Deck 16: Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years

Question 1

Which of the following is a feature of energy intake and longevity?

A)Improvements in longevity depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount of body fat
B)Restriction of energy intake in genetically obese animals does not seem to improve longevity
C)Biochemical markers for longevity in humans are improved only when energy intake is reduced by at least one-third
D)The activities of the genes of older mice on energy-restricted diets are similar to those of mice on standard diets

Answer 1

A

Question 2

All of the following are characteristics of body weight and older people except

A)a higher body weight reduces the risk of sarcopenia.
B)being overweight at age 75 does not reduce longevity.
C)being moderately overweight may not carry health risks.
D)a low body weight may be more detrimental than a high one.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

People who persistently restrict energy intake by 30% for 30 years can expect to increase longevity by up to how many years?

A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Approximately what percentage of a person's life expectancy is dependent upon his personal behavior?

A)0
B)25
C)50
D)75

Question 5

What was the average life expectancy of a person born in the year 1900?

A)47 years
B)55 years
C)61 years
D)68 years

Question 6

What minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable improvements in body fat, blood pressure, insulin response, and blood lipids?

A)10%
B)25%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 7

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for energy restriction and improved longevity in animals?

A)Reduced oxidative stress
B)Increased metabolic rate
C)Enhanced lipid oxidation
D)Accelerated growth and development

Question 8

What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years?

A)BMI
B)Alcohol use
C)Chronological age
D)Regular physical activity

Question 9

Which of the following is a feature of the stress response in men and women?

A)Women's general reactions to stress are different than those of men
B)The ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men
C)The secretion of epinephrine is suppressed in elderly women compared with elderly men
D)Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much less well by elderly men compared with elderly women

Question 10

Studies of adults show that longevity is related, in part, to all of the following except

A)weight control.
B)regularity of meals.
C)short periods of sleep.
D)no or moderate alcohol intake.

Question 11

What would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter?

A)25 years
B)50 years
C)70 years
D)125 years

Question 12

What is the life expectancy of white males and females in the United States?

A)62-68 years
B)76-81 years
C)82-86 years
D)87-90 years

Question 13

What is the life expectancy of black males and females in the United States?

A)70-77 years
B)78-85 years
C)85-89 years
D)90-93 years

Question 14

Approximately what percentage of a person's life expectancy is under control of her genes?

A)0
B)25
C)50
D)75

Question 15

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?

A)21-30 years
B)35-50 years
C)Over 65 years
D)Over 85 years

Question 16

The relationship of overweight and health risks diminishes with age, starting after age

A)45.
B)55.
C)65.
D)75.

Question 17

In people who practice energy restriction to prolong life, hunger becomes persistent when kcal intake first drops by what percentage?

A)30
B)40
C)50
D)60

Question 18

Approximately how many years is the maximum human life span?

A)75
B)100
C)115
D)130

Question 19

What fraction of the U.S.population is at least 65 years old?

A)1/100
B)1/30
C)1/8
D)1/3

Question 20

Which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats?

A)Restriction of specific nutrients exerted antiaging effects
B)Energy-restricted diets led to life extension in 90% of the rats
C)Energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature
D)Restriction of food intake only after rats reached maturity, but not before, resulted in extension of life span

Question 21

Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old versus a 30 year old?

A)2
B)10
C)20
D)30

Question 22

All of the following are characteristics of tooth loss in the elderly except

A)people without teeth have low intakes of fiber and vitamins.
B)properly-fitted dentures are less effective than natural teeth.
C)people without teeth commonly consume fewer fruits and vegetables.
D)the consumption of applesauce instead of apples and creamed corn instead of corn on the cob reduces nutrient bioavailability and impairs nutritional health.

Question 23

Among the elderly, malnutrition is most common in those living

A)in nursing homes.
B)with their children.
C)at home with others.
D)at home by themselves.

Question 24

What is the highest age group recognized in the Dietary Reference Intakes?

A)40 years and over
B)50 years and over
C)65 years and over
D)71 years and older

Question 25

Mary is 75 years old and has been getting sick recently and losing weight.After assessing all symptoms, her doctor diagnoses atrophic gastritis and prescribes an antibiotic.All of the following are symptoms associated with this condition except

A)diarrhea.
B)acid reflux.
C)weight loss.
D)stomach pain.

Question 26

John is 60 years old and has been experiencing numbness in his hands for the past 3 months.His doctor suspects that John is not producing enough hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and encourages him to eat more foods containing vitamin B₁₂.What is wrong with this suggestion?

A)People missing intrinsic factor cannot digest foods containing vitamin B₁₂ and will develop diarrhea
B)Intrinsic factor is not associated with vitamin B₁₂ and eating more foods containing it would have no effect on John's health
C)It is improbable that a lack of hydrochloric acid production and intrinsic factor are associated with the numbness that John is experiencing
D)Because John has no intrinsic factor, he cannot efficiently utilize vitamin B₁₂ from natural sources and would need a vitamin B₁₂-fortified food or supplement

Question 27

All of the following are characteristics of vitamin B₁₂ nutrition in older people except

A)the RDA is the same as for younger adults.
B)older adults are advised to obtain most of their vitamin B₁₂ from fortified foods and supplements.
C)up to 30% of those over 50 years of age are at risk of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency due to atrophic gastritis.
D)the DRI Committee recommends that older people increase their meat intake to provide adequate vitamin B₁₂.

Question 28

Which of the following is a recent finding on vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?

A)Self-synthesis capacity is high
B)The skin's capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced
C)The presence of atrophic gastritis reduces bioavailability of the vitamin
D)Symptoms of deficiency include dermatitis and diminished taste acidity

Question 29

Which of the following terms describes an immune system that is inefficient and overactive in the aged?

A)Inflammaging
B)Dysphagic cell mass
C)Sarcopenic undermining
D)Endentulous-induced wasting

Question 30

What is sarcopenia?

A)Loss of central visual activity
B)Loss of muscle mass and strength
C)Aging-induced chronic inflammation of the stomach
D)Intestinal dysmotility from excessive use of laxatives

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic of aging and the immune system?

A)Immunity in older people does not seem to be affected by regular exercise
B)In the United States, infectious diseases are a minor cause of deaths in the elderly
C)Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition
D)Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating older people who have deficient immune systems

Question 32

A person with dysphagia has

A)no teeth.
B)low immunity.
C)difficulty swallowing.
D)diminished muscle mass.

Question 33

Which of the following describes the nutrient needs of older people?

A)They vary according to individual histories
B)They remain the same as in young adult life
C)They increase; therefore, supplementation is required
D)They decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition

Question 34

Atrophic gastritis is typically characterized by all of the following signs except

A)inflamed stomach mucosa.
B)lack of hydrochloric acid.
C)abundant bacteria in the stomach.
D)insufficient secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin.

Question 35

Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism?

A)They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth
B)They have a higher total body water content compared with younger adults
C)They show increased frequency of urination, which results in higher requirements
D)They frequently show symptoms of overhydration such as mental lapses and disorientation

Question 36

Approximately what percentage decline in basal metabolism is seen in an 80-year-old person compared with a 40-year-old?

A)1-2
B)2-4
C)4-8
D)8-16

Question 37

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in the elderly is least likely to occur from

A)intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
B)insufficient intake of vitamin B₁₂.
C)reduced output of intrinsic factor.
D)reduced output of hydrochloric acid.

Question 38

A person who is edentulous has

A)no teeth.
B)low immunity.
C)difficulty swallowing.
D)diminished muscle mass.

Question 39

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?

A)Most elderly receive near-RDA amounts of the vitamin
B)Aging reduces the kidneys' ability to convert vitamin D to its active form
C)The RDA for vitamin D in the elderly is lower due to less excretion by the kidneys
D)Most elderly rely primarily on self-synthesis of the vitamin due to their greater time spent outdoors

Question 40

A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to her

A)skin.
B)colon.
C)mouth.
D)stomach.

Question 41

All of the following are features of osteoarthritis except

A)high BMI is a risk factor.
B)nicotine intake reduces inflammation and increases flexibility.
C)it is the most common type of arthritis that disables older people.
D)weight loss improves the symptoms in the hands as well as the weight-bearing joints.

Question 42

What organ is affected by macular degeneration?

A)Bone
B)Eyes
C)Liver
D)Kidneys

Question 43

All of the following are characteristics of gout except

A)it has a higher prevalence in men.
B)dairy products seem to be protective.
C)it is considered a common form of arthritis.
D)it promotes formation of neurofibrillary tangles.

Question 44

Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in the elderly?

A)The DRI is 800-1000 mg
B)Calcium intakes are well below recommendations
C)Calcium supplements are not effective sources of calcium due to poor digestibility
D)Calcium from food is not well absorbed due to the intake of calcium-binding laxatives

Question 45

A condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is

A)lack of intrinsic factor.
B)loss of iron due to menopause.
C)blood loss from yearly physical testing procedures.
D)poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids.

Question 46

Which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults?

A)Zinc intake is adequate for about 95% of this group
B)Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity
C)Calcium intakes of females are near the RDA for this group
D)Calcium allowances for this group have recently been increased by the Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes

Question 47

Which of the following is thought to promote the development of brain senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles?

A)Oxidative stress
B)Excess acetylcholine
C)Dietary deficiency of choline
D)Low blood levels of homocysteine

Question 48

What are the thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye, thereby affecting vision, especially in the elderly?

A)Retinitis
B)Keratoids
C)Cataracts
D)Rhodolipids

Question 49

All of the following are features of arthritis except

A)the immune system is directly involved in rheumatoid arthritis.
B)weight loss improves the pain in the hands from osteoarthritis.
C)weight-bearing exercises often aggravate the pain from osteoarthritis.
D)supplements of glucosamine and chondroitin seem to reduce the pain of arthritis.

Question 50

Which of the following is not a common feature of gout?

A)It affects mostly men
B)It is a form of arthritis
C)It results from uric acid crystals in the joints
D)It is treated by reducing intake of milk products

Question 51

Jimmy is 33 years old and his obese parents each have cataracts in both eyes.They rarely eat fruits or vegetables and prefer a meat and potatoes existence.To reduce his risk of developing cataracts like his parents, Jimmy should incorporate all of the following into his diet except

A)maintaining a healthy body weight.
B)eating a variety of foods that contain carotenoids.
C)eating a variety of foods that contain vitamins C and E.
D)getting enough sleep at night to preserve the integrity of his eyes.

Question 52

What percentage of U.S.adults are affected by Alzheimer's disease after age 70?

A)0.5
B)1
C)10
D)20

Question 53

Glucosamine and/or chondroitin supplements are used by some people to treat symptoms of

A)arthritis.
B)sarcopenia.
C)pressure ulcers.
D)mild memory loss.

Question 54

Although many health-care professionals do not recommend a daily multivitamin-mineral supplement, the needs for which of the following nutrients are usually met from supplement use?

A)Calcium
B)Vitamin C
C)Vitamin D
D)Magnesium

Question 55

What nutrients appear to be protective of cataract formation?

A)Iron and calcium
B)Chromium and zinc
C)Vitamin B₁₂ and folate
D)Vitamin C and vitamin E

Question 56

Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation?

A)High in simple sugars, low in canned fruit
B)High in animal protein, low in canned fruit
C)Low in polyunsaturated fat, high in oleic acid
D)Low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids

Question 57

Which of the following foods seems to benefit rheumatoid arthritis in some people?

A)Milk
B)Olive oil
C)Iodized salt
D)Refined cereals

Question 58

To prevent and treat the high incidence of constipation in the elderly, all of the following practices are known to be effective except

A)eating more legumes.
B)drinking more water.
C)increasing physical activity.
D)taking vitamin B₁₂ injections.

Question 59

Factors known to be related to the appearance of Alzheimer's disease include all of the following except

A)an increase in free radicals.
B)an increase in beta-amyloid.
C)a decrease in acetylcholine synthesis.
D)a decrease in homocysteine synthesis.

Question 60

All of the following are characteristics of age-related macular degeneration except

A)it is the leading cause of vision loss in older people.
B)risk factors include sunlight-induced oxidative stress.
C)dietary omega-3 fatty acids from fish may be protective.
D)therapy includes elimination of purine-containing foods.

Question 61

All of the following are features of the Meals on Wheels program except

A)it is administered by volunteers.
B)it operates at least 5 days a week.
C)it provides the same social benefits as congregate meals.
D)the only qualification to receive benefits is achieving the age of 60 years.

Question 62

What is the main reason for dieting in the elderly?

A)To economize when food prices increase
B)To improve appearance among their peers
C)To pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose
D)To reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia

Question 63

Rose is a 73-year-old spunky, energetic woman who is wheel-chair bound.She cannot go to the grocery store and has no family members nearby.Which of the following would be the most appropriate suggestion for ensuring that Rose is obtaining adequate nutrition?

A)Suggest she attend congregate meals
B)Sign her up for the Meals on Wheels program
C)Suggest that Rose enter a nursing home that will cater to her every need
D)Have a volunteer buy in bulk from a grocery warehouse once a month and deliver the food to Rose

Question 64

Which of the following is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

A)It affects 60% of those over 80 years of age
B)It is responsive to dietary choline supplementation
C)It is associated with stability of brain nerve cell number
D)It is associated with clumps of beta-amyloid protein in the brain

Question 65

SNAP debit cards may be used to purchase all of the following except

A)soap.
B)seeds.
C)cereal.
D)cola beverages.

Question 66

What is the average monthly benefit for a recipient of SNAP?

A)$10
B)$35
C)$100
D)$145

Question 67

Which of the following is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers' markets and roadside stands?

A)Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program
B)Food Security for the Disadvantaged Elderly
C)Old Age and Survivors Health Benefits Program
D)Elderly Nutrition and Maintenance Food Co-Op

Question 68

What is the name of the largest U.S.national food recovery program?

A)Feeding America
B)Goodwill Food Assistance
C)Salvation Army Ready-to-Eat Meals
D)Food Salvage and Rescue Organization

Question 69

Which of the following is not a characteristic of poverty and hunger?

A)Hunger and obesity may exist in the same household
B)The highest rates of obesity occur among the poorest
C)The provision of food to the poor actually helps to prevent obesity
D)The poor prefer to purchase energy-dense foods despite their higher cost compared with vegetables

Question 70

What percentage of eligible people 60 years and older participate in nutrition assistance programs?

A)30
B)50
C)65
D)90

Question 71

A principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to Meals on Wheels is that

A)the cost of administering congregate meals is lower.
B)there are more social benefits to congregate meals.
C)nutritional benefits are greater with congregate meals.
D)more meals per week are served with congregate meals.

Question 72

Approximately how many people, in millions, are served by the U.S.Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program?

A)1
B)5
C)13
D)28

Question 73

What is the acronym for the food assistance program designed to help nutritionally at-risk children, infants, and pregnant women?

A)FAP
B)WIC
C)EAT
D)MOW

Question 74

What fraction of the U.S.population lives in poverty?

A)1/20
B)1/8
C)1/4
D)1/3

Question 75

Which of the following is the primary cause for hunger in the United States?

A)Poverty
B)High cost of food
C)Excessive food waste
D)Lack of nutrition education

Question 76

Which of the following is a feature of food choices and eating habits of older people?

A)The quality of life among older people has not improved since 1995
B)Older people spend less money on foods to eat at home than younger people
C)People over 65 are less likely to lose weight by dieting than are younger people
D)Most older people think of themselves as generally unhappy and in poor health

Question 77

Goals of the federal Older Americans Act nutrition program include the provision of all of the following except

A)transportation services.
B)high-cost nutritious meals.
C)opportunity for social interactions.
D)counseling and referral to other social services.

Question 78

What is the largest federal food assistance program in the United States?

A)WIC
B)EAT
C)National Food Resource Program
D)Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

Question 79

What is a congregate meal?

A)A meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center
B)A meal prepared for the elderly that meets one-third of the Dietary Recommended Intakes
C)A meal prepared for disadvantaged people of all ages to encourage communal gathering of diverse population groups
D)A meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for the elderly and served primarily to church congregations

Question 80

What fraction of the U.S.population receives food assistance of some kind?

A)1/25
B)1/15
C)1/5
D)1/3