Deck 11: Major Minerals

Question 1

_____ is secreted in response to low plasma calcium concentrations and acts on the kidney to increase synthesis of _____, which promotes renal reabsorption of calcium.

A) Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin
B) Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol
C) Calcitonin, calcitriol
D) Calcitriol, calmodulin

Answer 1

B

Question 2

All of the following are considered major electrolytes EXCEPT _____.

A) calcium
B) sodium
C) potassium
D) chloride

Answer 2

A

Question 3

One health claim for calcium states that levels above _____ are unlikely to provide additional benefit.

A) 800 mg/d
B) 1000 mg/d
C) 1200 mg/d
D) 2000 mg/d

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which mineral is LEAST likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?

A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) iodine
D) chromium

Question 5

What substance can improve calcium absorption?

A) lactose
B) unabsorbed fatty acids
C) phytic acid
D) magnesium

Question 6

Which cells are considered the bone-building cells?

A) osteonectins
B) osteopontins
C) osteoclasts
D) osteoblasts

Question 7

Which mineral is the most abundant cation in the human body?

A) phosphorus
B) magnesium
C) calcium
D) potassium

Question 8

Malnourished individuals being refed who exhibit the "refeeding syndrome" may have low serum concentrations of _____.

A) calcium
B) sodium
C) phosphorus
D) chloride

Question 9

During which period of the life cycle does peak bone mass occur?

A) childhood
B) puberty
C) early adulthood
D) middle age

Question 10

Which mineral, when combined with unabsorbed dietary fat, forms soaps that cannot be absorbed and are excreted in the feces?

A) calcium
B) sulphur
C) potassium
D) chloride

Question 11

Which of the following minerals plays a major role in regulating body fluid pH?

A) calcium
B) magnesium
C) sulphur
D) phosphorus

Question 12

When serum albumin levels decline by 1 g/dL, serum calcium will decrease by _____.

A) 0.4 mg/dL
B) 0.8 mg/dL
C) 1.0 mg/dL
D) 0.5 g/dL

Question 13

Which two minerals are the major part of the crystal, hydroxyapatite, formed in ossification of bone?

A) sodium, chloride
B) sulphur, magnesium
C) calcium, phosphorus
D) calcium, potassium

Question 14

Paracellular absorption of calcium

A) relies on transmembrane proteins called claudins.
B) requires a membrane channel protein called TRPV6.
C) requires energy and is saturable.
D) increases with low dietary calcium intakes.

Question 15

The binding protein that regulates many of the calcium-dependent enzymes is:

A) calcitonin.
B) calmodulin.
C) albumin.
D) globulin.

Question 16

Which of the following is considered a major mineral in the body?

A) iron
B) sodium
C) selenium
D) iodine

Question 17

Phosphate balance is achieved largely by _____.

A) renal excretion
B) fecal excretion
C) control of absorption by vitamin D
D) control of absorption by phytates

Question 18

In the renal system, which mineral regulates body fluid pH by reacting with secreted hydrogen ions, releasing sodium ions in the process?

A) sulphur
B) magnesium
C) calcium
D) phosphorus

Question 19

Calcitriol can stimulate the absorption of calcium from the intestines by regulating _____and related proteins.

A) calsequestrin
B) calcitonin
C) calmodulin
D) calbindin

Question 20

Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus?

A) calcitonin
B) calcitriol
C) parathyroid hormone
D) insulin

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true?

A) In muscle contraction, the roles of calcium and magnesium are antagonistic, with calcium promoting the process and magnesium being the inhibitor.
B) Magnesium promotes phosphorus absorption.
C) Calcium and magnesium promote each other's reabsorption in the kidney.
D) Calcium may cause an alteration in magnesium distribution by changing the flux of magnesium across the cell membrane or displacing it on its binding sites.

Question 22

Which mineral participates in all aspects of energy metabolism including glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and the TCA cycle?

A) calcium
B) iron
C) magnesium
D) sulphur

Question 23

Deficiency of which major mineral is usually associated with muscular weakness, neuromuscular hyperexcitability, and tetany?

A) magnesium
B) calcium
B) chloride
Matching
C) sulphur

Question 24

Which mineral has as its primary function to bind phosphate groups in ATP and ATP-dependent enzyme reactions?

A) calcium
B) magnesium
C) potassium
D) sodium

Question 25

Which mineral is part of the green chlorophyll pigment in green leafy vegetables?

A) magnesium
B) sodium
C) potassium
D) sulfur

Question 26

Which statement is false?

A) About half of magnesium in the body is associated with the bones.
B) Intracellular and serum magnesium levels are rigidly maintained.
C) Magnesium in cells is associated with phospholipids and proteins.
D) Magnesium metabolism is regulated by several hormones.