Deck 12: Water and the Major Minerals

Question 1

What fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?

A)1/10
B)1/3
C)1/2
D)3/4

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Where is interstitial water found?

A)Within cells
B)Between cells
C)Within the lungs
D)Within blood vessels

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is a feature of water?

A)Not a vital nutrient
B)Not found in foods
C)Oxidized to yield energy
D)Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Among the following groups, which has the highest percentage of body water?

A)Elderly
B)Children
C)Obese people
D)Female adolescents

Question 5

The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately

A)0 to 0.5 liters.
B)0.5 to 1.5 liters.
C)1.5 to 2.5 liters.
D)3.0 to 4.0 liters.

Question 6

What minimum level of body weight loss as water impairs a person's physical performance?

A)1-2%
B)3-4%
C)5-9%
D)10-15%

Question 7

All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration except

A)thirst.
B)fatigue.
C)weakness.
D)spastic muscles.

Question 8

Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst?

A)Brain stem
B)Cerebellum
C)Optic nerve
D)Hypothalamus

Question 9

In the body, water that resides between cells is known as

A)diuretic fluid.
B)interstitial fluid.
C)edematous fluid.
D)intravascular fluid.

Question 10

Approximately how much water is in a loaf of bread?

A)2% of the loaf
B)5% of the loaf
C)20% of the loaf
D)35% of the loaf

Question 11

Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as

A)hypertension.
B)hyponatremia.
C)hyperkalemia.
D)water intoxication.

Question 12

Approximately how much water (lbs) is found in a 134-lb person?

A)34
B)65
C)80
D)105

Question 13

Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?

A)Iron
B)Water
C)Protein
D)Calcium

Question 14

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body?

A)Lubricant
B)Source of energy
C)Maintains protein structure
D)Participant in chemical reactions

Question 15

What is the body's most indispensable nutrient?

A)Fat
B)Water
C)Protein
D)Glucose

Question 16

The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed

A)life supporting fluid loss.
B)mandatory water fraction.
C)obligatory water excretion.
D)minimum daily water requirement.

Question 17

Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?

A)Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
B)Water losses from the body are highest through the feces
C)Chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer
D)Soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium and calcium

Question 18

What is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500 kcalories?

A)250 mL
B)650 mL
C)1,250 mL
D)2,500 mL

Question 19

What minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite?

A)1-2
B)3-4
C)5-6
D)7-8

Question 20

What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?

A)100
B)250
C)500
D)1,000

Question 21

Among the following, which promotes constriction of blood vessels resulting in elevation of blood pressure?

A)Phytates
B)Angiotensin
C)Aldosterone
D)Carbonic acid

Question 22

Ions that carry a positive charge are called

A)anions.
B)cations.
C)mineralytes.
D)valence ions.

Question 23

What pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water?

A)Thyroxine
B)Cortisone
C)Epinephrine
D)Antidiuretic hormone

Question 24

What is the major extracellular anion?

A)Sodium
B)Lactate
C)Sulfate
D)Chloride

Question 25

What is the major intracellular cation?

A)Sodium
B)Calcium
C)Phosphate
D)Potassium

Question 26

Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?

A)Soft water
B)Hard water
C)Natural water
D)Distilled water

Question 27

Which of the following is present in highest concentration in soft water?

A)Sodium
B)Calcium
C)Magnesium
D)Phosphorus

Question 28

Factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance include all of the following except

A)adrenaline.
B)aldosterone.
C)angiotensin.
D)antidiuretic hormone.

Question 29

What is the major extracellular cation?

A)Sodium
B)Sulfate
C)Protein
D)Potassium

Question 30

The approximate percentage of water in pizza is

A)5.
B)15.
C)30.
D)45.

Question 31

How does antidiuretic hormone function?

A)It activates renin
B)It activates angiotension
C)It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
D)It stimulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys

Question 32

Which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution?

A)Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water
B)Vigorously shake a mixture of corn oil and water
C)Dissolve a pinch of corn starch in a glass of water
D)Vigorously shake a pinch of table sugar in warm water

Question 33

Which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance?

A)Caffeine inhibits water absorption from the GI tract
B)Caffeine is known to act as a diuretic only when consumed as coffee or tea
C)Regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention of the interstitial fluid volume
D)Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages

Question 34

Aldosterone and renin each function to promote

A)electrolyte balance.
B)retention of sodium.
C)excretion of calcium.
D)constriction of blood vessels.

Question 35

What is the major intracellular anion?

A)Protein
B)Sodium
C)Phosphate
D)Bicarbonate

Question 36

What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?

A)Liver
B)Heart
C)Kidneys
D)Skeletal muscle

Question 37

Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?

A)100
B)250
C)500
D)750

Question 38

Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate

A)scurvy.
B)diabetes.
C)hypertension.
D)megaloblastic anemia.

Question 39

All of the following are properties of electrolytes except

A)they attract water.
B)they are charged particles.
C)they carry electrical current.
D)they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles.

Question 40

What is the function of renin?

A)Activates angiotensin
B)Activates antidiuretic hormone
C)Stimulates the thirst mechanism
D)Stimulates water absorption from the GI tract

Question 41

The normal blood pH range is approximately

A)6.80-7.15.
B)6.98-7.12.
C)7.35-7.45.
D)7.55-8.55.

Question 42

What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance?

A)Skin
B)Liver
C)Kidneys
D)Stomach

Question 43

What is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated?

A)Buffer action
B)Osmotic pressure
C)Permeable selectivity
D)Electrolyte imbalance

Question 44

Which of the following is a general property of the minerals?

A)When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
B)Absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals
C)Minerals in food can be degraded by certain processing methods
D)Some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light

Question 45

What is another term for hypertension?

A)High blood sodium
B)High blood pressure
C)Excessive mental stress
D)Excessive muscular contraction

Question 46

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A)A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell
B)A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell
C)A mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the circulation
D)A mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order to regulate organic acid concentration

Question 47

Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive?

A)10
B)25
C)50
D)100

Question 48

Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?

A)Intake is higher
B)Excretion is higher
C)Intake and excretion are equal
D)Excretion is unrelated to intake

Question 49

How much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g?

A)100 mg
B)125 mg
C)1,000 mg
D)2,500 mg

Question 50

Which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body?

A)Sodium
B)Chloride
C)Calcium
D)Potassium

Question 51

What is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body?

A)Activates andiotensin
B)Activates angiotensinogen
C)Helps with gastric digestion
D)Helps maintain acid-base balance

Question 52

When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?

A)Sodium and chloride
B)Bicarbonate and sulfate
C)Calcium and magnesium
D)Potassium and phosphate

Question 53

All of the following are common participants in the regulation of body fluid pH except

A)proteins.
B)oxalic acid.
C)bicarbonate.
D)carbonic acid.

Question 54

All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance except

A)the liver.
B)the lungs.
C)the kidneys.
D)blood buffers.

Question 55

What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane?

A)Hypotension
B)Hypertension
C)Osmotic pressure
D)Hypertonic pressure

Question 56

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent

A)dehydration.
B)constipation.
C)osteoporosis.
D)hypertension.

Question 57

All of the following are typical ingredients in an oral rehydration therapy formula except

A)salt.
B)water.
C)sugar.
D)protein.

Question 58

In a normal individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt?

A)Equilibrium
B)Slight positive balance
C)Strong positive balance
D)Moderate positive balance

Question 59

Salt-sensitive population groups include all of the following except

A)Caucasians.
B)African-Americans.
C)people with obesity.
D)people with diabetes.

Question 60

Which of the following events is specific to a salt-sensitive individual?

A)Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises
B)Immune system is activated when salt intake increases
C)Muscle cramps occur when body sodium becomes depleted
D)Thirst response is activated upon consumption of a sodium-rich food

Question 61

Which of the following minerals would a bulimia nervosa patient be likely to lose in the greatest amount?

A)Calcium
B)Chloride
C)Potassium
D)Phosphorus

Question 62

Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?

A)Participates in wound healing
B)Helps maintain gastric acidity
C)Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
D)Protects bone structures against degeneration

Question 63

What is hydroxyapatite?

A)Abnormal cellular structures seen in osteoporosis
B)The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
C)A calcium regulatory hormone secreted from the trabeculae region of bone
D)A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption

Question 64

Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure.His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan.Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg.How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam's restriction?

A)5
B)6.5
C)8
D)9.5

Question 65

Which of the following is not a feature of potassium deficiency?

A)It leads to hyperglycemia
B)It leads to higher blood pressure
C)It can be prevented by consumption of potatoes
D)It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources

Question 66

Approximately what percentage of the body's calcium is found in the blood?

A)1
B)5
C)15
D)25

Question 67

Why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity?

A)They can induce dehydration
B)They suppress the thirst mechanisms
C)They may lead to complete kidney failure
D)They reduce blood glucose concentration

Question 68

Which of the following is a major function of chloride?

A)Participates in wound healing
B)Helps maintain gastric acidity
C)Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
D)Protects bone structures against degeneration

Question 69

Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?

A)Extreme thirst
B)Muscle weakness
C)Profound sweating
D)Lowered blood pressure

Question 70

Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health?

A)Salt sensitivity is generally rare in African-Americans
B)High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion
C)High sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people
D)Sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure

Question 71

Which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods?

A)Instant chocolate pudding is a low-sodium food
B)Processed foods contribute less than half of the sodium in our diets
C)Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis
D)Dairy products and meats represent major sources of sodium in our diets

Question 72

Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of

A)renin.
B)sodium.
C)chloride.
D)aldosterone.

Question 73

What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?

A)0
B)10
C)50
D)80

Question 74

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?

A)Processed foods
B)Unprocessed foods
C)Natural salt content of foods
D)Salt added during cooking and at the table

Question 75

Which of the following is a feature of potassium?

A)It is unrelated to blood pressure
B)Liberal intakes may correct hypertension
C)Major dietary sources are processed foods
D)Deficiencies are usually the result of deficient intakes

Question 76

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to

A)provide energy for cells.
B)provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.
C)regulate the transmission of nerve impulses.
D)maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.

Question 77

All of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition except

A)deficiencies are extremely rare.
B)intake is related, in large part, to sodium intake.
C)it is necessary for maintaining electrolyte balance of body fluids.
D)the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight.

Question 78

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for salt?

A)0.5 teaspoons
B)1 teaspoon
C)0.5 tablespoons
D)1 tablespoon

Question 79

Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness.Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium.If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk?

A)Rickets
B)Arthritis
C)Low blood pressure
D)High blood pressure

Question 80

Which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements?

A)Can cause toxicity
B)Should always be taken with diuretics
C)Necessary in treatment of low blood pressure
D)Absorption of the mineral decreases markedly as intake increases