Deck 24: Neural Control and the Senses

Question 1

Referring to thabovdiagram, thdendrites arlabeleas

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Thtrigger region

A)is the point at which an action potential starts.
B)is adjacent to the cell body.
C)is part of the axon.
D)contains gated channels for sodium and potassium.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Ecstasy overdoses

A)almost always lead to death.
B)cause panic attacks and temporary psychosis.
C)seldom lead to death.
D)cause panic attacks and temporary psychosis and almost always lead to death.
E)cause panic attacks and temporary psychosis but seldom lead to death.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A brief reversal of thelectric gradient across thplasma membranis called

A)a threshold potential.
B)an action potential.
C)a reverse potential.
D)a resting potential.
E)an ionic potential.

Question 5

An abundancof serotonin

A)makes you feel tired.
B)decreases empathy.
C)increases feelings of euphoria.
D)does all of these.
E)only makes you feel tired and decreases empathy.

Question 6

A neuron

A)communicates with other cells via electrical signaling only.
B)communicates with other cells via chemical signaling only.
C)communicates with other cells via a combination of electrical and chemical signaling.
D)is not involved in direct communication with other cells.
E)does none of these.

Question 7

How many different classes of neurons arinvolvein most nervous systems?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 8

In order to establish a membranpotential, thcytoplasmic fluiis __________ compareto thinterstitial fluid

A)more positively charged
B)more negatively charged
C)hypertonic
D)hypotonic
E)none of these

Question 9

Interneurons

A)are nearly always found in the brain and spinal cord.
B)detect stimuli.
C)control muscles and glands.
D)are nearly always found in the brain and spinal cord, detect stimuli, and control muscles and glands.
E)are nearly always found in the brain and spinal cord, but they only detect stimuli.

Question 10

Referring to thabovdiagram, thletter is useto label

A)the dendrites.
B)the cell body.
C)the neuroglia.
D)the axon.
E)none of these.

Question 11

An action potential

A)is an all or nothing response.
B)may be stopped early on if the stimulus is removed.
C)has various degrees of intensity depending on the stimulus.
D)may last for several seconds depending on the stimulus.
E)has all of these characteristics except it is NOT an all or nothing response.

Question 12

At thheight of thaction potential,

A)the interstitial fluid is more negatively charged than the cytoplasmic fluid.
B)the interstitial fluid is less negatively charged than the cytoplasmic fluid.
C)the interstitial fluid and the cytoplasmic fluid have the same charge.
D)all sodium and potassium ions rush out of the neuron.
E)both a and d occur.

Question 13

Ecstasy

A)is a psychoactive drug.
B)alters brain function.
C)is an amphetamine.
D)is all of these.
E)is a psychoactive drug that alters brain function but is NOT an amphetamine.

Question 14

Which ions arimportant in maintaining thmembranpotential of thneurons?

A)sodium and chloride
B)potassium and calcium
C)sodium and potassium
D)magnesium and calcium
E)none of these

Question 15

Brancheextensions that receivinformation froother cells arcalled

A)axons.
B)dendrites.
C)interneurons.
D)sensory neurons.
E)cell bodies.

Question 16

Overstimulation of cells by serotonin

A)can lead to rapid breathing.
B)increases blood pressure.
C)increases internal body temperature.
D)restricts urine formation.
E)does all of these.

Question 17

When a neuron is not being stimulated, its membranpotential is classifieas

A)resting potential.
B)threshold potential.
C)action potential.
D)inactive potential.
E)inhibitory potential.

Question 18

Identify thcorrect interaction of neurons in thvertebratnervous system.

A)stimulus, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors
B)effectors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, stimulus
C)sensory neurons, stimulus, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors
D)motor neurons, interneurons, stimulus, sensory neurons, effectors
E)none of these

Question 19

Ecstasy causes threleasof excess

A)serotonin.
B)epinephrine.
C)adrenalin.
D)melatonin.
E)chemicals, but none of these.

Question 20

What is depictein thabovdiagram?

A)a sensory neuron
B)an interneuron
C)a motor neuron
D)a neuroglial cell
E)none of these

Question 21

Which of thfollowing arnarcotic analgesics?

A)ketamine
B)morphine
C)codeine
D)PCP
E)morphine and codeine only

Question 22

Drugs that araddictive

A)stimulate the release of dopamine.
B)stimulate the release of serotonin.
C)may stimulate the release of a number of neurotransmitters.
D)are all classified as stimulants.
E)have none of these characteristics.

Question 23

Alzheimer's diseasanParkinson's diseasarboth neurological diseases that result from

A)lack of acetylcholine production.
B)disrupted neurotransmitter signaling.
C)failure to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
D)too much dopamine production.
E)none of these.

Question 24

If a person is highly alert, anxious, anhas loss of finmotor control, what typof drug havthey most likely taken?

A)a narcotic analgesic
B)a stimulant
C)a depressant
D)a hallucinogen
E)none of these

Question 25

Thsomatic nervous system

A)is part of the peripheral nervous system.
B)is part of the central nervous system.
C)relays commands to smooth muscles.
D)is under involuntary control.
E)is part of the peripheral nervous system and relays command to smooth muscles.

Question 26

Thperipheral nervous system

A)carry signals to and from the central nervous system.
B)includes the brain.
C)includes the spinal cord.
D)includes sensory neurons only.
E)includes all of these.

Question 27

Neurotransmitters arremovefrothsynaptic cleft by

A)diffusion.
B)enzymatic degradation.
C)active pumping back into the neuron.
D)all of these.
E)b and c only.

Question 28

Hallucinogens

A)are highly addictive.
B)distort sensory perception.
C)include barbiturates.
D)increase epinephrine secretion.
E)do all of these.

Question 29

Nerves of thautonomic system

A)relay signals to smooth muscle.
B)relay signals to cardiac muscle.
C)relay signals to glands.
D)are under involuntary control.
E)are under involuntary control and relay all of these signals.

Question 30

Thcommunication point between two neurons is callethe

A)electrical synapse.
B)chemical synapse.
C)neural junction.
D)neural bridge.
E)interneuron.

Question 31

Characteristics of a nervnet include

A)a centralized brain.
B)one way flow of information between cells.
C)well developed neurons.
D)paired ganglia.
E)none of these.

Question 32

Animals that hava nervnet include

A)cnidarians.
B)platyhelminthes.
C)crustaceans.
D)insects.
E)all of these.

Question 33

Neurotransmitters

A)are stored in synaptic vesicles.
B)are chemical signals released by neurons.
C)are released from the axon via exocytosis.
D)bind to receptors on target cells.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 34

Which of thfollowing is a neurological disorder that results frodestruction of thmyelin sheaths of axons of thcentral nervous system?

A)Parkinson's disease
B)Alzheimer's disease
C)multiple sclerosis
D)dementia
E)all of these

Question 35

Action potentials

A)can move up or down an axon, away from or towards the cell body.
B)move in a one way direction towards the cell body .
C)move in a one way direction away from the cell body.
D)can jump from cell to cell.
E)do none of these.

Question 36

Depressants

A)include alcohol and barbiturates.
B)slow motor response.
C)enhance acetylcholine release.
D)do all of these.
E)include alcohol and barbiturates and slow motor response only.

Question 37

Myelin is a fatty substancthat

A)slows action potentials.
B)is wrapped around neuroglial cells.
C)increases the speed of action potentials.
D)is found only surrounding neurons of the central nervous system.
E)is true of a and d only.

Question 38

Thcentral nervous systeincludes

A)the brain.
B)the spinal cord.
C)nearly all interneurons.
D)all of these.
E)the brain and the spinal cord only.

Question 39

Thnervous systeof vertebrates has how many divisions?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)variable, depending on the animal

Question 40

Axons bundlein connectivtissuarcalled

A)neural nets.
B)ganglia.
C)nerves.
D)neuroglia.
E)none of these.

Question 41

Which lobof thcerebrucontrols thintegration of visual signals?

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal
E)primary somatosensory cortex

Question 42

Thwhitmatter differs frogray matter in that

A)white matter is found in the brain, and gray matter is found in the spinal cord.
B)white matter consists of bundles of myelin-sheathed axons, and gray matter consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and neuroglial cell.
C)white matter transmits sensory information, and gray matter transmits motor information.
D)white matter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system, and gray matter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.
E)all of these are true.

Question 43

A reflex

A)only involves the use of sensory neurons.
B)is an automatic response to a stimulus that requires considerable thought.
C)is an automatic response to a stimulus that doesn't require thought.
D)is a and b only.
E)is a and c only.

Question 44

Cerebrospinal fluid

A)bathes the brain and spinal cord.
B)is colorless.
C)is formed from water and solutes that have left capillaries in the brain.
D)includes all of these characteristics.
E)includes the characteristics of a and b only.

Question 45

Referring to thabovdiagraof thbrain, H identifies which region?

A)corpus callosum
B)hypothalamus
C)cerebrum
D)midbrain
E)medulla oblongata

Question 46

Thforebrain includes which of thfollowing portions of thbrain?

A)cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
B)pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
C)cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
D)thalamus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata
E)corpus callosum, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 47

Meningitis

A)results when a virus or bacterium crosses the blood-brain barrier.
B)is not usually fatal.
C)results when cerebrospinal fluid seeps out of the meninges.
D)occurs when white matter mixes with gray matter.
E)includes all of these characteristics.

Question 48

If a person suffers a spinal corinjury that is to thlower region of thcord, what woulthmost probabloutcombe?

A)paralysis of the arms
B)paralysis of the legs
C)paralysis of all limbs
D)paralysis of the muscles used to breath
E)both paralysis of all limbs and of the muscles used to breath

Question 49

Referring to thabovdiagraof thbrain, identifies which region?

A)hypothalamus
B)pons
C)cerebrum
D)cerebellum
E)thalamus

Question 50

Which region of thbrain is responsiblfor controlling reflexes such as swallowing, coughing, ansneezing?

A)midbrain
B)pons
C)thalamus
D)medulla oblongata
E)cerebrum

Question 51

Parasympathetic effects include

A)stimulation of urination.
B)slowing of movements.
C)reduced digestion.
D)increased heart rate.
E)all of these.

Question 52

Th__________ connects thperipheral nerves to thbrain.

A)pons
B)gray matter
C)white matter
D)spinal cord
E)medulla oblongata

Question 53

Thparasympathetic nervous system

A)is a division of the autonomic nervous system.
B)is a division of the somatic nervous system.
C)works antagonistically with the sympathetic nervous system.
D)is a division of the autonomic nervous system and works antagonistically with the sympathetic nervous system.
E)is a division of the somatic nervous system and works antagonistically with the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 54

Sympathetic effects include

A)decreased heart rate.
B)decreased salivation.
C)narrowing of pupils.
D)constriction of the airways.
E)none of these.

Question 55

Languaganabstract thought arpossibldue

A)the cerebellum.
B)the pons.
C)the cerebral cortex.
D)the medulla oblongata.
E)none of these.

Question 56

Which lobcontains thBroca's area?

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal
E)none of these

Question 57

Thaveraghuman brain

A)weighs over 3 lbs.
B)contains about 100 billion interneurons.
C)is organized into 3 regions.
D)contains many neuroglia; over half of it's volume.
E)includes all of these characteristics.

Question 58

Thorgans of thcentral nervous systearcovereby protectivmembranes called

A)myelin.
B)gray matter.
C)white matter.
D)meninges.
E)none of these.

Question 59

Referring to thabovdiagraof thbrain, B identifies which region?

A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)cerebrum
D)corpus callosum
E)cerebellum

Question 60

Referring to thabovdiagraof thbrain, F identifies which region?

A)corpus callosum
B)hypothalamus
C)cerebrum
D)cerebellum
E)medulla oblongata

Question 61

Vertebrates releas__________, natural chemicals that dampen thpain-relatesignals to thbrain, in responsto injury.

A)morphine
B)prostaglandins
C)endorphins
D)serotonin
E)all of these

Question 62

Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy into

A)resting potentials.
B)action potentials.
C)activation energy.
D)potential energy.
E)resting potentials and activation energy only.

Question 63

Visceral pain

A)is signaled by pain receptors in the skin.
B)is associated with organs inside the body cavities.
C)occurs in response to smooth muscle spasms.
D)occurs due to inadequate blood flow to an internal organ.
E)includes all of these EXCEPT it is NOT signaled by pain receptors in the skin.

Question 64

Sensory neurons responsiblfor somatic sensations arlocated

A)in the skin.
B)in muscles.
C)in tendons.
D)in joints.
E)in all of these.

Question 65

Referring to thabovdiagraof thbrain, B identifies which lobof thcerebrum?

A)frontal lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)occipital lobe
D)temporal lobe
E)primary motor cortex

Question 66

Referring to thabovdiagraof thbrain, identifies which lobof thcerebrum?

A)frontal lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)occipital lobe
D)temporal lobe
E)primary motor cortex

Question 67

ThBroca's area is responsiblfor

A)controlling emotions.
B)integrating visual signals.
C)the capacity to speak complex sentences.
D)perception of visceral sensations.
E)none of these.

Question 68

Visceral sensations

A)are easy to pinpoint.
B)are localized to specific body parts.
C)arise from neurons in the walls of soft internal organs.
D)are difficult to pinpoint.
E)arise from neurons in the walls of soft internal organs, and are difficult to pinpoint.

Question 69

Th__________ of theyis a tissuthat is densely packewith photoreceptors.In thabovdiagraof theye, which letter identifies it?

A)lens, A
B)vitreous body, C
C)retina, C
D)sclera, A
E)cornea, D

Question 70

Frontal loblobotomies

A)involve destruction of the tissue in the frontal lobe.
B)were performed on thousands of patients in the 1950s.
C)were intended to treat mental illness, personality disorders, and headaches.
D)may result in impaired ability to concentrate and plan.
E)include all of these.

Question 71

Smell antaste

A)involve chemoreceptors.
B)are chemical senses.
C)are processed by the cerebellum.
D)are unique to mammals.
E)include both chemoreceptors and chemical senses.

Question 72

Sensory adaptation involves

A)reflexive responses to stimuli that are encountered frequently.
B)coordination of action potentials.
C)reduces response to ongoing stimuli.
D)increased response to ongoing stimuli.
E)none of these.

Question 73

Sensory receptors that detect changes in pressurarcalled

A)thermoreceptors.
B)mechanoreceptors.
C)chemoreceptors.
D)photoreceptors.
E)osmoreceptors.

Question 74

Referring to thabovdiagraof thbrain, C identifies which lobof thcerebrum?

A)frontal lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)occipital lobe
D)temporal lobe
E)primary motor cortex

Question 75

Referring to thabovdiagraof thbrain, A identifies which lobof thcerebrum?

A)frontal lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)occipital lobe
D)temporal lobe
E)primary motor cortex

Question 76

Which of thprimary tastsensations is triggereby alkaloids?

A)sweet
B)salty
C)sour
D)bitter
E)umami

Question 77

Pheromones

A)are signaling molecules that are used for olfactory communication between two different species.
B)are only used by invertebrates.
C)require a vomeronasal organ to be detected.
D)are signaling molecules used for olfactory communication between members of the same species.
E)are all of these.

Question 78

Thability of a person who lives in a busy city likNew York City to sleep during thnight even when theris a lot of noisoutsid(sirens, car horns, etc.) is an examplof

A)sensory adaptation.
B)mechanoreception.
C)somatic sensory adaptation.
D)visceral sensory adaptation.
E)both mechanoreception and somatic sensory adaptation.

Question 79

Injureor damagebody cells stimulatpain through which of thfollowing pathways?

A)pain receptor transmits signal to sensory neuron; sensory neuron releases chemical indicating pain to a motor neuron; motor neuron synapses with interneurons in the brain; the brain processes the information.
B)chemicals released by motor neurons stimulate pain receptors; pain receptors transmit signals to sensory neurons in the brain stem; sensory neuron synapses with interneurons in the brain; the brain processes the information.
C)negative chemicals released by damaged cells stimulate pain receptor; pain receptor transmits signal to sensory neuron; sensory neuron synapses with interneurons in the brain; the brain processes the information.
D)all of these are possible, depending on the cause of the pain
E)none of these are possible

Question 80

Bats havthability to detect ultrasounthat wcan not duto specialized

A)chemoreceptors.
B)chemoreceptors.
C)mechanoreceptors.
D)photoreceptors.
E)senses but none of these.