Deck 17: Communities and Ecosystems

Question 1

Thstructurof communities may

A)change over time.
B)be affected by human activity.
C)be affected by natural disasters.
D)be affected by both human activity and natural disasters.
E)change over time and be affected by both human activity and natural disasters.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

What terdenotes thrangof all factors that influencwhether a species can obtain resources essential for survival anreproduction?

A)habitat
B)niche
C)carrying capacity
D)community
E)ecosystem

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of thfollowing organisms was introducein thUniteStates in order to control thpopulation of RIFAs?

A)houseflies
B)fruit flies
C)phorid flies
D)blue bottle flies
E)flower flies

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A one-way relationship in which onspecies benefits andirectly hurts thother is called

A)commensalism.
B)competitive exclusion.
C)parasitism.
D)obligate mutualism.
E)neutral relationship.

Question 5

A relationship which benefits flow both ways between thinteracting species is

A)a neutral relationship.
B)commensalism.
C)competitive exclusion.
D)mutualism.
E)parasitism.

Question 6

Which of thfollowing is NOT characteristic of parasites?

A)They are specialists and usually are able to affect only one variety of hosts.
B)They inflict serious injury and kill their hosts.
C)Some reside inside their hosts, whereas others live outside their hosts.
D)Their host may be a plant as well as an animal.
E)They are dependent on hosts.

Question 7

Which of thfollowing geographical areas offers thmost suitablenvironment for development of life?

A)tropical regions
B)temperate regions
C)desert regions
D)equatorial regions
E)polar regions

Question 8

Which of thfollowing terms refers to all species that livaninteract in a specific area?

A)biosphere
B)community
C)ecosystem
D)population
E)niche

Question 9

In which of thfollowing ways does thfly kill a firant?

A)A female fly lays an egg in the ant's soft tissues, and in the process of development, the resulting larvae kills the ant.
B)A fly (male or female) injects a poisonous substance in the ant which results in paralyzing its muscles.
C)A fly (male or female) injects a substance that sterilizes the ant.
D)A fly (male or female) causes the ant's death by depriving it from its necessary resources and habitat.
E)A fly (male or female) injects a substance that sterilizes the ant and paralyzes its muscles.

Question 10

Nichrefers to the

A)home range of an animal.
B)preferred habitat for an organism.
C)functional role of a species in a community.
D)territory occupied by a species.
E)locale in which a species lives.

Question 11

Solenopsis invicta or reimportefirants (RIFAs) arextremely successful in thUniteStates becausthey

A)are resistant to attacks from predators.
B)are resistant to most pesticides.
C)never get troubled with diseases.
D)are resistant to attacks from predators and never get troubled with diseases.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 12

Which of thfollowing woulbmorlikely to affect thhabitat of an animal rather than its niche?

A)rainfall
B)prey abundance
C)predators
D)defense mechanisms
E)competitors

Question 13

For most plant ananimal groups, thnumber of species is greatest

A)at latitude zero.
B)at latitude 10° north.
C)at latitude 20° north.
D)at latitude 30° south.
E)at latitude 50° north.

Question 14

Which of thfollowing is thmost inclusive?

A)organism
B)community
C)ecosystem
D)population
E)organ system

Question 15

Which of thfollowing components arpart of an ecosystem?

A)plants
B)animals
C)rocks and soils
D)plants and animals
E)plants, animals, rocks, and soil

Question 16

Which of thfollowing definitions is CORRECT?

A)A community refers to interaction between populations and their environment.
B)A community refers to interaction between species and their environment.
C)A community refers to the area in which different species live.
D)A community refers to all species that live and interact in a specific area.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 17

Solenopsis invicta is a species of ant that was introducein thUniteStates from

A)South America.
B)Canada.
C)Asia.
D)Africa.
E)Europe.

Question 18

Species richness anthrelativabundancof each species determine

A)the species composition of an ecosystem.
B)the species diversity of a community.
C)the species composition of a population.
D)the species diversity of a biosphere.
E)the species diversity in a niche.

Question 19

Which of thfollowing is TRUof exotic species?

A)In general, exotic species do not have predators in their new location.
B)An exotic species is a species that evolved in one region but has been introduced to and become established in another.
C)An exotic species is often untroubled by competitors.
D)An exotic species is often untroubled by parasites and diseases.
E)All of these are true.

Question 20

Structurof communities may baffecteby

A)temperatures.
B)sunlight intensity.
C)humidity.
D)condition of the soil.
E)all of these.

Question 21

Coexistencof twelvspecies of fruit-eating pigeons in a New Guinea forest is an examplof

A)resource partitioning.
B)competition.
C)predation.
D)parasitism.
E)commensalism.

Question 22

Competitivexclusion is thresult of

A)parasitism.
B)mutualism.
C)competition.
D)predation.
E)commensalism.

Question 23

Thsubdividing of somcategory of similar resources in a way that allows competing species to exist is

A)competition.
B)social parasitism.
C)predation.
D)mimicry.
E)resource partitioning.

Question 24

What typof relationship do fruit flies havwith humans?

A)obligate
B)mutualistic
C)parasitic
D)commensal
E)saprobic

Question 25

Threlationship between an insect anthplants it pollinates is best describeas

A)mutualism.
B)competitive exclusion.
C)parasitism.
D)commensalism.
E)all of these.

Question 26

Thweakest symbiotic attachment, in which onspecies simply lives better in thpresencof another species without harming it is

A)commensalism.
B)competitive exclusion.
C)mutualism.
D)obligate mutualism.
E)parasitism.

Question 27

Which of thfollowing is truof predation?

A)A predator exerts selective pressure on its prey.
B)A prey exerts selective pressure on its predator.
C)In a typical predation case, the predator would not kill its prey.
D)Feeding on carcasses is also an example of predation.
E)Predator and prey exert selective pressure on one another.

Question 28

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit is known as

A)parasitism.
B)mutualism
C)competition.
D)predation.
E)commensalism.

Question 29

Humans hunt thblack rhinoceros, which is rapidly approaching extinction as a result of this predation.What accounts for thabsencof stablcoexistencbetween thestwo species?

A)Predator and prey have not coevolved.
B)Human predation is not necessarily density-dependent.
C)The prey reproductive rate is greater than that of the predator.
D)Predator and prey have not coevolved, and human predation is not necessarily density-dependent.
E)Predator and prey have not coevolved, human predation is not necessarily density-dependent, and the prey reproductive rate is greater than that of the predator.

Question 30

Ladybugs areffectivnatural control agents against pest insects, but as gardeners soon finout, they do not reducpest populations to zero because

A)they cannot fly to find pests on nearby plants.
B)of their very selective feeding habits.
C)to do so would jeopardize their own existence.
D)they do not live long enough.
E)their reproductive capacity is nonexistent.

Question 31

Competitivexclusion is baseupon thidea that

A)one species will voluntarily allow the other to survive.
B)no two species can completely occupy the same niche.
C)the larger species will dominate the smaller.
D)competition is overrated as a factor in species survival.
E)two species can live together, if they share the same niche but only at alternate times.

Question 32

Species interactions differ in

A)the extent to which one species is helped or harmed by the presence of another.
B)degree of dependence.
C)how exclusive the attachments are.
D)all of these ways.
E)none of these ways.

Question 33

Thinteraction in which onspecies benefits anthseconspecies is neither harmenor benefiteis

A)mutualism.
B)parasitism.
C)commensalism.
D)competition.
E)predation.

Question 34

Without human intervention, cockroaches will overrun a kitchen until

A)the carrying capacity is reached.
B)predators attack.
C)parasites invade the roaches' bodies.
D)density-independent factors such as cold intervene.
E)all of these.

Question 35

Threlationship between thyucca plant anthyucca moth that pollinates it is best describeas

A)commensalism.
B)parasitism.
C)predation.
D)mutualism.
E)all of these.

Question 36

Which of thfollowing is NOT a typof symbiosis?

A)mutualism
B)parasitism
C)commensalism
D)competition
E)none of these are symbiosis

Question 37

A goat eating by pulling thplant out of thgrounis an examplof

A)parasitism.
B)predation.
C)commensalism.
D)mutualism.
E)symbiosis.

Question 38

In contrast to predation, a parasitusually

A)does not kill the animal on which, or in which, it lives.
B)kills its host.
C)is a short-term visitor.
D)is larger than its host.
E)does not kill the animal on which, or in which, it lives and is larger than its host.

Question 39

Thinteraction between two species in which both species may bharmeis known as

A)parasitism.
B)mutualism.
C)competition.
D)predation.
E)commensalism.

Question 40

In general, a predator is __________ than its __________.

A)larger; host
B)smaller; prey
C)larger; prey
D)smaller; host
E)smarter; host

Question 41

During thprocess of community succession,

A)the total biomass remains constant.
B)there are increasing possibilities for resource partitioning.
C)the pioneer community quickly gives way to the climax community, followed by a succession of more diverse arrays of organisms.
D)nutrients cycle more rapidly with time.
E)all of these occur.

Question 42

Hover flies likto drop in at outdoor picnics to samplthsweets, but threaction of humans is to flethscenbecausof thflies' uncanny resemblancto bees.Thus thsurvival of Hover flies is enhanceby

A)mimicry.
B)display behavior.
C)warning coloration.
D)chemical defenses.
E)camouflage.

Question 43

Which of thfollowing does NOT apply to parasitoids?

A)kill animal on which they feed
B)insects
C)host usually survives
D)smaller in size than prey
E)effective biocontrol agents

Question 44

Which of thfollowing is an adaptation against predation?

A)thorns
B)social behavior
C)mimicry
D)thorns and social behavior
E)thorns, social behavior, and mimicry

Question 45

Chemicals in both plants ananimals servas which of thfollowing to predators?

A)warnings
B)repellents
C)toxins
D)bad tastes
E)all of these

Question 46

Which of thfollowing represents an early stagin primary succession?

A)pine trees
B)mosses and lichen of bare rock
C)weedy annual plants in an open field
D)climax species in succession
E)fields of food crops

Question 47

Pioneer plants species arusually characterizeby

A)small size.
B)efficient dispersal mechanisms.
C)slow maturation.
D)small size and efficient dispersal mechanisms.
E)small size, efficient dispersal mechanisms, and slow maturation.

Question 48

In a natural community, thprimary consumers are

A)herbivores.
B)carnivores.
C)scavengers.
D)decomposers.
E)all of these.

Question 49

Populations arhelin check by

A)resource partition.
B)predation.
C)social parasitism.
D)competition.
E)all of these.

Question 50

Exotic species that arintroduceinto a non-nativhabitat usually

A)interbreed with native species.
B)drive endemic species to extinction.
C)die out due to competition from native species.
D)blend in with endemic species.
E)create habitat islands for themselves.

Question 51

Many introducespecies havhadeleterious effects on communities anecosystems because

A)coevolved parasites and pathogens are absent.
B)the introduced species are long-lived.
C)predators prefer the introduced species, and the local prey therefore proliferate to dangerously high levels.
D)the community from which they came lost an important predator, competitor, or parasite.
E)human beings do not know how to appreciate them.

Question 52

Endemic means a species

A)evolved in one geographic region and does not live elsewhere.
B)could cause an epidemic at anytime.
C)is on its way to extinction.
D)can live in only one habitat.
E)is extinct.

Question 53

A keystonspecies is

A)a single dominant species.
B)in control of the prey species.
C)exemplified by the sea star.
D)a single dominant species and is exemplified by the sea star.
E)a single dominant species, exemplified by the sea star, and in control of the prey species.

Question 54

Which of thfollowing combinations of organisms coulbexpecteto survivin isolation froother forms of lifavailable?

A)producers and decomposers
B)producers and carnivores
C)carnivores and decomposers
D)herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers
E)producers only

Question 55

Which of thfollowing statements is FALSE?

A)Succession is highly predictable.
B)Pioneer species have wide ranges of tolerances.
C)Pioneer plant species are usually small annuals.
D)The succession that occurs after a large fire is primary succession.
E)Climax species are those that are best adapted to the specific climate where the succession occurs.

Question 56

Secondary succession can occur

A)after a fire.
B)on a new sand dune.
C)on bare rock.
D)immediately after the formation of a man made lake.
E)on a glacier.

Question 57

Which is NOT an examplof coevolution?

A)insect and flower
B)predator and prey
C)host and parasite
D)model and mimic
E)sharks and dolphins

Question 58

Secondary succession is likely to occur in

A)a deciduous forest.
B)a shallow lake.
C)an abandoned field.
D)a deciduous forest or a shallow lake
E)a deciduous forest, a shallow lake, or an abandoned field.

Question 59

Thplants ananimals now present on acreagfrowhich thtrees werremoveten years earlier represent

A)primary succession.
B)a climax forest.
C)pioneer species.
D)secondary succession.
E)species introduction.

Question 60

Which of thfollowing statements about parasites is TRUE?

A)Parasites usually do not kill their hosts.
B)The parasite species that infects a particular host species becomes less virulent over evolutionary time.
C)Warm-blooded animals are frequently infected by parasites.
D)Parasites usually do not kill their hosts, and the parasite species that infects a particular host species becomes less virulent over evolutionary time.
E)Parasites usually do not kill their hosts, the parasite species that infects a particular host species becomes less virulent over evolutionary time, and warm-blooded animals are frequently infected by parasites.

Question 61

Primary carnivores are

A)tertiary consumers in the third trophic level.
B)secondary consumers in the third trophic level.
C)secondary consumers in the second trophic level.
D)tertiary consumers in the forth trophic level.
E)also primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.

Question 62

A secondary consumer usually eats

A)only herbivores.
B)only primary producers.
C)primary carnivores.
D)anything "below" in the food chain.
E)decomposers.

Question 63

Which substancis magnifieduring transfers in ecosystems?

A)fat-soluble pesticides
B)carbohydrates
C)inorganic phosphates
D)fat-soluble pesticides and carbohydrates
E)fat-soluble pesticides, carbohydrates, and inorganic phosphates

Question 64

Which of thfollowing CANNOT bplacein a singltrophic level?

A)oak tree
B)zebra
C)mushroom
D)rabbit
E)earthworm

Question 65

Thprimary consumer is also

A)the second link in a food chain.
B)a herbivore.
C)an animal.
D)a herbivore and an animal.
E)the second link in a food chain, a herbivore, and an animal.

Question 66

In biological magnification,

A)poisons build up in food chains and webs so that the concentration is highest at the high end of the food chain.
B)there is a tendency for an environment to change when organisms first invade.
C)more highly evolved forms are able to build large populations under favorable conditions.
D)parasites spread rapidly through congested populations.
E)sediments fill in aquatic environments so that succession will occur if organisms disturb the aquatic habitat.

Question 67

Which of thfollowing statements is CORRECT?

A)A population cannot exceed the carrying capacity even temporarily.
B)An organism can occupy more than one trophic level, depending upon the feeding habits of the organism.
C)Once populations of organisms become isolated, they remain so by various types of isolation mechanisms.
D)The limits of a population are all traced to climatic or physical factors.
E)Organisms with different evolutionary backgrounds can occupy the same niche at the same time.

Question 68

Decomposers perfortheir recycling efforts on organisms

A)at the end of a food chain.
B)on the top of a pyramid.
C)that are producers.
D)that are consumers.
E)that are all of these.

Question 69

At thbottoor basof a pyramiof energy arthe

A)primary consumers.
B)primary producers.
C)secondary consumers.
D)secondary producers.
E)tertiary consumers.

Question 70

Most of thenergy within an ecosysteis lost

A)when organisms disperse.
B)when organisms die.
C)as a result of metabolism.
D)by the organism at the top of the food web.
E)during breathing.

Question 71

Thpyramiof energy is

A)a demonstration of the first law of thermodynamics.
B)a result in the decline in the energy available as energy travels through the trophic levels.
C)fundamentally different from the pyramid of biomass and the pyramid of numbers.
D)just one of the manifestations of competition.
E)the result of eating the correct foods.

Question 72

An array of organisms together with their physical environment is which of thfollowing?

A)population
B)community
C)ecosystem
D)biosphere
E)species

Question 73

Which of thfollowing statements is FALSE?

A)Heat loss represents a one-way loss of energy from an ecosystem.
B)Organisms in the food chain can use all the energy contained in the food that they eat.
C)In some ecosystems, the majority of the energy stored in plants does not become available until the plants die.
D)Heat and energy are lost by each organism in the ecosystem.
E)The two food webs are classified as grazing and detrital.

Question 74

Detritivores are

A)bacteria.
B)plants.
C)fungi.
D)animals.
E)both bacteria and fungi.

Question 75

Decomposers

A)are able to enter the food chain at any trophic level.
B)are the most numerous organisms in an ecosystem.
C)include bacteria and fungi.
D)are all of these.
E)are none of these.

Question 76

Which of thfollowing is a primary consumer?

A)fox
B)cow
C)hawk
D)wolf
E)snake

Question 77

Most organisms ardependent upon plants because

A)plants produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis.
B)as producers, they form the base of food chains.
C)they function to prevent erosion and reduce desertification.
D)as they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, they reduce the problems generated by the greenhouse effect.
E)all of these apply.

Question 78

Biological magnification refers to the

A)increase in size of animals as they progress through a food chain.
B)increase in size of organisms as they progress through ecological succession.
C)increase in the efficiency of energy utilization as organisms progress through a food chain.
D)accumulation of toxic pollutants as animal pass through a food chain.
E)increase in numbers of animals over time.

Question 79

Which of thfollowing is NOT dependent on thothers as a foosupply?

A)carnivores
B)herbivores
C)producers
D)detritivores
E)decomposers

Question 80

Which of thfollowing is NOT truof ecosystems?

A)Although they may include many different species, many features of ecosystem structure and function are alike.
B)Autotrophs secure energy and nutrients that are then used by heterotrophs.
C)Energy cycles and mineral flows in an ecosystem.
D)Many different niches are represented in most ecosystems.
E)Ecosystems are characterized by relatively few trophic levels.