Deck 9: Crustal Deformation

Question 1

are both deposited by meltwater streams.

A) Terminal moraines and cirques
B) Recessional kettles and erratics
C) Outwash plains and valley trains
D) Valley moraines and ice sheet trains

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All of the following are thought to possibly contribute to ice ages except for _ _.

A) comets
B) plate tectonics
C) eccentricity
D) precession

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A horn is made of .

A) rock
B) mud
C) till
D) sand and gravel

Answer 3

A

Question 4

During the maximum extent of the last Ice Age, which region remained free of ice cover?

A) northern Siberia
B) central Yukon an portions of central and western Alaska
C) southern Ontario
D) Greenland and Iceland

Question 5

Who was the first scientist to hypothesize and promote the idea of a great Pleistocene Ice Age with extensive and far reaching effects?

A) Alley Oop
B) Milutin Milankovitch
C) Louis Agassiz
D) Paul Hoffman

Question 6

Which was not true during the height of last Ice Age?

A) The continent of Atlantis was above sea level in the mid- Atlantic Ocean.
B) One could have walked or paddled a small boat from Siberia to Alaska.
C) One could have walked from SE Asia to Indonesia.
D) One could have walked from France to Britain.

Question 7

A(n) would likely be situated next to a large end moraine.

A) outwash plain
B) fjord
C) pluvial lake
D) cirque

Question 8

The was the most recent Pleistocene glacial episode in North America.

A) Kansan
B) Dakotan
C) Wisconsinan
D) Indianan

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct listing of the classical North American glacial stages from oldest to youngest?

A) Nebraskan, Indianan, Illinoian, Wisconsinan
B) Kansan, llinoian, Iowan, Dakotan
C) Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoian, Wisconsinan
D) Indianan, Kansan, Nebraskan, Ohioan

Question 10

When glaciers suddenly speed up and move at up to 100 times their normal rate, this is called a

A) galumph
B) surge
C) luge
D) splurge

Question 11

A cross- valley profile is typical of canyons and valleys eroded and deepened by alpine or valley glaciers.

A) S
B) V
C) U
D) Y

Question 12

A(n) is similar in appearance to a sinkhole of a karst area.

A) cirque
B) moraine
C) kettle
D) esker

Question 13

Independent of any local scale erosion or deposition, thick accumulations of ice load the crust and upper mantle .

A) causing the crust to rise up with an immediate elastic rebound
B) causing the crust to thrust and fold like in a mountain building event
C) causing the crust to subside
D) causing the crust to drift laterally, instigating major tectonic motions

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the term glacial drift?

A) floating of icebergs southward from the north polar seas
B) the sedimentary materials outwash and till
C) slow, plastic flow in the brittle zone of a glacier
D) the slow, southward advance of the continental ice sheets over Canada and North America during the Pleistocene

Question 15

Approximately how much of an iceberg protrudes above waterline?

A) 10%
B) 0.1%
C) 90%
D) 3%

Question 16

The big quartzite rock sitting on the prairie at Okotoks, Alberta, and similar, smaller blocks strung out over 600 km from their eroded bedrock source near Mt. Edith Cavell in Jasper National Park, make up .

A) an erratics train
B) Alberta's most profound political contribution
C) a glacial lineation
D) a lateral moraine

Question 17

Compared to earlier or subsequent streams in the same valleys, alpine glaciers move but carry sediment.

A) a little slower; only finer
B) very much slower; vastly more
C) mainly in the winter; mostly very coarse
D) faster; less

Question 18

A cirque is made of .

A) sand and gravel
B) mud
C) till
D) rock

Question 19

When glaciers suddenly move forward they are said to .

A) calve
B) purge
C) lunge
D) surge

Question 20

A is a glacier- cut valley that was partly flooded as sea level rose.

A) fjord
B) kettle lake
C) tarn
D) arête

Question 21

Who co- discovered Canada's first diamond mine in the Northwest Territories?

A) Milutin Milankovitch and James Croll
B) Louis Agassiz and Ignaz Venetz
C) Charles Fipke and Stuart Blusson
D) Paul Hoffman and Guy Narbonne

Question 22

What does it mean when the terminus of a glacier has been stationary for several years?

A) The glacier is still frozen but has quit moving.
B) The local glacial budget is in equilibrium.
C) The glacier is storing up energy preparing to surge forward.
D) Global warming has ceased.

Question 23

What physical property of H2O allows glaciers to flow, particularly by basal slip?

A) high viscosity
B) dipole forces
C) pressure melting
D) spontaneous recrystallization to the cubic structure

Question 24

During the retreat of the last ice sheets, how long ago did modern sea level become established?

A) 20,000 years
B) 11,000 years
C) 17,000 years
D) 6000 years

Question 25

The focal point of a valley glacier's growth is a bowl shaped depression called a .

A) cirque
B) nest
C) downer
D) kettle lake

Question 26

Which of the following glacial features would typically be found in close proximity?

A) outwash plain and horn
B) drumlin and fjord
C) cirque and terminal moraine
D) hanging valley and truncated spur

Question 27

Boulders that are lithologically different than the local bedrock (like a loose Precambrian gneiss found sitting on top of bedded Paleozoic limestones) are called .

A) erratics
B) transportees
C) ectatics
D) come from aways

Question 28

are erosional features produced by valley/alpine glaciers.

A) Drumlins
B) Cirques
C) Eskers
D) Moraines

Question 29

Which one of the following is not normally a feature of glaciated, alpine terrains?

A) drumlin
B) lateral moraine
C) horn
D) arête

Question 30

The of the geologic time scale occurs within the time of Earth's most recent "Ice Age."

A) Proterozoic Eon
B) Pleistocene Epoch
C) Pliocene Epoch
D) Permian Period

Question 31

How much of Earths land surface is currently covered by glacial ice?

A) 25%
B) 10%
C) 45%
D) <1%

Question 32

A is an erosional feature specifically produced by alpine glaciation.

A) U- shaped valley
B) V- shaped valley
C) kame
D) lateral moraine

Question 33

All of the following landforms and geologic features are direct products of glacial erosion except for .

A) kame terraces
B) striated bedrock
C) truncated spur
D) horn

Question 34

As a glacier advances over a fractured bedrock surface, it loosens, lifts, and incorporates blocks of rock in a process called .

A) plucking
B) frost wedging
C) hydraulic lifting
D) striation

Question 35

Kame terraces were originally deposited .

A) in meltwater channels perpendicular to a melting continental ice front
B) under water along a floating ice shelf
C) as a broad band behind the advancing ice front of a continental ice sheet
D) along the sides of a glacial valley

Question 36

Where is the world's second largest continental ice sheet?

A) Greenland
B) Iceland
C) Siberian Russia
D) Antarctica

Question 37

An ice carved, asymmetrical bedrock knob with the steep side downhill is called a .

A) drumlin
B) nunatak
C) kame
D) roche moutonnée

Question 38

Which one of the following statements concerning glacial deposits is false?

A) Till is deposited directly from the ice; outwash is deposited by meltwater streams.
B) Tills are poorly sorted and their fragments are mostly angular.
C) Glacial erratics are blocks of rock that are too large for the glacier to move.
D) Outwash is mainly stratified sand and gravel.

Question 39

The great glaciation that affected the Southern Hemisphere supercontinent Pangaea (parts of Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica) occurred .

A) 56- 45 m.y. ago in early Cenozoic time
B) 800- 700 m.y. ago in late Proterozoic time
C) 3800- 3600 m.y. ago in early Archean time
D) 300- 200 m.y. ago in late Paleozoic time

Question 40

Which one of the following could not have significantly affected climatic variations, and advances and retreats of ice sheets, during the Pleistocene Epoch?

A) gradual movements of Earth's tectonic plates
B) cyclic precession of Earth's orbit
C) episodic variations in the Sun's energy output
D) periodic wobbling of Earth's rotational axis

Question 41

How long ago was the glacial maximum of the last Ice Age?

A) 2000 years
B) 11,000 years
C) 6000 years
D) 20,000 years

Question 42

Diamond- bearing kimberlites occur in the Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan and Ontario. What type of glacial deposit would be most useful for tracing kimberlite cobbles and minerals directly to their bedrock source area?

A) lateral or medial moraines formed by alpine valley glaciers
B) kames
C) kame terraces
D) end or ground moraine formed by a continental ice sheet

Question 43

A drumlin is usually made of _.

A) sand and gravel
B) rock
C) mud
D) till

Question 44

Upon what evidence did Agassiz base his ice age theory?

A) glacial landscapes in the Swiss Alps that extended far beyond existing ice fronts
B) astronomical calculations for cyclic variations in Earth's orbit
C) stacks of glacial drift with intervening "warm period" soil horizons
D) spectroscopic measurements for variations in the solar output

Question 45

Prior to its sudden emptying down the St. Lawrence around 11,000 years ago, was the largest lake in North America.

A) Lake Bonneville
B) Lake Agassiz
C) Maligne Lake
D) Great Bear Lake

Question 46

All of the following descriptions apply to stratified drift (not till) except for .

A) deposited or redeposited by glacial meltwater
B) commonly layered, well sorted sand and gravel beds
C) rock flour deposited directly from advancing ice
D) deposited in advance of the ice front on outwash plains, in glacial lakes, or fjords

Question 47

What glacial landform is responsible for a large portion of the water resources for greater metropolitan Toronto?

A) the Oak Ridges moraine and its included channel fills of coarse glacial outwash
B) the drumlin field near Guelph and Peterborough
C) pingoes and blocks of buried ice mined from glacial sediments between Toronto and Muskoka
D) the remnants of glacial Lake Bonneville

Question 48

What type of moraine is formed by the merging of two lateral moraines at a junction of two valley glaciers?

A) recessional
B) collateral
C) medial
D) ground

Question 49

A(n) is likely to host a large stream with a waterfall or steep rapids today.

A) striated drumlin
B) truncated spur
C) hanging valley
D) horn

Question 50

During the peak of the last Ice Age, continental land area was larger and you could have walked across the English Channel because .

A) sea floor spreading hadn't separated England from France yet
B) the polar ice caps flattened Earth so much that the continents were higher
C) the continents expanded as they got colder
D) there was so much ice that the global sea level was about 100 m lower than now

Question 51

Which of the following sediment types is not glacial drift?

A) Pleistocene deep sea oozes
B) ground moraines of till
C) stratified outwash fans
D) laminated glacial lake muds with striated and polished dropstones

Question 52

An erratic is made of .

A) sand and gravel
B) mud
C) rock
D) till

Question 53

When did the great southern hemisphere glaciation of Pangaea occur?

A) Pleistocene Epoch
B) Permian Period
C) Proterozoic Eon
D) Pliocene Epoch

Question 54

Which one of the following applies to a valley glacier that lengthens (extends its terminus downslope) over a span of many years?

A) wastage exceeds accumulation
B) the glacier experiences no accumulation or wastage
C) accumulation and wastage are about equal; the older ice moves farther
D) accumulation exceeds wastage

Question 55

Headward erosion by alpine glaciers on two sides of a mountain ridge can remove enough rock to intersect forming a pass called a .

A) monument
B) col
C) tarn
D) cirque

Question 56

Which process occurs where a glacier enters the sea?

A) salinization
B) kaming
C) calving
D) surging

Question 57

A forms when stagnant, glacial ice melts after being buried by till or outwash.

A) kettle
B) drumlin
C) tarn
D) horn

Question 58

The oldest extensive glacial deposits preserved in: Finland, North America, South Africa, and Western Australia occurred years ago, which took for evidence of his hypothesis.

A) 2.3 million; Mikhail Budyko; Big Chill
B) 250 million; Alfred Wegener; Continental Drift
C) 11,000; Lancelot du Lac; Big Tilt
D) 2.3 billion; Paul Hoffman; Snowball Earth

Question 59

How do most icebergs in the North Atlantic Ocean originate?

A) as calved blocks of glacial ice that float northward from Antarctica
B) as ice shelves that float northward from Antarctica
C) by calving of large tidewater glaciers on Greenland
D) as masses of sea ice that float southward from the Arctic Ocean through Davis Strait

Question 60

What was the most far reaching effect of the Ice Age on the world's oceans?

A) It was too cold for phytoplankton to live in the seas.
B) Global sea levels dropped about 100 metres.
C) The seas got about - 7° C cooler on average over the whole planet.
D) The seas got much less saline because of all the melting icebergs.

Question 61

An ice contact deposit is classified by its .

A) grain size
B) internal stratification
C) age
D) shape

Question 62

Which one of the following statements concerning glaciers is false?

A) Piedmont glaciers form on lowlands at the base of mountainous terrain.
B) The volume of water tied up in the Antarctic ice sheet is about the same as the total discharge of the Amazon River in one year.
C) Long, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high elevation and high latitude, mountainous areas in the United States, Canada, and Europe at one or more times during the past two million years.
D) Ice sheets are larger than ice caps.

Question 63

Which glacial landform was originally deposited as a fan against glacial ice or within depressions on the ice surface?

A) end moraines
B) ground moraines
C) valley trains
D) kames

Question 64

developed and promoted the first comprehensive mathematical model that periodic variations in the geometry of Earth's orbit (eccentricity, obliquity, precession) were responsible for climatic oscillations of 1000 to 100,000 years.

A) I. Venetz
B) P. Hoffman
C) M. Milankovitch
D) L. Agassiz

Question 65

Abrasion and plucking generally involve what part of a glacier?

A) the snout zone
B) the basal, sliding zone
C) the surface, brittle zone
D) the internal, flowage zone

Question 66

When did Earth's climate deteriorate enough to start this current cycle of glaciations in Antarctica?

A) > 30 million years ago
B) 17,000 years ago
C) about 2.4 million years ago
D) 10,000 years ago

Question 67

Where is the world's largest ice sheet located today?

A) Antarctica
B) Siberian Russia
C) Iceland
D) Greenland

Question 68

A moraine is primarily made of .

A) outwash
B) till
C) rock
D) mud

Question 69

During ice- age times when glaciers are present, water is typically stored as glacial ice and removed from the hydrologic cycle for .

A) hundreds of millions of years
B) less than a few months
C) up to several years
D) tens of thousands of years

Question 70

A(n) is a depositional feature composed primarily of till and usually associated with continental glaciation, not with alpine glaciers.

A) outwash deposit
B) moraine
C) drumlin
D) cirque

Question 71

Which of the following is often associated with a cirque basin in high, mountainous terrain?

A) saline lake
B) arête pond
C) kettle
D) tarn lake

Question 72

Which phrase best describes what would likely happen during the retreat of a valley glacier?

A) A line of stakes across the glacier would be gradually lowered to the valley floor directly beneath where they were originally placed.
B) A line of stakes would retreat slowly up valley as the ice withdraws to its source region.
C) A line of stakes across the glacier would continue to move down valley as the terminus of the glacier slowly retreated.
D) Who cares? The beer would get too warm!

Question 73

An esker is made of _.

A) till
B) mud
C) rock
D) sand and gravel

Question 74

Glaciers can deform internally to behave like a plastic material and flow because .

A) there are layers of pure liquid water between the annual layers of ice
B) there are round rock particles within the ice that act like little ball bearings
C) the bonds between successive layers of ice are weaker than those within a single layer, allowing the glacier to slip like a stack of cards
D) there are layers of air between the layers of ice

Question 75

At what depth or thickness of ice does glacial ice make the transition from brittle fracture to plastic flow?

A) 50 metres
B) 10 metres
C) 1 metre
D) 5 metres

Question 76

Ice masses that entirely cover uplands and plateaus such as the islands in Nunavut or Vatnajukull in Iceland are called .

A) ice caps
B) alpine glaciers
C) crevasse splays
D) ice sheets

Question 77

During the peak of the last Ice Age circa 20,000 years ago, the total volume of glacial ice was about

A) 70 million; 2.8
B) 7 thousand; 55
C) 25 million; 100
D) 2.42 X 1012 ; a million

Question 78

Drumlin fields contain .

A) mounds of outwash deposited by meltwater streams at the snout of a glacier
B) smooth, striated, bedrock ridges shaped and polished by a glacier's erosive action
C) smooth, tapering, asymmetric ridges of till usually formed and shaped beneath a continental ice sheet
D) bowl- shaped depressions eroded largely by frost action and glacial plucking

Question 79

is a gently rolling sheet of till with an irregular surface deposited under the weight of a glacier.

A) Terminal moraine
B) Kame sheet
C) Outwash blanket
D) Ground moraine

Question 80

is one of the three ways a glacier can move over its bed.

A) Basal slip
B) Frost heaving
C) Morainal sliding
D) Crevassal slip