness and consensus are both low

Question 20

When referring to judgments people make about the causes of their own and other people's behaviours, psychologists use the term:

A) stereotypes
B) attributions
C) social norms
D) attitudes

Question 21

Pat smokes cigarettes and strongly believes that doing so is bad for one's health. On a health questionnaire, Pat initially answered "No" to the question, "Do you engage in any health-harming behaviours?" Pat felt uncomfortable with that answer and changed it to "Yes." Of the alternatives below, Pat's answer-changing behaviour best reflects the notion of:

A) self-serving biases.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) counterattitudinal behaviour.
D) self-perception theory.

Question 22

The term, "self-fulfilling prophecy" specifically refers to instances in which:

A) people act in ways that confirm their beliefs about themselves.
B) people tend to attribute their failures to situational factors.
C) people tend to attribute their successes to personal factors.
D) people act towards others in a way that brings about expected behaviours.

Question 23

In a study conducted by Darley and Gross, participants watched a video of a nine-year-old girl, Hannah, answering questions and were then asked to judge her academic potential. Participants who were told she was rated her lower in
Ability.

A) abandoned as a child
B) from an upper-middle-class environment
C) raised by foster parents
D) from a disadvantaged background

Question 24

A positive or negative evaluative reaction towards a stimulus is a(n) _.

A) attitude
B) schema
C) social norm
D) attribution

Question 25

Under which of the following conditions do attitudes best predict behaviour?

A) when counteracting situational forces are strong
B) when specific attitudes are used to predict specific behaviours
C) when we have little awareness of our attitudes
D) when people believe that their performance is being monitored

Question 26

According to this theory, attitudes are relatively good predictors of future behaviour when people have positive attitudes towards their behaviours, when subjective norms support their attitudes, and when they believe that behaviours are under their personal control. This is the _.

A) self-perception theory
B) realistic conflict theory
C) dissonance theory
D) theory of planned behaviour

Question 27

Elizabeth has every good intention of sticking to her New Year's diet resolution. However, Elizabeth does not believe that her weight is under her control, and she has a very negative attitude about eating less food every day. Which of the following statements best explains what will happen to Elizabeth?

A) Her behaviour (eating less) will fail to support this attitude and she will not lose weight.
B) Her attitude will fail to support this behaviour (eating less) and she will not lose weight.
C) Her behaviour (eating less) is not influenced by her attitude and she will lose weight.
D) Her attitude will support this behaviour (eating less) and she will lose weight.

Question 28

Suppose you are told that a guest lecturer who will be coming to your class is rather aloof and cold. When the lecturer does come, you find that the lecturer behaves in a way that is consistent with the expectations you have been given. While it may be that the lecturer is in fact cold and aloof, which of the following additional conclusions is most likely?

A) Your conclusions were facilitated by primacy effect.
B) Your conclusions were facilitated by the fundamental activation error.
C) Your conclusions were facilitated by the activation of a specific schema.
D) Your conclusions were facilitated by the self-serving bias.

Question 29

The study conducted by LaPiere in 1934 using a young Chinese couple as participants demonstrated that:

A) much prejudicial behaviour appears to be motivated by stereotype threat.
B) people in the U.S. were highly prejudiced against Asians at that time.
C) normative social influence is largely responsible for prejudiced attitudes.
D) people's attitudes did not correlate well with their actual behaviours.

Question 30

According to Festinger, when two or more cognitions are inconsistent with or contradict one another, an uncomfortable state of tension called cognitive results.

A) discord
B) dissonance
C) friction
D) conflict

Question 31

When we are unaware of the role that our behaviour played in shaping another person's behaviour and we then interpret the other person's behaviour as evidence that our expectation of the other person was correct all along, a is said to have occurred.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) self-verification process
C) self-serving bias
D) self-reinforcement process

Question 32

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) A stereotype is a specific type of schema.
B) A stereotype is a specific type of self-serving bias.
C) A self-serving bias is a specific type of stereotype.
D) A schema is a specific type of stereotype.

Question 33

A new babysitter is warned by a child's parents that their son is very aggressive and loud. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter behaves in such a way that these very behaviours are evoked from the child, thus confirming what the sitter was initially told. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called:

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) social facilitation.
C) social loafing.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 34

Studies have indicated that attitudes are good predictors of behaviours when people are aware of their attitudes and when the attitudes are .

A) not strongly held
B) strongly held
C) negative
D) positive

Question 35

Suppose that someone has just opened a new restaurant near your school and you have been convinced to walk around for three hours on a very hot day carrying a big, heavy sign advertising this restaurant. You would probably rate this activity as most enjoyable if someone paid you $1 to do it according to _.

A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) the theory of planned behaviour
C) the self-fulfilling prophecy
D) the norm of reciprocity

Question 36

Malvine has always campaigned for clean air and water, often doorbelling for candidates running for political office on a clean environment platform. She is dismayed to learn that her favourite restaurant is polluting the fresh water stream that runs behind it but she continues to eat lunch there twice a week. She later cancels her membership in an environmental group, saying that the group is too radical. Which of the following psychological processes is evident here?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) fundamental attribution error
C) cognitive dissonance
D) self-serving bias

Question 37

As part of an experiment, a person is asked to write an essay advocating an opinion that is opposite to her own. She is given no financial incentive to do this and after completing the essay, the experimenters find that her prior attitude has shifted towards the one advocated in the essay she just wrote. The opinions of other participants in the study who received a financial incentive ($20) for writing a counterattitudinal essay did not show similar shifts. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called:

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) social loafing.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) social facilitation.

Question 38

When people's incorrect expectations are confirmed and they relate to other people in a way that brings about the very behaviours they expect, thereby confirming their original beliefs, then a has occurred.

A) informational social influence
B) social facilitation
C) peripheral route persuasion
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 39

Cognitive dissonance is more likely to occur when a person feels that her actions are coerced and when the counterattitudinal behaviour her sense of self-worth.

A) threatens
B) enhances
C) contributes to
D) lowers

Question 40

Researchers have determined that general attitudes do best when used to predict _ behaviours.

A) extreme
B) general
C) stereotypic
D) specific

Question 41

Dave is consistently ten to fifteen minutes late to work every morning. His wife explains to him that this is stealing from his employer. Dave has always considered himself to be an honest person, he therefore justifies the time theft by explaining to his wife that he is not paid enough for the hard work he does so he considers the time part of his salary. Dave changed his attitude in order to justify his actions thereby:

A) fulfilling the prophecy of self
B) averting possible negative reinforcement
C) changing his behaviour to match his attitude
D) reducing cognitive dissonance

Question 42

Professor Price is concerned about the study habits of her students. She knows that many of them study while watching television. She decides to give them a study skills lecture but is unsure whether or not she should illustrate both sides of the issue or merely focus on her points. After reviewing the past research she decides that is generally a more effective way to persuade the students.

A) presenting only her view point
B) a two-sided message
C) a radically different message
D) a message with consequences

Question 43

Self-perception theory appears to offer a better explanation of attitude change than dissonance theory when the counterattitudinal behaviour does not threaten a person's self-worth and when our attitudes are to begin with.

A) weak or unclear
B) positive
C) negative
D) strong

Question 44

Some studies found that when people freely engage in counterattitudinal behaviour, they experience increased physiological arousal. Which of the following statements regarding this finding is most accurate?

A) This evidence is more consistent with self-perception theory.
B) This evidence is more consistent with cognitive dissonance theory.
C) This evidence is not consistent with either cognitive dissonance theory or self-perception theory.
D) This evidence is equally consistent with both cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory.

Question 45

The peripheral route to persuasion is said to occur when people are persuaded because:

A) they have thought carefully about a message.
B) a message evokes a moderate amount of fear.
C) they are influenced by non-message factors such as communicator attractiveness.
D) a message is moderately discrepant.

Question 46

Self-perception theory asserts that:

A) people infer their attitudes from watching their own behaviours, just as they do when watching others.
B) people are more likely to change their attitudes when they perceive that their behaviours have been coerced.
C) people tend to attribute their own behaviours to external causes, while they tend to attribute the behaviour of others to internal causes.
D) people's attitudes are predictive of their future behaviour when cognitive dissonance is low.

Question 47

When people are persuaded by an argument because they have thought carefully about it and find it compelling, the occurs.

A) peripheral route to persuasion
B) social facilitation
C) fundamental attribution error
D) central route to persuasion

Question 48

According to Sorrentino and colleagues at the University of Western Ontario, if you are trying to persuade someone regarding an issue that is personally relevant to that person and that person has a certainty-oriented approach to new information, you would probably be more successful by:

A) having that person think carefully about your arguments.
B) presenting your arguments in a compelling and unbiased manner.
C) presenting your arguments in a persuasive and biased manner.
D) appearing to be an attractive speaker and an expert on that issue.

Question 49

Alison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. After carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds this person's ideas sound and compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates:

A) the central route to persuasion.
B) the norm of reciprocity.
C) the door-in-the-face technique.
D) the peripheral route to persuasion.

Question 50

Shawna is on a diet and doing very well, losing about ten pounds in the weeks before Thanksgiving. She believes that six small meals is a healthy way to eat. When she sits down at her grandmother's Thanksgiving dinner, she cannot help herself and has second helpings of just about everything, including the pumpkin pie. She realizes that no one forced her to eat as much as she did. She therefore is likely to experience:

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) dissonance
C) positive consequences
D) counterattitudinal thinking

Question 51

The theory that assumes that when people infer their attitudes and beliefs by observing their own behaviours is:

A) social identity theory
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) the theory of planned behaviour
D) self-perception theory

Question 52

What are the two major components of communicator credibility?

A) attractiveness and expertise
B) trustworthiness and attractiveness
C) similarity and likeability
D) trustworthiness and expertise

Question 53

Professor Price is concerned about the drinking habits of his students. He knows that many of them drink to get drunk at least twice a week. He decides to give them a substance abuse lecture but is unsure whether or not he should mention safe ways to drink or merely focus on instilling fear in them about drinking at all. After reviewing the past research he decides that a more effective way to persuade the students is .

A) instilling fear in addition to good information about "what to do"
B) systematic desensitization to alcohol messages
C) focusing on heightening their fear
D) the peripheral route to persuasion

Question 54

Which of the following characteristics would be the least likely to enhance the persuasiveness of a communicator?

A) having a communicator who is physically attractive
B) having a communicator who is perceived as being similar to you
C) having a communicator who conveys a very strong viewpoint
D) having a communicator who is likeable

Question 55

The central route to persuasion has been found to be the most effective for people who:

A) score high on measures of social loafing.
B) have a high need for cognition.
C) rely more heavily on communicator attractiveness and similarity.
D) are more prone to cognitive dissonance.

Question 56

When trying to persuade someone, which of the following strategies would be the most effective?

A) present both your opinion and the opposition's arguments, and then discuss the weakness of both sides
B) present only your opinion
C) present only the opposition's arguments and then refute them
D) present both your opinion and the opposition's arguments and then refute the opposition's arguments

Question 57

Cognitive dissonance theory assumes that counterattitudinal behaviours change attitudes because they generate an uncomfortable state of tension, while another theory argues that the same changes are the product of logically inferring attitudes based on the observation of behaviour. This is _.

A) self-perception theory
B) social identity theory
C) realistic conflict theory
D) the theory of planned behaviour

Question 58

Participants in a study freely engage in a behaviour that is contrary to their attitudes. This behaviour causes an increase in physiological arousal, but the experimenter tells the participants that this arousal is the product of a placebo pill they have taken. Under these conditions, we would not expect the participants to change their attitudes to be more in line with their behaviour, a finding that is most consistent with theory.

A) the theory of planned behaviour
B) self-justification
C) social identity theory
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 59

Don went to three different dances this past week. Prior to this, he had a slightly negative attitude towards dancing, but after observing his behaviour, he starts to conclude that he must in fact enjoy it, otherwise he wouldn't have attended so many dances. This change in Don's attitude is most consistent with the predictions of:

A) self-perception theory.
B) cognitive dissonance theory.
C) social identity theory.
D) the theory of planned behaviour.

Question 60

If you are using fear to persuade someone, research suggests that it is best when the message evokes a moderate level of fear. If you are presented with the task of trying to persuade someone to a discrepant viewpoint, you are generally better off if you present your message with a degree of discrepancy.

A) high
B) low
C) moderate
D) certain

Question 61

Under which of the following conditions would we expect the presence of other people to have the strongest negative effect on performance?

A) when a task is easy and not well learned
B) when a task is complex and well learned
C) when a task is easy and well learned
D) when a task is complex and not well learned

Question 62

Sets of norms that specify how people in a particular social position are expected to behave are _.

A) social rules
B) social roles
C) social norms
D) social standards

Question 63

Which of the following statements regarding social norms and roles is most accurate?

A) Social roles consist of sets of social norms.
B) Social norms consist of sets of social roles.
C) Social norms and social roles both achieve their effects through informative social influence.
D) Social norms and social roles are essentially synonymous.

Question 64

During a murder trial, two expert witnesses testify as to the accuracy of the DNA statistics. The two experts have conflicting opinions. James is a juror who finds the scientific evidence hard to understand, but he finds that he is more attracted to one of the experts for the defence because she is young and reminds him of his daughter. When James is persuaded by her testimony and discounts the testimony of the other expert, he is using:

A) a self-serving bias
B) the central route to persuasion
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) the peripheral route to persuasion

Question 65

A young child decides to dress more like his peers in order to avoid their rejection and teasing. This child is best demonstrating the effect of:

A) stereotype threat.
B) groupthink.
C) normative social influence.
D) self-serving bias.

Question 66

Muzafer Sherif found that when groups of people viewed a stationary dot of light in a dark room, the people perceived the dot to move in a phenomenon called the autokinetic effect. When comparing their experiences in small groups after viewing the dot, groups came to slightly different conclusions regarding how much the dot had moved and provided some insight into how are formed.

A) prejudices
B) social norms
C) social roles
D) attributions

Question 67

Janie's basketball team has collected money to buy the coach a gift at the end of the season. Most of the girls want to get the coach a gift certificate to her favourite restaurant, but Janie and Susie want to get her tickets to the Final Four tournament that year. After a lot of discussion, Janie and Susie agree to get the gift certificate. Some of the other girls pointed out that the restaurant certificate would be better because this way the coach could take her husband and they did not have enough money to get two tournament tickets. This made Janie and Susie change their opinion about the best gift. The two girls conformed due to:

A) group think
B) social facilitation
C) normative social influence
D) informational social influence

Question 68

Asch demonstrated that a substantial percentage of participants conformed to obviously inaccurate line judgements made by several confederates. Follow-up interviews with the participants revealed that:

A) only informational social influence appeared to be responsible for these results.
B) only normative social influence appeared to be responsible for these results.
C) neither informational nor normative social influence were responsible for these results.
D) both informational and normative social influence were responsible for these results.

Question 69

Social facilitation refers to:

A) the shared expectations about how people should think, feel, and behave.
B) relating one's personal attributes, abilities, and opinions to those of other people.
C) an increased tendency to perform one's dominant response in the presence of others.
D) how people in a given social position ought to behave.

Question 70

Norman Triplett accurately predicted that bicycle racing times would be faster when individuals raced in groups. This effect is currently explained by the modern construct called _.

A) group polarization
B) social facilitation
C) the primacy effect
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 71

A person who changes her personal investment strategy based on the advice of her knowledgeable financial advisor is best demonstrating the power of social influence.

A) normative
B) informational
C) facilitative
D) self-serving

Question 72

The fact that Japanese individuals typically sit farther apart when conversing than Americans do, and that Greeks are more likely than Europeans to touch during social interaction are best considered as examples of:

A) stereotype threat.
B) informational social influence.
C) groupthink.
D) social norms.

Question 73

You are leading a group of 25 adults on a tour of your campus and as you pass the tennis courts, you all stop to watch. Half of the courts contain students who are just learning to play tennis, while next to them are several exceptional tennis players from your college tennis team. According to the social facilitation effect, which of the following would you expect?

A) The novice tennis players should perform worse, while the expert tennis players should perform better.
B) Both the novice and expert tennis players should perform better.
C) Both the novice and expert tennis players should perform worse.
D) The expert tennis players should perform worse, while the novice tennis players should perform better.

Question 74

Anne has been practicing her new ballet moves all week. She wants to earn a role in the local ballet company's latest show. Although she has learned the moves very well, she is still making mistakes the night before the audition. According to the social facilitation phenomenon, at the audition, in front of an audience, Anne will:

A) become distracted by the audience and create new moves at the audition
B) make the same number of mistakes as when she practiced
C) make more mistakes than she usually did at home practicing
D) perform the ballet moves correctly

Question 75

Asch found that all of the following factors served to decrease conformity in his experiments except:

A) having a smaller group.
B) when financial incentives were offered for a difficult task, making a mistake more costly.
C) when financial incentives were offered for an easy task, making a mistake more costly.
D) the presence of one dissenter.

Question 76

Aaron has been trying to improve his time in the 100 metre run. He often practices at the track late at night with his girlfriend timing him. To his amazement, when his friend, Benjamin, who is an excellent runner, volunteers to run with him, his time actually ________.

A) worsens due to Benjamin's speed
B) improves due to the mere presence of another person
C) improves due to Benjamin's speed
D) worsens due to the mere presence of another person

Question 77

The phenomenon of how the mere presence of others can function to increase the likelihood of an individual's dominant response in a given situation is called _.

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy
B) normative social influence
C) the self-serving bias
D) social facilitation

Question 78

Normative social influence involves conforming in order to be accepted by others or to avoid social rejection, while people conforming to the behaviours or opinions of others because they believe that these others have accurate knowledge and know what is "right" involves social influence.

A) transformational
B) informational
C) facilitative
D) confirmational

Question 79

When Mrs. Jones asks her kindergarten class, "Who is looking forward to summer vacation?" every student raises his or her hand. Notice that Mrs. Jones did not ask them to raise their hands they just know that is the socially acceptable way to respond to the question. The behaviour of raising your hand in elementary school is an example of:

A) groupthink
B) social norms
C) social facilitation
D) theory of planned behaviour

Question 80

You behave in the same way as a certain professor does because you believe the professor has accurate knowledge and is doing the "right" thing. Your action best represents the phenomenon of:

A) social comparison.
B) normative social influence.
C) informational social influence.
D) social facilitation.