Deck 16: Population Ecology

Question 1

What distribution pattern is thmost common in thnatural world?

A)random
B)uniform
C)clumped
D)stratified or layered
E)bimodal

Answer 1

C

Question 2

__________ is thstudy of interactions among organisms anbetween organisms antheir environment.

A)Ecography
B)Demography
C)Ecology
D)Biogeography
E)Paleontology

Answer 2

C

Question 3

On golf courses angrassy parks, green feces froCanada geesmay

A)soil shoes.
B)stain clothes.
C)cause ponds to become cloudy and improper for swimming.
D)cause infections.
E)cause all of these.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Thdistribution of thhuman population in thUnites States is

A)clumped.
B)random.
C)uniform.
D)constant.
E)undetermined.

Question 5

Thnumber of individuals of thsamspecies in somspecifiearea or volumof habitat is the

A)population density.
B)population growth.
C)population birth rate.
D)population size.
E)carrying capacity.

Question 6

Unifordistribution of human habitat woullikely bthresult of __________, whereas habitats of other animals woulbduto __________.

A)competition; social interaction
B)community planning; competition
C)social interaction; chemical avoidance
D)limited mobility; contact inhibition
E)random chance; planning

Question 7

Which of thfollowing is truof a population?

A)Members of a population are all genetically identical.
B)Members of a population breed with one another more often than they breed with members of other populations.
C)A population may include both predators and prey.
D)Members of a population are almost always clumped together in order to avoid predators.
E)All of these are true.

Question 8

Which of thfollowing woulprovida chicken rancher using a non-cagearrangement for his flock thdata necessary to ensurmaximusurvival of his hens?

A)distribution
B)number of individuals
C)individuals per square foot
D)size of room
E)age structure

Question 9

In Ohio, thpopulation of white-tailedeer increaseabout __________ percent between 1977 an2008.(17,000 individuals in 1977; 700,000 in 2008)

A)10
B)25
C)55
D)33
E)41

Question 10

Thnumber of individuals that makup a population genpool is the

A)population distribution.
B)population growth.
C)population birth rate.
D)population size.
E)carrying capacity.

Question 11

Which of thfollowing is NOT onof thfactors that control thdispersion of organisms in nature?

A)Most environmental resources are randomly distributed.
B)Biological conditions tend to be patchy.
C)Dispersal of seeds and young organisms is often limited and controlled by environmental factors.
D)The development of societies in some populations controls distribution.
E)Physical features in the environment are not generally uniform.

Question 12

Thpopulation of which of thfollowing organisms is likely to fora clumpepopulation?

A)earthworms
B)snails
C)papaya trees
D)sardines
E)snakes

Question 13

In Michigan, thpopulation of Canada geesincreaseabout __________ percent between 1970 an2008.(9,000 individuals in 1970; 300,000 in 2008)

A)5
B)10
C)25
D)33
E)45

Question 14

Which of thfollowing statements is NOT accurate?

A)Geese are often migratory birds.
B)Geese breed where they were raised.
C)Geese that migrate reproduce less than nonmigratory ones.
D)During the winter, migratory geese do not mingle with nonmigratory ones.
E)All of these are NOT accurate except "during the winter, migratory geese do not mingle with nonmigratory ones."

Question 15

Thpopulation of which of thfollowing organisms is likely to fora nearly unifordistribution?

A)wildcats
B)snails
C)papaya trees
D)sardines
E)snakes

Question 16

A group of organisms of thsamspecies that livin a specific location is callea(n)

A)community.
B)population.
C)aggregation.
D)clump.
E)clone.

Question 17

Which of thfollowing focuses on vital statistics that describthpopulation?

A)ecostatistics
B)population ecology
C)demographics
D)biostatistics
E)community ecology

Question 18

Thpopulation of which of thfollowing organisms is likely to bdistributerandomly?

A)sardines
B)deer
C)papaya trees
D)ants
E)bees

Question 19

To a person studying utilization of classroospacon campus, thmost useful data concerning students in a classroowoulbexpresseby thnumber of

A)total individuals.
B)individuals per square yard.
C)individuals per room.
D)rooms per building.
E)students of each age.

Question 20

Population sizdepends on

A)death rates.
B)birth rates.
C)migration.
D)immigration.
E)all of these.

Question 21

Zero population growth is achievewhen

A)a population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment.
B)an interval occurs during which the number of births and the number of deaths are balanced.
C)births exceed deaths.
D)deaths exceed births.
E)migration is prevented.

Question 22

Which concept is a way to express thgrowth ratof a given population?

A)doubling time
B)population density
C)population size
D)carrying capacity
E)all of these

Question 23

A population that is growing in limiting resourcconditions can billustrateby which curve?

A)S-shaped
B)J-shaped
C)one that terminates in a plateau phase
D)bimodal
E)binomial

Question 24

Examine the figure below and answer questions

During thseconphas(2), thgrowth is __________ as long as resources arplentiful.

A)logical
B)logistical
C)arithmetic
D)exponential
E)analytical

Question 25

A population of 1,000 individuals with a per capita growth ratof onper year in an unlimiteenvironment will number __________ four years later.

A)1,000
B)1,400
C)4,000
D)16,000
E)160,000

Question 26

Which of thfollowing models of growth takes placwhen thamount of availablresources is not limiting?

A)arithmetic growth
B)logistic growth
C)logarithmic growth
D)exponential growth
E)exponential growth and arithmetic growth

Question 27

Which of thfollowing factors is NOT a density-independent factor?

A)earthquakes
B)snowstorms
C)intraspecific competitions
D)heavy rains
E)none of these

Question 28

If theffects of death arimposeon thbirth ratof a population,

A)the growth rate will slow down.
B)the time scale of population growth changes.
C)eventually, as the environment is overexploited, deaths will exceed births.
D)an exponential growth curve will be produced if births exceed deaths at a constant level.
E)all of these will occur.

Question 29

A population that is growing exponentially in thabsencof limiting factors can billustrateby which curve?

A)S-shaped
B)J-shaped
C)one that terminates in a plateau phase
D)bimodal
E)binomial

Question 30

Which of thfollowing factors may affect a population growth?

A)density
B)wastes
C)temperature
D)nutrients
E)all of these

Question 31

Examine the figure below and answer questions

This figurdescribes a typical examplof

A)arithmetic growth.
B)logical growth.
C)logistic growth.
D)logarithmic growth.
E)analytical growth.

Question 32

In a population growing exponentially,

A)the number of individuals added to the population next year is greater than the number added this year.
B)the population growth rate increases year after year.
C)net reproduction per individual increases year after year.
D)the number of individuals added to the population next year is greater than the number added this year, and the population growth rate increases year after year.
E)the number of individuals added to the population next year is greater than the number added this year, the population growth rate increases year after year, and net reproduction per individual increases year after year.

Question 33

Examine the figure below and answer questions

During phas"1", thsizof thpopulation of deer grow slowly because

A)predators eat fawns as they are born.
B)the number of breeding individuals is small.
C)the temperatures are relatively extreme.
D)the amount of food available is relatively scarce.
E)all of these occur.

Question 34

A population

A)is the unit of evolution.
B)consists of interbreeding members of the same species.
C)shares the same gene pools.
D)grows at an exponential rate when the birth rate exceeds the death rate at a constant differential, no matter how slight the difference
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 35

Thratof increasof a population refers to what kinof relationship between birth ratandeath rate?

A)their sum
B)their product
C)the doubling time between them
D)the difference between them
E)reduction in each of them

Question 36

A situation in which thbirth ratplus immigration equals thdeath ratplus immigration is called

A)an intrinsic limiting factor.
B)zero population growth.
C)saturation.
D)exponential growth.
E)geometric growth.

Question 37

Which of thfollowing is NOT truof a population growth?

A)The growth of a population may be affected by deaths and births.
B)A population would keep growing if nutrients are added in sufficient amount and continually.
C)The growth of a population would stop if the carrying capacity is reached.
D)Factors such as earthquakes and snowstorms may affect the growth of a population.
E)All of these are false.

Question 38

Which of thfollowing is NOT likely to affect thsizof a population?

A)biotic potential
B)feeding level
C)carrying capacity of the environment
D)death rate
E)birth rate

Question 39

Biotic potential

A)varies from one species to another.
B)is controlled by the timing of the first reproduction.
C)is controlled by the frequency of reproduction.
D)is controlled by the number of offspring produced.
E)is true of all of these.

Question 40

Which characteristic of a population is a convenient way to express thratof changwithin a population?

A)size
B)growth
C)density
D)carrying capacity
E)age

Question 41

As population density increases, thchancof __________ also increases.

A)pathogens
B)parasitism
C)predation
D)competition
E)all of these

Question 42

Which density-dependent factor controls thsizof a population?

A)wind velocity
B)light intensity
C)nutrient supply
D)rainfall
E)wave action in an intertidal zone

Question 43

Thmaximunumber of individuals of a species that a given environment can sustain indefinitely defines

A)the carrying capacity of the environment.
B)exponential growth.
C)the doubling time of a population.
D)the density-independent factors.
E)all of these.

Question 44

Which of thfollowing describes a set of heritabltraits such as ratof development, lifspan, agat first reproduction, annumber of breeding events?

A)life history pattern
B)individual history pattern
C)colonial history pattern
D)population history pattern
E)community history pattern

Question 45

In itself, a floothat washes away an entirpopulation of rabbits is

A)a density-dependent factor.
B)an intrinsic limiting factor.
C)density-independent.
D)a consequence of exponential growth.
E)all of these.

Question 46

In thcasstudy of reindeer introducein Alaska in 1944 (29 individuals), after reaching a peak growth (6,000 individuals) in 1963, thentirpopulation was wipeaway by thharsh winter that took placbetween 1963 an1964.In this case, extinction of thpopulation was

A)a density-dependent factor.
B)an intrinsic limiting factor.
C)density-independent.
D)a consequence of exponential growth.
E)all of these.

Question 47

Thcarrying capacity of an environment is determineby

A)the net rate of reproduction of the female members.
B)an S-shaped curve.
C)the predation rate on the females.
D)diseases suffered by both sexes.
E)the sustainable supply of resources it provides.

Question 48

In ecosystems, thfactors that tento reducthsizof sompopulations, regardless of how largthpopulation is, arcalled

A)density-dependent factors.
B)density-independent factors.
C)ecological factors.
D)abiotic factors.
E)essential factors.

Question 49

Which of thfollowing is NOT a density-dependent, growth-limiting factor?

A)pathogens
B)parasitism
C)drought
D)competition
E)species interaction

Question 50

Limiting factors

A)produce more pronounced effects as a population grows.
B)prevent a population from producing a J-shaped curve.
C)can be either density-dependent or density-independent.
D)act together in concert to form the environmental resistance to population growth.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 51

In natural communities, somfeedback mechanisms operatwhenever populations changin size; they are

A)density-dependent.
B)density-independent.
C)always intrinsic to the individuals of the community.
D)always extrinsic to the individuals of the community.
E)none of these.

Question 52

A J-shapegrowth curvis converteto an S-shapeone

A)when the parents are past reproductive age.
B)if the data is plotted in reverse.
C)when the carrying capacity is reached.
D)if reproduction is stopped.
E)only for fast-growing populations such as bacteria.

Question 53

A cohort is

A)a collection of same-aged individuals of the same species.
B)any member of the same species.
C)any member of the same species and sex within a population.
D)a sexual mate.
E)a litter mate or sibling within a large population.

Question 54

In natural communities, feedback mechanisms calle__________ operatwhen thsizof a population changes.

A)density-dependent
B)density-independent
C)biotic factors
D)physical factors
E)density-dependent and biotic factors

Question 55

For a given population, lifhistory pattern focuses on aspects such as

A)number of breeding events.
B)availability of resources.
C)climatic conditions.
D)quality of habitat.
E)all of these.

Question 56

Thcarrying capacity of an environment is increaseby

A)pollution.
B)predation.
C)disease.
D)population growth.
E)none of these.

Question 57

A population growth

A)is limited by only one factor at a time.
B)increases arithmetically.
C)increases indefinitely.
D)is limited by the carrying capacity.
E)is represented by a minimum of two different sizes.

Question 58

Density-independent controls over population growth include

A)parasites.
B)temperature.
C)disease.
D)competition.
E)all of these.

Question 59

A changin a population that is NOT relatestrictly to thsizof thpopulation is best describeas

A)density-dependent.
B)density-independent.
C)intrinsic.
D)an S-shaped curve.
E)a J-shaped curve.

Question 60

Examine the figure below and answer questions

During ththirphas(3), thpopulation growth slows anthen levels off because

A)essential resources become scarce.
B)the carrying capacity has been reached.
C)competition for food becomes increasingly important.
D)predators eat fawns as they are born.
E)all of these occur except choice "d., predators eat fawns as they are born."

Question 61

Two populations of thsamspecies havthsamimmigration, emigration, andeath rates, anthfemales in each population producfour offspring on averagduring their reproductivyears.If thtwo populations havdifferent net reproductivrates, it is because

A)one population has more food than the other.
B)one population has less disease than the other.
C)one population breeds at a later age than does the other.
D)one population has more food than the other, and one population has less disease than the other.
E)one population has more food than the other, one population has less disease than the other, and one population breeds at a later age than does the other.

Question 62

TypI survivorship curves artypical of which of thfollowing organisms?

A)cows
B)humans
C)rats
D)cows and humans
E)cows, humans, and rats

Question 63

Thtremendous increasin thnumber of human beings over thcoursof thpast 100 years is attributablto

A)immunization and vaccination programs.
B)colonization of previous underutilized habitat.
C)more equal distribution of patchy resources.
D)immunization and vaccination programs plus colonization of previous underutilized habitat.
E)immunization and vaccination programs, colonization of previous underutilized habitat, and more equal distribution of patchy resources.

Question 64

TypI survivorship curves

A)are characteristics of humans and elephants.
B)typify a population in which all ages have an equal chance of survival.
C)indicate a high mortality rate in the very young.
D)show that very few young are produced, that each is given parental support, and that most individuals live a relatively long life and die of old age.
E)are typical of annual plants.

Question 65

Which of thfollowing countries has establishethmost extensivfamily-planning program?

A)the United States
B)Brazil
C)China
D)Japan
E)Pakistan

Question 66

Thleading causof human death arounthworlis

A)heart disease.
B)cancer.
C)malnutrition and starvation.
D)war.
E)accidents.

Question 67

Which of thfollowing is NOT a reason for thrapiexplosion of thhuman population?

A)increase in carrying capacity
B)expansion into new habitat
C)removal of limiting factors
D)reproduction occurring earlier in the life cycle
E)longer generation times

Question 68

Thage-structurdiagrafor rapidly growing populations

A)is in the form of a pyramid.
B)is characterized by a large percentage of the population in the post-reproductive years.
C)has a very broad base, showing a large number of young.
D)has about equal distribution among all age groups.
E)is in the form of a pyramid and has a very broad base showing a large number of young.

Question 69

A study of a cohort of 1,000 newborn animals showea death ratper individual in year onof 60 percent ana death ratper individual in year two of 20 percent.Thquantity of survivors after two years is about

A)120
B)200
C)320
D)400
E)1,000

Question 70

Lifhistory patterns providdata concerning

A)expected life span.
B)reproductive age.
C)death rate.
D)birth rate.
E)all of these.

Question 71

In which demographic model is population growth thfastest?

A)pre-industrial
B)transitional
C)industrial
D)postindustrial
E)transformational

Question 72

Typically, members of a cohort artracked

A)until they become independent.
B)until their breeding age.
C)for a period of time and then released in the environment to serve their purpose in the community.
D)from birth to death.
E)as long as they are in good health and serve the purpose of a study.

Question 73

A typIII survivorship curvis characteristic of

A)monkeys.
B)horses.
C)eagles.
D)sea urchins.
E)humans.

Question 74

TypII survivorship curves

A)are characteristics of humans and elephants.
B)typify a population in which all ages have an equal chance of survival.
C)indicate a high mortality rate in the very young.
D)show that very few young are produced, that each is given parental support, and that most individuals live a relatively long life and die of old age.
E)are typical of annual plants.

Question 75

Killifish anpike-cichlids raisein natural conditions will

A)control the size of the guppies that live with them.
B)function as predators to guppies.
C)determine the growth rate of guppies.
D)control the evolution of size and color of the guppies.
E)do all of these.

Question 76

If all diseases areradicateanfoosupply exceeds demanindefinitely, thhuman population on thplanet earth will NOT continuto grow at an exponential ratindefinitely because

A)a new disease organism will evolve.
B)density-independent factors will always remove individuals.
C)space will become a limiting factor.
D)the few humans left will engage in war and kill each other.
E)all of these will occur.

Question 77

Which of thfollowing is NOT a factor that has leto a dramatic increasin thhuman population?

A)increase in the carrying capacity
B)removal of several limiting factors
C)human invasion of new habitats and climatic zones
D)an increase in the levels of pollution in the world
E)the development of public health and the germ theory of diseases

Question 78

Thmost reasonablmethofor limiting human population growth is

A)decreasing birth rate.
B)increasing carrying capacity.
C)decreasing competition.
D)increasing death rate.
E)exploiting outer space.

Question 79

Which of thfollowing species does NOT fit in thtypIII survivorship curve?

A)flies
B)humans
C)frogs
D)reptiles
E)fish

Question 80

If reproduction occurs early in thlifcycle, what occurs?

A)Population growth rate increases.
B)Population size declines.
C)Population size is not affected.
D)Generation time increases.
E)Growth rate remains unchanged.