Deck 5: Theories of Gender Development

Question 1

According to Freud, the latency stage of personality development

A) tends to arouse aggressive sexuality in men but not in women.
B) is more traumatic for boys than girls.
C) includes no sexual activity or active sexual interest.
D) is the last stage of development.
E) both b and d

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Freud, two instincts furnish the energy for personality functioning. These instincts are

A) the id and the ego.
B) the subconscious and the unconscious.
C) the act of repression and the defense mechanism of denial.
D) sex and aggression.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In "Femininity," one of Freud's last statements on women,

A) he confessed an incomplete understanding of women.
B) he confessed his personal dislike for women and his belief that they were intellectually inferior to men.
C) he reversed his earlier position on women, admitting that men and women were more similar than he had previously acknowledged.
D) he reported on research concerning gender identity and proposed a feminist future.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What event prompts boys to experience castration anxiety during the phallic stage?

A) being castrated
B) noticing the small size of their penis compared to the size of men's penises
C) noticing that they have a penis and girls do not
D) feelings of intellectual inadequacy

Question 5

When boys feel sexual attraction to their mothers, hostility toward their fathers, and fears of punishment for these feelings,

A) they are approaching puberty and sexual maturity.
B) they also experience castration anxiety.
C) their ids tend to take over, making them a dangerous threat to society.
D) all of the above

Question 6

According to the Greek legend upon which Freud based the dynamics of the Oedipus complex, Oedipus

A) killed his father and married his mother.
B) killed both his parents and married his sister.
C) felt anger and rage toward his father and left home despite his affection for his mother.
D) went to war to avoid acknowledging hostile feelings for his parents.

Question 7

Penis envy

A) is part of the male Oedipus complex in boys.
B) is the anxiety boys feel due to comparisons of their genitals with those of adult men.
C) is part of the female Oedipus complex.
D) can be resolved in girls more easily than in boys.
E) both a and b

Question 8

According to Freud, in order to achieve mature sexual functioning women must

A) re-direct their sexual impulses away from the clitoris.
B) try to adopt a more outgoing, aggressive sexuality similar to men.
C) become more passive and try to please men.
D) develop an attachment to multiple modes of sexual satisfaction.

Question 9

Freud's personal feelings about women were

A) negative, as his theory reflected.
B) positive, as his inclusion of women in psychoanalytic training showed.
C) contradictory; Freud expected subservience from women yet admired intellectual achievement in women.
D) not consistent; the young Freud wanted passive, feminine women and the older Freud encouraged women to be feminists.

Question 10

Karen Horney was

A) an early psychologist who followed Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
B) like Freud-a physician and psychoanalyst.
C) unlike Freud-a physician trained in the experimental procedures involved in psychophysiology.
D) one of Freud's lay analysts.

Question 11

In Freudian theory, that area of the mind that functions outside personal awareness is the

A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) preconscious
D) subconscious
E) b, c, and d

Question 12

Freud's developmental stages, in order, are the

A) oral, psychosexual, genital, and revisional stages.
B) oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages.
C) anal, phallic, Oedipal, and oral stages.
D) genetic, phallic, anal, and genital stages.

Question 13

Freud's theory is uncomplimentary to women;

A) Freud was unaware of this facet of his theory until the year before his death.
B) Freud was aware of this facet of his theory from the early years of his work.
C) his female colleagues were reluctant to mention this facet of his theory.
D) Freud's wife, Martha, divorced him over her dissatisfaction with his portrayal of women.

Question 14

During the phallic stage, girls experience

A) traumatic events that are similar in severity to those boys experience.
B) traumatic events that are similar but more severe than boys experience.
C) less hostility for their same-sex parent and less competition for their other-sex parent's attention than boys.
D) traumatic events that differ from but are less severe than those experienced by boys.

Question 15

In Freud's theory, personality development is similar for boys and girls until what stage?

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) psychosexual

Question 16

What leads to the resolution of the Oedipus complex and an end to castration anxiety?

A) boys' identification with their father
B) boys' identification with their mother
C) girls' acceptance of their inferior genitalia
D) girls' identification with their father

Question 17

Psychoanalytic theory holds that personality development occurs through a series of _________ stages, which are _________ determined.

A) representational . . . socially
B) abstract . . . both socially and biologically
C) psychosexual . . . biologically
D) biopsychosocial . . . personally

Question 18

In Freud's theory

A) gender and sexuality are important factors.
B) gender is important for moral development, but sexuality is less important to women than to men.
C) sexuality is important but can be repressed to the extent that it does not affect personality development.
D) gender is unimportant to personality development, with girls and boys going through similar processes, but sexuality is critically important.

Question 19

Sigmund Freud was

A) one of the founders of psychology who developed a theory specific to moral development.
B) an early physician who discovered gender-related differences in the physiology of emotion.
C) a neurologist who formulated a theory of personality development.
D) one of the founders of physiology who studied psychological reactions to physical stimuli.

Question 20

Freud defined mature sexuality as

A) heterosexual intercourse.
B) caring attachment with people of both sexes.
C) marriage.
D) rejection of sexuality.

Question 21

Horney suggested that men envy

A) other men's larger penis.
B) the sexual innocence of children.
C) women's ability to have children.
D) earning power rather than physical attributes.

Question 22

Horney reinterpreted the Freudian concept of penis envy,

A) suggesting that the envy women feel is a desire for power and prestige rather than for a penis.
B) hypothesizing that both men and women feel penis envy.
C) denying the concept.
D) in a literal, physical way.

Question 23

Ellyn Kaschak proposed Antigone as a representation of female psychological development because

A) Antigone felt sexually attracted to her father.
B) Antigone represented the daughter who was subservient to male power.
C) the female Oedipus complex was too violent to be accurate.
D) only a mythical relationship could symbolize the dynamics of male-female relationships.

Question 24

Horney's theory of personality development differed from Freud's in its

A) emphasis on the unconscious.
B) acceptance of sexual feelings as important.
C) emphasis on the events that take place in early childhood.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 25

A gender role consists of

A) activities that appear in different frequencies in different cultures.
B) activities related to sexuality and reproduction.
C) activities performed with different frequencies by women and men.
D) underlying gender identification on an unconscious level.

Question 26

Horney emphasized the ________ forces in personality development.

A) instinctual
B) biological
C) social
D) communal

Question 27

The emphasis in Chodorow's theory is

A) mothering.
B) fathering.
C) early childhood sexuality.
D) peer relationships.

Question 28

In Horney's theory, men fear women and try to manage this feeling by

A) achievement and personal success.
B) trying to make women feel inferior.
C) competition, especially in athletic events.
D) attempting to repress such feelings to the unconscious.

Question 29

Nancy Chodorow's psychoanalytic theory of development

A) is a minor revision of Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
B) emphasizes the latency and genital stages of development rather than the phallic stage.
C) emphasizes pre-Oedipal development.
D) replaced Freud's theory with a research-based approach to personality development.

Question 30

Horney hypothesized that men and women were not equally vulnerable to feelings of inferiority due to

A) women's persistent feelings of inferiority as a result of their smaller physical size.
B) women's feelings of inferiority as a result of their intellectual inferiority.
C) men's self-consciousness over their competitive failures.
D) men's constant need to prove themselves sexually.

Question 31

Chodorow hypothesized a different course in personality development for boys and girls because

A) boys develop a sexual attraction for their mothers that girls do not.
B) boys have a penis and girls do not.
C) most children have a female caregiver, which provides the basis for a different relationship with girls than with boys.
D) most children have ambivalent feelings about separation, both wanting to separate and fearing separation.

Question 32

What do all of the psychodynamic theories of gender development have in common?

A) an emphasis on the importance of the unconscious in personality formation and functioning
B) the view that the events of the Oedipus complex are the most important factors in gender development
C) a bias against women and an acceptance of the inferiority of their personalities
D) nothing-these theories have no underlying principles that make them comparable

Question 33

In Ellyn Kaschak's theory women who do not resolve their Antigone complex

A) are sexually attracted to other women.
B) seek power and strive for success in occupations typically filled by men.
C) define themselves through men's view of them rather than in their own terms.
D) experience more frequent substance abuse problems than other women.

Question 34

In Ellyn Kaschak's theory men who do not resolve their Oedipus complex

A) are attracted to women who have qualities like their mother.
B) seek power and sex in self-centered ways.
C) seek to form close relationships with men as well as with women.
D) are less masculine than men who resolve this complex.

Question 35

In Chodorow's theory, identifying with their mother is

A) easier for boys than girls, because of the sexual attraction.
B) easier for girls than boys, because girls and their mothers are the same sex.
C) harmful to boys, who may develop a homosexual orientation.
D) equally difficult for both boys and girls, due to the age difference between infants and the adult mother.

Question 36

Horney's interpretation of masochism

A) differed from Freud's in her emphasis on the social and cultural factors that contribute to masochism.
B) differed from Freud's in her denial of the existence of masochism.
C) was similar to Freud's in her reliance on the biology of masochism.
D) was similar to Freud's in her belief in the widespread existence of masochism in all cultures.

Question 37

The commonality in men who have resolved their Oedipus complex and women who have resolved their Antigone complex is their

A) ability to form heterosexual relationships.
B) ability to relate to each other as individuals.
C) achievement orientation.
D) tendency to express a high degree of neurotic symptoms.

Question 38

The term patriarchal terrorism refers to

A) family violence committed by men who believe that they have the right to do so.
B) fathers controlling their daughters' lives like Oedipus and Antigone.
C) acts of violence that occur between neighboring families.
D) family violence between husbands and wives, escalating to include children.

Question 39

In Chodorow's theory, boys reject femininity due to their

A) greater difficulty in separating from their mother and their stronger identity.
B) identification with their father and their father's hostility toward women.
C) cultural environment and its many signals of female inferiority.
D) fathers' hostility toward them for showing affection toward their mothers.

Question 40

All versions of psychoanalytic theory

A) have a solid empirical basis and a large research literature confirming them.
B) have undergone revisions based on changes in social roles of women and men.
C) hypothesize gender differences in personality development.
D) have fallen from popularity and represent theories of historical rather than current interest.

Question 41

According to social learning theory, gender differences are

A) totally a matter of learning from society.
B) due to a combination of biological and social factors.
C) largely a matter of biological factors.
D) due to social situations rather than the family as the major source of learning gender roles.

Question 42

If a boy's brother makes fun of him when he plays with dolls, the boy is being

A) punished for playing with dolls.
B) positively reinforced for playing with dolls.
C) negatively reinforced for playing with dolls.
D) negatively reinforced for showing feminine behaviors.
E) both c and d

Question 43

Gender role behaviors of cartoon characters

A) have become more gender stereotypical over the past 30 years.
B) have become more gender stereotypical for female characters but less so for male characters.
C) have changed little for male characters but have become less gender stereotypical for female characters.
D) have become similar for male and female characters, with little stereotypical behavior remaining.

Question 44

Social learning theory emphasizes that learning occurs through

A) reinforcement
B) punishment
C) observation
D) both a and b

Question 45

When children learn the rules for gender category formation, they become unwilling to make exceptions. That is, they tend to

A) use a variety of flexible gender categories.
B) find it difficult to limit their categories to the two standard choices.
C) stereotype on the basis of gender.
D) use several different cognitive strategies to identify a stranger's gender.

Question 46

Cognitive developmental theory and social learning theory differ in the

A) existence of stages in cognitive developmental but not in social learning theory.
B) emphasis on cognitive factors in cognitive developmental but not in social learning theory.
C) the similarity of cognitive developmental theory to psychoanalytic theory.
D) the solid theoretical basis for social learning theory but the lack of a theoretical basis for cognitive developmental theory.

Question 47

In his formulation of cognitive developmental theory, Kohlberg hypothesized that the development of gender constancy is the most important component of gender identity. According to research on this topic,

A) Kohlberg's hypothesis has been confirmed.
B) Kohlberg's hypothesis has not been confirmed.
C) Kohlberg did not emphasize the cognitive aspects of gender development to an adequate extent.
D) no clear pattern of gender development can be determined.

Question 48

The process of coming to identify oneself as male or female is

A) gender stereotyping.
B) gender identity.
C) gender constancy.
D) gender self-referencing.

Question 49

Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the basis for the cognitive developmental theory of gender,

A) explains cognitive development in four stages, beginning in infancy and ending in early adolescence.
B) explains cognitive development in five stages, beginning in middle childhood and ending during early adulthood.
C) encompasses intellectual, emotional, and motivational components of learning and development.
D) is also a theory of personality development.

Question 50

A gender schema is

A) a stereotypical way of thinking about gender.
B) a measurement of masculinity or femininity.
C) an internalized cognitive system for organizing gender.
D) the same as gender identity.

Question 51

The process of understanding that gender is a permanent characteristic is

A) gender stereotyping.
B) gender identity.
C) gender constancy.
D) gender self-referencing.

Question 52

Adoption of the male or female gender role is similar to

A) learning a part to play from a script.
B) internalizing the trauma associated with gender identity development.
C) reformulating the meaning of masculinity and femininity on an individual level.
D) restructuring the critical elements of gender-related behaviors that each child observes.

Question 53

Sandra Bem objected to what component of cognitive developmental theory?

A) the flexibility of the categories
B) its treatment of gender as any other cognitive category
C) its inclusion of cognitive as well as behavioral components
D) its acceptance of psychoanalytic concepts in explaining gender development

Question 54

Operant conditioning explains learning through

A) pressure and resistance.
B) reinforcement and punishment.
C) reinforcement and delineation.
D) pressure and punishment.

Question 55

How does a person fulfill his or her gender role?

A) by experimenting with cross-gender behaviors as well as same-gender behaviors
B) by behaving in expected ways in various situations
C) by narrowing his or her behavioral repertoire to include instrumental and not expressive behaviors
D) by reversing the expectancies of people in the situation to enlarge the behavioral repertoire

Question 56

Developing an understanding of gender seems to be related to other cognitive changes that occur around age _______ years.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 9

Question 57

Social learning theory adds a _________ component to traditional learning theory.

A) external
B) reserve
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 58

Cognitive developmental theory explains gender development as

A) dependent on operant conditioning.
B) part of the general process of cognitive development.
C) the basis for most other types of socialization.
D) a specialized type of development, with rules of learning specific to gender development.

Question 59

Models of gender-related behaviors

A) occur in the media and in personal experience.
B) should be consistent for learning to occur.
C) should be restricted to same-gender models or gender identity will be confused.
D) are more influential during adolescence than during childhood.

Question 60

Social learning theory explains that both boys and girls observe the gender-related behaviors of both, and

A) they are equally likely to perform both.
B) boys are more likely to perform both, but girls are not.
C) they are reinforced for performing the behaviors typical of their gender and not the other.
D) they have a great deal of difficulty in distinguishing the two until early adolescence, when they exhibit stable differences.

Question 61

The factor that social learning, cognitive developmental, and gender schema theories all have in common is

A) an emphasis on the social context of gender development.
B) a neoFreudian approach to personality development.
C) an acceptance of unconscious factors in personality development.
D) a description of different courses of personality development for women and men.

Question 62

According to gender schema theory, gender is

A) a special cognitive category around which children organize and process information.
B) closely related to the biological characteristics of sex.
C) not a category that all children develop.
D) a cognitive category that forms independent of other cognitive development.

Question 63

Gender schema theory hypothesizes that the development of gender schemata

A) follows a variable course for young children, with some children developing gender schema and some not.
B) is part of the process of developing a self-concept.
C) occurs faster in boys than in girls.
D) is tied to specific rewards and punishments between ages 2 and 4 years.

Question 64

Research has indicated that individuals who have strong gender schemata

A) are behaviorally similar to people with weaker schemata.
B) apply these standards of behavior to themselves but not necessarily to others.
C) are more androgynous than people with weaker schemata.
D) notice and remember more gender-related information than people with weaker gender schemata.

Question 65

Which theory of gender development best fits the data?

A) social learning theory
B) cognitive developmental theory
C) gender schema theory
D) None is a good fit with all of the evidence.

Question 66

Distortions of memory related to gender-typical behavior

A) tend to exaggerate the presence of gender-atypical behaviors, leaving people with the memory that behavior was less stereotypical than it actually was.
B) tend to exaggerate the presence of gender-typical behaviors, leaving people with the memory that behavior was more stereotypical than it actually was.
C) are avoidable only if people learn to attend to the relevant cues and find a way to minimize interference.
D) are very rare.

Question 67

Children who saw drawings of men and women performing gender-typical and gender-atypical actions

A) had poor memories for women's actions regardless of how typical those actions were of women.
B) remembered those performing the gender-typical actions better than those performing the gender-atypical actions.
C) made no distinction on the basis of gender or on how gender-typical the actions were.
D) seemed psychologically "blind" to both men and women performing gender-atypical actions.

Question 68

Gender schemata

A) do not vary from person to person.
B) are consistent for women and for men but different between the two.
C) can vary from person to person as well as between women and men.
D) produce no behavioral effects and are difficult to research.

Question 69

Positive effects of forming gender schemata include ___________, and negative effects include ___________.

A) heterosexual sexual orientation . . . . homosexual sexual orientation
B) a positive self-concept . . . . adjustment problems
C) ease of cognitive processing. . . . stereotyping
D) establishing multiple categories . . . . confusion over gender