Deck 12: Water and Electrolytes

Question 1

What percentage of blood volume is circulated through the kidneys?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Answer 1

A

Question 2

. Which of the following is NOT a cationic electrolyte of extracellular fluid?

A) sodium
B) potassium
C) calcium
D) bicarbonate

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which process gives the body the capacity to maintain constancy in the internal environment?

A) osmotic pressure
B) osmolality
C) homeostasis
D) acid-base balance

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Significant loss of what mineral occurs when one exercises vigorously while the temperature is high?

A) sulphur
B) phosphorus
C) sodium
D) potassium

Question 5

Which organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume?

A) hypothalamus and kidney
B) liver and pancreas
C) pancreas and kidney
D) spleen and bone marrow

Question 6

Which hormone, mediated by the enzyme renin, is primarily responsible for active reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal and collecting tubules?

A) antidiuretic hormone
B) aldosterone
C) androsterone
D) adrenocortical

Question 7

Which is the chief cation of intracellular fluid for which maintenance of normal levels is essential to life of the cells?

A) calcium
B) sodium
C) potassium
D) bicarbonate

Question 8

A food may be labeled "low sodium" if each serving provides

A) less than 5 mg.
B) less than 35 mg.
C) less than140 mg.
D) less than 240 mg.

Question 9

A clinically useful parameter in establishing metabolic disorders that can alter electrolyte balance is:

A) blood urea nitrogen.
B) creatinine.
C) homeostatic ion regulation.
D) anion gap.

Question 10

Water accounts for what percentage of the body weight in a normal adult?

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 11

What is the major filtration force in the capillaries that is responsible for controlling movement of water from plasma to interstitial fluid and from interstitial fluid into plasma?

A) colloid osmotic pressure
B) theoretic osmotic pressure
C) hydrostatic pressure
D) effective osmotic pressure

Question 12

Dietary intake of which mineral correlates positively with blood pressure?

A) magnesium
B) calcium
C) potassium
D) sodium

Question 13

Incidence of hypertension in populations is considered predictable by _____.

A) serum sodium concentration
B) urinary sodium excretion
C) average daily sodium intake
D) sodium filtration rate by the kidney

Question 14

Which mineral serves as the major intracellular fluid cation?

A) calcium
B) chloride
C) sodium
D) potassium

Question 15

What percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is excreted as urine each day?

A) 100%
B) 50%
C) 25%
D) 1%

Question 16

Which of the components comprising the nephron includes the capillary network called the glomerulus?

A) collecting duct
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) loop of Henle
D) Bowman's capsule

Question 17

In which part of the nephron is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?

A) ascending loop of Henle
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) collecting ducts
D) proximal tubule

Question 18

Colloid osmotic pressure attracts water into the plasma and is mainly due to _____.

A) large protein molecules
B) the pumping of the heart
C) sodium ions
D) chloride ions

Question 19

Which hormone, stimulated by increased blood pressure stretching the heart, functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption to promote sodium excretion?

A) vasopressin
B) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) aldosterone
D) angiotensin II

Question 20

Which body water reservoir is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid?

A) intracellular
B) extracellular
C) total body water
D) glomerular filtrate

Question 21

Which of the physiological buffers has the most potent buffering capacity?

A) bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
B) hydrochloric acid system
C) phosphates
D) proteins

Question 22

When the plasma concentration of H ions exceeds the normal range the condition is called:

A) alkalosis.
B) acidosis.

Question 23

When a person hyperventilates and "blows off" CO₂, what effect does this have on pH?

A) lowers it
B) raises it
C) does not alter it significantly
D) delays any changes in it

Question 24

What is the condition that may result in cardiac arrhythmias when extracellular potassium is increased?

A) hypernatremia
B) hypokalemia
C) hyperkalemia
D) hyponatremia

Question 25

What enzyme facilitates diffusion of carbon dioxide from tissue cells and its reaction with water so that carbon dioxide can be carried to the lungs?

A) renin
B) angiotensinogen
C) angiotensin
D) carbonic anhydrase

Question 26

Restoration of normal pH is accomplished by the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid. Which buffer is controlled by the kidneys?

A) bicarbonate
B) carbonic acid

Question 27

Acid-base balance refers to

A) the ratio of acidic and basic foods consumed each day.
B) the concentration of the bicarbonate ion in the red blood cells.
C) the control of the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.
D) homeostasis.

Question 28

What is the condition that occurs in starvation or diabetes in which there is an increase in the urinary excretion of ammonia?

A) metabolic alkalosis
B) metabolic acidosis

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal regulatory mechanisms for guarding against fluctuation in pH?

A) temperature variation
B) buffer systems
C) respiratory center
D) renal regulation

Question 30

What is a major function of chloride?

A) protein synthesis in cells
B) the principal intracellular electrolyte
C) wound healing
D) maintenance of gastric acidity

Question 31

Of these blood proteins, which one contributes most to buffering?

A) albumin
B) gamma globulins
C) hemoglobin
D) transthyretin

Question 32

When hyperventilation occurs there is:

A) an increased loss of CO₂ and a decreased production of carbonic acid.
B) a decreased loss of CO₂ and an increased production of carbonic acid.

Question 33

Which mineral is the most abundant anion found in extracellular fluid?

A) sodium
B) chloride
C) phosphorus
D) magnesium