Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Maslow held the assumption that people are motivated to achieve their potentials by a range of needs, from basic biological needs for safety and nutrition to spiritual growth needs. Maslow proposed the concept of:

A) a need hierarchy
B) a motivation range
C) progressive instincts
D) overjustification

Answer 1

a need hierarchy

Question 2

According to Hull's drive theory of motivation, various drives are produced:

A) by specific instincts that are common to both humans and animals.
B) when we value a goal and expect that certain behaviours will lead to its accomplishment.
C) when there is a physiological disruption of homeostasis.
D) when our growth needs are not being met.

Answer 2

when there is a physiological disruption of homeostasis.

Question 3

The concepts of deficiency needs and growth needs are both central to ________ approach to motivation.

A) Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic
B) Clark Hull's drive theory
C) B.F. Skinner's behavioural
D) Abraham Maslow's humanistic

Answer 3

Abraham Maslow's humanistic

Question 4

According to Maslow's need hierarchy, people must first satisfy their need for security and safety before they can turn their attention to their next deficiency need of _ .

A) affiliation and love
B) spirituality
C) knowledge and understanding
D) food

Question 5

An approach to motivation that proposes that motivated behaviour stems from a person's beliefs that particular behaviours will lead to a goal and from the worth that a person places on that goal is called theory.

A) expectancy x value
B) social exchange
C) drive
D) intrinsic motivation

Question 6

Modern evolutionary theorists explain and understand motivation with reference to the concept of _.

A) instincts
B) adaptive significance
C) expectancies
D) growth needs

Question 7

If you enjoy an activity for its own sake then the activity is said to be high in:

A) external motivation.
B) goal-related motivation.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 8

Some motivational researchers make an important distinction between types of motivation, extrinsic motivation involves performing an activity to obtain an external reward or prize, as opposed to engaging in an activity for its own sake because it is enjoyable or engaging, which is motivation.

A) intrinsic
B) drive
C) expectancy
D) self-actualization

Question 9

When discussing the origins of altruistic behaviour evident in many individuals across many circumstances, Dr. Kim asserts that even though it doesn't necessarily benefit the individual, there must have been some kind of adaptive significance produced by this kind of behaviour or it would not be present today. Based on this information, Dr. Kim would most likely identify with which of the following approaches to motivation?

A) social learning theory
B) incentive theory
C) humanistic theory
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 10

According to the expectancy x value theory of motivation, the worth that an individual places on a goal is often called the:

A) effort value.
B) motivation value.
C) reinforcement value.
D) incentive value.

Question 11

Hull's drive theory assumes that there is a significant causal relation between which of the following constructs?

A) drives and instincts
B) instincts and homeostasis
C) drives and needs
D) drives and homeostasis

Question 12

According to modern evolutionary theory, humans are social creatures because social behaviour:

A) is intrinsically motivating.
B) is instinctual.
C) satisfies our need for growth.
D) presumably produces survival advantages.

Question 13

A motivation theorist who believes in the expectancy x value theory of motivation would most likely say that two people can respond differently to the same incentive because:

A) they have different deficiency needs.
B) they evaluate the worth of the incentive differently.
C) they have different unconscious motives.
D) they have different drives.

Question 14

An important clue about the definition of the term "motivation" is revealed if we look at its derivation. The root of the word "motivation" in Latin is:

A) to inspire.
B) to achieve.
C) to move.
D) to pursue.

Question 15

The general processes that affect the direction, persistence, and strength of goal-directed behaviour are referred to as _.

A) incentive
B) instinct
C) motivation
D) drive

Question 16

An inherited characteristic that produces a particular response when an organism is exposed to a particular stimulus and is common to all members of a species is called a(n):

A) incentive.
B) drive.
C) motive.
D) instinct.

Question 17

This theorist proposed that the primary goal of motivated behaviour is reducing drives. His name is:

A) B.F. Skinner
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Clark Hull
D) Charles Darwin

Question 18

Sara and Frank are competing for the same new job. They both very much want the job and believe that it would substantially help their careers. Frank isn't sure that he has the job or interview skills needed to get the job and as a result, he puts a little less effort into his resume and job interview. Sara, on the other hand, believes that she has good interview skills and thinks that she has the talent to get the job. As a result, she prepares at bit harder for this position. The expectancy x value theory of motivation, would most likely explain this difference in motivation as being due to:

A) their different growth needs.
B) their different internal drives.
C) their different expectancies regarding their goal-related behaviours.
D) the different values they placed on the job.

Question 19

Tim is just learning to play the piano and, somewhat surprisingly, he already enjoys playing it even though he isn't very good. Tim's parents would like to see him develop his skills so they decide to pay Tim $10.00 at the end of each week if he has satisfactorily practiced all his lessons. Motivation theorists familiar with the overjustification hypothesis would argue that the rewards being offered by Tim's parents may decrease Tim's interest in piano by motivation.

A) enhancing his instinctual
B) enhancing his growth
C) undermining his growth
D) undermining his intrinsic

Question 20

The body's tendency to maintain an internal state of physiological balance is referred to as the concept of _.

A) homeostasis
B) internal consistency
C) stasis
D) equilibrium

Question 21

When hungry animals are injected with this peptide, they will stop feeding or reduce the size of their meals. This peptide is called:

A) estrogen
B) androgen
C) cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) glucose

Question 22

Researchers have observed that both humans and animals experience a temporary rise and fall of the nutrient glucose:

A) just after snacking.
B) immediately after binge eating.
C) when the stomach is full.
D) just prior to experiencing hunger.

Question 23

Scientists learned about how leptin regulates food intake and weight by studying:

A) animals that have had their stomachs removed.
B) people with bulimia.
C) people with anorexia.
D) genetically obese mice.

Question 24

Your intestines respond to the ingestion of food by releasing this peptide, which travels to the brain and stimulates the receptors sites of brain regions that decrease eating. This peptide is called:

A) leptin
B) estrogen
C) cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) glucose

Question 25

If the glucose levels of a person are experimentally manipulated such that they first rise and then drop, the person will most likely:

A) decrease their metabolism.
B) binge or overeat.
C) experience hunger.
D) experience satiety.

Question 26

One of the criticisms of Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy is that people may still pursue their need for love and affiliation, even when presumably lower needs, such as the need for , have not yet been satisfied or met.

A) esteem and the respect of others
B) self-actualization
C) knowledge and understanding
D) security

Question 27

Maslow proposed that if a lower-level need is no longer satisfied, we focus on meeting that need as we are experiencing _.

A) need regression
B) growth needs
C) intrinsic motivation
D) deficiency needs

Question 28

Rats with mutations to the ob gene become obese because:

A) their fat cells do not produce leptin.
B) the receptors in their brains are insensitive to leptin.
C) the receptors in their brains are overly sensitive to leptin.
D) their fat cells produce too much leptin.

Question 29

If the nerves from the stomach to the brain are severed in animals they:

A) still experience hunger but not satiety.
B) experience neither hunger nor satiety.
C) still experience satiety but not hunger.
D) still experience both hunger and satiety.

Question 30

Initial research found that when the ventromedial hypothalamus(VMH) of rats was electrically stimulated, the rats:

A) refused to eat, often to the point of starvation.
B) began eating normally after a period of gluttony.
C) experienced the normal signals of satiety.
D) became gluttons and their body weights frequently doubled or tripled.

Question 31

Which of the following are assumed to serve as satiety signals, telling the brain that the stomach is full?

A) decreasing concentration levels of glucose
B) increasing concentration levels of glucose
C) stomach contractions
D) stomach and intestinal distention

Question 32

A man receives a small dose of the peptide CCK (cholecystokinin). The results from previous studies that have utilized this procedure suggest that he will:

A) shortly experience hunger pangs.
B) experience a strong desire to binge or overeat.
C) report feeling full after eating a smaller than normal meal.
D) be unable to respond to hunger or satiety signals sent from his stomach.

Question 33

An important role in the signalling and initiating of hunger is the temporary rise and fall of _.

A) glucose
B) estrogen
C) cholecystokinin (CCK)
D) leptin

Question 34

Which of the following statements regarding the set point concept is most accurate?

A) The set point notion is only a myth and has not been empirically substantiated by research.
B) Researchers agree unanimously that there is no such thing as a set point and research continues to determine whether people can "settle in" to a new weight.
C) The vast majority of researchers assert that the set point concept is invalid and holds false for the body weight of all persons.
D) Some researchers feel it is a valid concept, while others argue that though it is difficult, it is possible to "settle in" to a new weight.

Question 35

Some researchers assume that there is a fixed internal physiological standard around which a person's body weight is regulated called a _.

A) critical point
B) homeostatic weight
C) set point
D) metabolically ideal weight

Question 36

Your body's individual rate of energy or calorie consumption is referred to as its:

A) digestive efficiency.
B) homeostasis.
C) fat cell ratio.
D) metabolism.

Question 37

When the hormone leptin is released into the blood, an animal will most likely experience:

A) a temporary rise and drop in the level of glucose.
B) stomach contractions.
C) an increase in appetite.
D) a decrease in appetite.

Question 38

Hunger researchers initially assumed that a certain region of the brain region is responsible for initiating hunger and eating because when it was electrically stimulated, animals would begin to eat. This brain region was called the:

A) paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
B) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
C) lateral hypothalamus (LH)
D) ascending reticular formation (ARF)

Question 39

Energy expended in your body is used to maintain your basal metabolism which involves the continuous work of resting cells in your body. The amount of this energy is approximately percent.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 85
D) 66

Question 40

Fat cells in the body actively regulate the processes of food intake and weight regulation by secreting a hormone to decrease appetite. This hormone is called:

A) estrogen
B) androgen
C) glucose
D) leptin

Question 41

Which of the following was mentioned as a factor that makes it more difficult for people to lose weight?

A) Obese people have lower levels of insulin in their bodies.
B) The bodies of overweight people tend to respond to food deprivation with increased energy expenditure.
C) Dieting tends to increase basal metabolism.
D) Substantial weight gain makes it difficult to exercise vigorously.

Question 42

Research conducted by Fallon and Rozin (1985) demonstrated that college women overestimated how thin they should be to conform to men's preferences, and that men ________ how bulky they should be to conform to women's preferences.

A) accurately estimated
B) underestimated
C) could not estimate
D) overestimated

Question 43

From animal research findings, it appears that when leptin reaches the hypothalamus it inhibits the activity of neurons that release , thereby reducing appetite.

A) glucose
B) neuropeptide
C) insulin
D) androgen

Question 44

Initial research suggested that the lateral hypothalamus (LH) was a "hunger on" centre in the brain, but more recent research has revealed that neurons in a different centre play an important role in triggering and reducing hunger. This centre is called:

A) ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
B) cholecystokinin (CCK)
C) ascending reticular formation (ARF)
D) paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Question 45

Researchers have determined that meals tend to last longer and people tend to eat more food when they eat _ _.

A) a greater variety of foods
B) alone
C) the same thing repeatedly
D) with other people

Question 46

The case of the Pima Indians of Arizona demonstrates how:

A) genetic and environmental factors can interact to produce obesity.
B) environmental and personality factors can interact to produce obesity.
C) genetic factors largely determine obesity.
D) personality and genetic factors can interact to produce obesity.

Question 47

In general, people who are heavier tend to have lower self-esteem. Research has indicated that:

A) this relationship is stronger for women than it is for men.
B) this relationship is equally strong in men and women.
C) this relationship only holds true for women.
D) this relationship is stronger for men than it is for women.

Question 48

Research on Playboy magazine centrefolds and Miss America contestants between the 1950s and 1990s has revealed a trend for an "ideal" body shape for women that is ________.

A) large and realistic
B) thin and realistic
C) large and unrealistic
D) thin and unrealistic

Question 49

Which of the following directly demonstrates that genetics play an important role in obesity?

A) Obesity rates in the U.S. and Canada have increased rapidly in the past few years as a function of obese individuals producing offspring.
B) Scientists have determined that most of the time, a single gene appears to determine obesity.
C) Technological advances have decreased the need for daily physical activity in certain people who carry the obesity gene.
D) Identical twins raised apart are about as similar in body mass as identical twins raised together.

Question 50

The perspective that claims that some cultures teach women to view their bodies as objects, which in turn can lead to self-imposed eating restrictions or even eating disorders is known as:

A) management by objectives theory.
B) drive theory.
C) objectification theory.
D) expectancy x value theory.

Question 51

Modern research on the physiological mechanisms responsible for hunger have revealed that:

A) as a function of hunger regulation, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is the location of both the "hunger on" and "hunger off" centres.
B) as a function of hunger regulation, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the location of both the "hunger on" and "hunger off" centres.
C) while involved in hunger regulation, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) are not actually "hunger on" and "hunger off" centres.
D) as a function of hunger regulation, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is the "hunger on" centre and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the "hunger off" centre.

Question 52

According to Fredrickson and Roberts' objectification theory, American culture specifically teaches women:

A) how to become obsessive perfectionists.
B) to view their bodies as things or commodities, much as external observers would.
C) that they have to control their weight and food intake in order to feel safe.
D) to use food and harmful eating habits to regulate negative emotions.

Question 53

According to the text, the most obvious environmental factor that influences eating is the:

A) number of people with whom we are eating.
B) taste of food.
C) variety of food.
D) availability of food.

Question 54

For people who are overweight, their bodies tend to respond to food deprivation that is brought about by dieting by decreasing the rate of basal metabolism. This metabolic shift in response to dieting tends to over time.

A) become less pronounced
B) remain the same
C) facilitate weight loss
D) become more pronounced

Question 55

Which of the following was specifically mentioned as a cultural factor that can influence eating behaviours?

A) the time of day that food is served
B) the taste of food
C) the smell of food
D) the presentation of the food served

Question 56

We can learn to associate the smell and sight of food with its taste and, thus, these stimuli can serve to trigger a hunger response. This is best explained through the constructs of theory.

A) operant conditioning
B) avoidance conditioning
C) modeling
D) classical conditioning

Question 57

Research with animals and human experience both suggest that we eat more when we eat from what is called a cafeteria diet. This increase is thought to occur because in this type of eating setting, we tend to eat:

A) a greater variety of foods.
B) with other people.
C) alone.
D) quickly.

Question 58

According to recent studies, between 40 to 70 percent of body mass variation among people is accounted for by:

A) cultural factors.
B) environmental factors.
C) genetic factors.
D) personality and individual difference factors.

Question 59

Prior to World War II, Pima Indians had normal rates of obesity and diabetes in their culture, but as their culture changed and they adopted a more Westernized diet and lifestyle, the rates of these two problems dramatically increased, demonstrating ________.

A) how environmental and personality factors can interact to produce obesity
B) how the environment can interact with genetics to determine obesity
C) how access to medical assistance might determine obesity
D) the power of genetic factors in determining obesity

Question 60

Research on the possible psychological causes of obesity has determined that:

A) the evidence suggesting that psychological factors causes obesity is rather weak.
B) lack of willpower is consistently responsible for obesity.
C) obese people are more sensitive to food cues, such as the smell of food.
D) obesity is primarily caused by people overeating to cope with stress.

Question 61

The fact that both men and women rate watching their partner undress as very appealing was discussed in the text as an example of how can affect sexual arousal.

A) environmental stimuli
B) biological factors
C) personality factors
D) cultural factors

Question 62

In Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle, the onset of vasocongestion occurs in the:

A) resolution phase.
B) excitement phase.
C) orgasm phase.
D) plateau phase.

Question 63

The refractory period, during which males are temporarily unable to have another orgasm, occurs during the phase of the sexual response cycle.

A) resolution
B) vasocongestion
C) orgasm
D) plateau

Question 64

During the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle:

A) males and females experience pleasurable involuntary contractions.
B) males are temporarily unable to have an orgasm.
C) the physiological arousal that was initiated in the previous phase continues to build.
D) there is an initial rapid increase in physiological arousal.

Question 65

A man who has difficulty maintaining an erection or a woman who has difficulty lubricating or becoming aroused may have what is called a sexual dysfunction, which is caused _.

A) by anxiety to perform
B) by psychological factors
C) by a multitude of biological, environmental, and psychological factors
D) by injuries and diseases

Question 66

Which of the following lists the four phases of sexual response, in correct order?

A) excitement, plateau, resolution, orgasm
B) plateau, excitement, resolution, orgasm
C) excitement, orgasm, plateau, resolution
D) excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 67

According to the results of a study conducted by Edward Laumann et al. (1994), about 50 percent of men and about of women fantasize about sex at least once a day.

A) 95 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 80 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 68

In the usual development of the male embryo, the typical male pattern of genital, brain, and reproductive development occurs as a function of activity.

A) sufficient estrogen
B) a lack of estrogen
C) a lack of androgen
D) sufficient androgen

Question 69

According to the text, occasionally fantasizing during sexual intercourse:

A) is a sign of dissatisfaction with your partner.
B) is a symptom of sexual dysfunction.
C) is something usually done by people who lack interest in sex.
D) is relatively common for most sexually active people.

Question 70

With regard to the activational effects of sex hormones in men and women, it has been found that:

A) androgens serve to sexually excite both men and women.
B) estrogens serve to sexually excite both men and women.
C) androgens serve to sexually excite men and estrogens serve to sexually excite women.
D) androgens and estrogens are both responsible for sexual excitation in men and women.

Question 71

Researcher Heiman (1975) found that both women and men were aroused by listening to tape-recorded erotic stories. She also found that the strongest arousal occurred when the stories focused on _.

A) an assertive male character
B) a passive male character
C) a passive female character
D) an assertive female character

Question 72

Physiological arousal builds rapidly and blood flow increases to the organs in and around the genitals in a process called vasocongestion during the phase of the sexual response cycle.

A) excitement
B) resolution
C) stimulation
D) plateau

Question 73

One of the things that makes it difficult for obese people to lose weight is that they have difficulty with the conversion of food nutrients into fat cells. This process is a function of the high levels of in their system.

A) leptin
B) insulin
C) glucose
D) androgen

Question 74

Over the last 40 years, one of the major trends that has been observed with regard to sexuality is that premarital sex has become more common in a number of countries. Recent data suggest that this trend may be _.

A) increasing
B) levelling off or reversing
C) only applicable in North America
D) decreasing

Question 75

In general, both males and females experience the sexual response cycle in similar ways EXCEPT:

A) males do not experience the resolution phase
B) males experience a refractory period
C) females experience a refractory period
D) females do not experience the resolution phase

Question 76

In humans, normal short-term hormonal fluctuations have effect on sexual arousability.

A) a cyclic
B) relatively little
C) a suppressing
D) an elevating

Question 77

Which of the following was discussed as one of the psychological factors than can increase sexual arousal?

A) performance anxiety
B) increased levels of androgen
C) sexual fantasy
D) stress

Question 78

If there is an absence of sufficient androgen activity during development, an embryo will:

A) eventually also suffer from lower levels of estrogen.
B) develop the organs, brain, and reproductive systems of a male.
C) develop the organs, brain, and reproductive systems of a female.
D) trigger the release of extra estrogen to compensate.

Question 79

Which of the following statements regarding dieting is most accurate?

A) We don't have a good estimate of how effective diets are because we rarely see people who are able to effectively diet on their own without assistance.
B) Surprisingly, modern research indicates that about 80 to 85 percent of people on diets are able to effectively maintain their new and desired weights.
C) Modern research supports the adage that "95 percent of people who lose weight will regain it in a year."
D) Contrary to popular beliefs, modern research suggests that only 35 to 45 percent of people on a diet will regain the weight they have lost within a year.

Question 80

The way that cultural factors can have an impact on sexual behaviour was made most clear in which of the following examples?

A) the sex research of William Masters and Virginia Johnson
B) the fact that 20 percent of American men say that sex is not pleasurable
C) the fact that 20 percent of American women fantasize about sex at least once a day
D) the sexual attitudes of people on the island of Inis Beag