Deck 1: The Study of Gender

Question 1

Those who believe that gender differences are due to biological factors advocate _________ as the basis for differences, whereas those who believe that these differences are due to social and cultural factors take the position that _____ is responsible.

A) nature . . . . nurture
B) nature . . . hormonal inheritance
C) nurture . . . . nature
D) nurture . . . . individual learning

Answer 1

A

Question 2

One of the early criticisms of sexist bias in psychology came from

A) Wilhelm Wundt.
B) William James.
C) Leta Stetter Hollingworth.
D) Karen Horney.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Early psychology did not concentrate on sex differences,

A) but many women were among the students and researchers.
B) and the "generalized adult mind" that it studied was most often male.
C) but female psychologists brought the issue to the attention of male psychologists, resulting in a growing hostility to women in psychology.
D) and that trend continues in modern psychology.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Those who believe that the differences between the sexes are due to nurture hold that

A) differences between the sexes are biologically based.
B) differences between the sexes are based on social and cultural factors.
C) a mixture of biological and social factors creates differences.
D) genetic but not hormonal factors are the source of the differences.

Question 5

Structuralist psychology concentrated on _________ and ________ individual differences, such a gender-related differences.

A) individual performance . . . . emphasized
B) species-specific behavior . . . . ignored
C) test performance . . . . accepted
D) thought processes in adults . . . . ignored

Question 6

The functionalist school of psychology was influenced by

A) Darwin's theory of evolution and adaptation.
B) Skinner's formulation of operant conditioning principles.
C) Freud's theory of the unconscious.
D) Gibson's formulation of structural boundaries.

Question 7

When behaviorism became the leading school of psychology,

A) interest in gender-related behaviors increased sharply.
B) interest in gender-related behaviors declined.
C) interest in gender-related behaviors remained, but the research emphasis became female dominated.
D) more women started to become psychologists.

Question 8

The minimalist view holds that

A) the differences between the genders are large.
B) the differences between the genders are due to biological factors.
C) the differences between the genders are small.
D) no gender-related differences exist.
E) both a and b

Question 9

The structuralist school of psychology

A) emphasized gender as a factor in human thought.
B) ignored gender as a factor in human thought.
C) included both women and men as participants in psychological research.
D) both a and c
E) none of the above

Question 10

Psychologist Leta Stetter Hollingworth argued that women's intellectual potential would not be understood until

A) women had the freedom to choose a life including career, motherhood, or both.
B) female psychologists studied maternal instinct in more objective ways than the male psychologists had done.
C) women gained the right to vote.
D) men began to participate equally in child care.
E) all of the above

Question 11

Exaggerations in gender-related differences tend to occur

A) in all cultures in very similar ways.
B) regardless of personal experience.
C) without forming stereotypes.
D) when people think of the genders in terms of opposites.
E) in all of the above situations.

Question 12

Functionalist psychologists conducted research that

A) showed that women were intellectually equal to men.
B) showed that maternal instinct did not exist.
C) confirmed the societal view that nonwhites were equal to Whites in intelligence.
D) confirmed the societal view that women and nonwhites were inferior in terms of intelligence.

Question 13

By placing gender into categories conceptualized as opposites,

A) stereotypical thinking about gender decreases.
B) people begin to consider the similarities between women and men.
C) the differences between the genders are magnified.
D) people begin to understand the underlying biological basis of gender-related differences.

Question 14

The maximalist view holds that

A) the differences between the sexes are large.
B) male superiority is biologically based.
C) the differences between the sexes are small.
D) no differences exist between women and men.

Question 15

Those who believe that the differences between the sexes are due to nature also tend to hold that

A) differences between the sexes are biologically based.
B) differences between the sexes are based on social and cultural factors.
C) a mixture of biological and social factors creates differences.
D) genetic but not hormonal factors are the source of the differences.

Question 16

Which of the following pairs represents views that are most similar and compatible?

A) nature : nurture
B) maximalist : minimalist
C) structuralism : behaviorism
D) essentialism : maximalism

Question 17

Few early psychologists were women, mostly because

A) women did not have the intellectual ability to do the experiments that were the main work of early psychology.
B) few women of that era wanted to attend professional school.
C) few women were admitted to the programs that trained psychologists.
D) there were no programs in the United states that trained psychologists until the 1920s, and women were not allowed to travel to Europe.

Question 18

Those who believe that the differences between men and women have a biological basis hold the ______ view.

A) nurturance
B) naturalist
C) minimalist
D) essentialist

Question 19

If three sexes existed, then

A) gender-identity confusion would increase.
B) the tendency to think of women and men as opposites might decrease.
C) gender stereotypes would be more influential than they are now.
D) sexual relationships would not allow adequate matings for population maintenance.

Question 20

Individual differences, including gender differences, were of interest to which group of early psychologists?

A) structuralists
B) mnemonists
C) functionalists
D) maximalists

Question 21

The National Council of Women Psychologists

A) formed during World War I as an international effort to aid the war.
B) became Division 35 of the American Psychological Association after repeatedly petitioning for division status.
C) petitioned to the American Psychological Association to become a division but never succeeded.
D) excluded men from its membership, alienating male psychologists.

Question 22

Those who prefer the term gender rather than sex argue that use of the term sex differences

A) fails to make important biological distinctions.
B) carries implications of biological differences when no such underlying basis has been found.
C) has been inappropriately applied to fields other than psychology.
D) has been too limited, with researchers failing to extend the research to sociology and anthropology.

Question 23

The men who belong to the Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity (Division 51 of APA) tend to be

A) profeminist.
B) anti-feminist
C) radical masculinists.
D) cultural feminists.

Question 24

The main interest of behaviorist psychology was ________, and gender-related behaviors were _________.

A) emotion . . . . emphasized
B) motivation . . . . ignored
C) memory . . . . emphasized
D) learning . . . . ignored

Question 25

Division 35 of the American Psychological Association has the goal of

A) advancing women in the field of psychology.
B) prompting research on issues relevant to women.
C) restricting research on men.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 26

One difference between the men's movement and the women's movement is that

A) women's groups are feminist in orientation, whereas men's groups are anti-feminist.
B) men's groups concentrate on establishing masculinity through physical fitness.
C) men's groups have not yet gained the political power that women's groups have.
D) more men belong to men's groups than women belong to women's groups.

Question 27

Some researchers use the terms sex differences and gender differences interchangeably;

A) others use gender to refer to the social and sex to refer to the biological aspects of these differences.
B) others use gender to refer to the biological and sex to refer to the genetic aspects of these differences.
C) others fail to make these distinctions, arguing for androgyny at all levels.
D) these researchers have become dominant, and now almost all researchers believe that this distinction is not important.

Question 28

The feminist movement of the 1960s grew out of the

A) civil rights movement.
B) worldwide movement for women's rights.
C) earlier women's rights movements.
D) political conservatism of the 1960s.

Question 29

One similarity between the men's movement and the women's movement is

A) their shared political goal of equal rights for all people.
B) their emphasis on the individual rather than membership in any group.
C) their proposal that oppression can be traced to society rather than to men.
D) their questioning of male and female gender roles.

Question 30

Many of the women who became involved in the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s were interested in equal rights for women. This type is feminism is

A) liberal feminism.
B) radical feminism.
C) cultural feminism.
D) stereotypical feminism.

Question 31

Those who continue to use the term sex differences rather than the term gender differences have argued that

A) these differences have a biological basis and that basis should be acknowledged.
B) changing the definition is pointless without changing the underlying conceptualization.
C) it is impossible to know what is biological and what is social.
D) the term gender differences is only a substitution of terms rather than a change of definition.

Question 32

The men's movement differs from the women's movement

A) in questioning gender roles-the men's movement has not done so, and the women's movement has.
B) the number of people involved in each-more women have been involved in the women's movement than men involved in the men's movement.
C) the time course of the two movements-the women's movement began before the men's movement.
D) both b and c
E) all of the above

Question 33

The terms sex differences and gender differences

A) may refer to biological versus social differences.
B) are used interchangeably by some researchers.
C) cannot be distinguished.
D) both a and b
E) all of the above

Question 34

"The world would be a better place if women were in charge" is a statement consistent with

A) liberal feminism.
B) radical feminism.
C) cultural feminism.
D) stereotypical feminism.

Question 35

The era of "womanless" psychology existed when

A) women left research psychology to pursue the more prestigious and lucrative private practices in clinical psychology.
B) women were not included as participants in psychology research.
C) gender-related differences were not among the topics researched by psychologists.
D) both b and c
E) all of the above

Question 36

Freud's theory of personality development emphasized the importance of

A) early childhood sexuality.
B) stages of development that extend into old age.
C) global factors in personality rather than specific events during childhood or adulthood.
D) conscious factors and defense mechanisms.

Question 37

According to Freud's theory, an important event in the development of gender differences is

A) appropriate reinforcement for gender-typical behaviors.
B) perception of the differences in anatomy between the sexes.
C) initiation of sexuality by the parent of the other gender.
D) fantasies of sexual activity involving adults.

Question 38

Naomi Weisstein's 1968 paper contended that psychology had discovered nothing about women because

A) there were no women in the field of psychology.
B) male psychologists had approached the study of women with too many biases.
C) women had not been the subjects of study for psychology research.
D) men cannot understand women through research.

Question 39

The first wave of the feminist movement

A) was a radical movement that originated in the 1970s.
B) originated with the feminist protest of the 1968 Miss America pageant.
C) campaigned for voting rights for women.
D) originated during the 1920s but was most active during World War II.

Question 40

The image of feminists as "bra-burners"

A) originated from the media coverage of the 1968 Miss American pageant, during which feminists burned bras as a protest.
B) originated with media publicity by Rush Limbaugh during the 1990s.
C) came from the first wave of feminism during the late 19^th century.
D) was created by the media rather than by the actions of feminists.

Question 41

The Promise Keepers believe that

A) men should reappraise their status as breadwinners and heads of household to form more egalitarian relationships with wives.
B) men should reclaim their role as heads of their households.
C) men should honor their commitments to their families.
D) both b and c
E) all of the above

Question 42

Men involved in the straight edge (sXe)

A) are also involved in punk music and drugs.
B) are usually young and married, often with young children.
C) are committed to forming a version of masculinity that does not involve violence.
D) all of the above

Question 43

Women of color have a long experience of discrimination,

A) which led them to join feminist groups during the 1960s.
B) and younger African American and Hispanic American women are the most radical of feminists.
C) but they often concentrated on the struggle against racism rather than sexism.
D) but they did not organize or join feminist groups until the 1990s.

Question 44

The factors (such as gender or race) that form the basis for discrimination tend to be _______ to those who have that factor and _____ to those who are privileged by that factor.

A) reversed . . . . straightforward
B) invisible . . . . visible
C) visible . . . . invisible
D) irrelevant . . . . relevant

Question 45

When Latina women in the United States voice feminist values,

A) they are likely to meet with the criticism that they are rejecting the values of their culture.
B) they find it easier to find a women's group to join than African American women do.
C) they are more likely to be recent immigrants and thus less acculturated than Latina women who were born in the United States.
D) they find it easier to join women's groups with Native American women than groups with other ethnicities.

Question 46

In addition to promoting the view that men and women are very different, gender researcher Sandra Bem pointed out that much research has an androcentric bias, which means that

A) men are the standard against which women are compared.
B) researchers try to reduce gender differences to biological factors such as androgen.
C) many topic areas of psychology are phalocentric.
D) original contributions become difficult because biology and sociology have also begun to do gender research.

Question 47

Hip-hop feminism

A) focuses on feminism as practiced on college campuses by women of color.
B) draws energy from hip-hop culture and leads women to an analysis of both racism and sexism in society.
C) helps African American women reconcile themselves to the racism and sexism in the wider culture.
D) attempts to ignore the multiracial nature of discrimination and highlight the primacy of ethnicity.

Question 48

Men such as Robert Bly and Sam Keen who are involved in the men's movement want

A) to redefine masculinity.
B) to "throw off the shackles of female oppression."
C) for women to return to traditional gender roles.
D) to unite the diverse branches of the men's movement so that the united movement can have more political power and influence.

Question 49

When women began to enter psychology in large numbers,

A) women from a variety of racial and ethnic groups came to psychology.
B) the women were mostly White and middle-class.
C) the younger women were feminists who found it difficult to get along with the women already in the field.
D) diversity and inclusiveness came rapidly to psychology.

Question 50

According to some men involved in the men's movement, fathers who are not involved with their sons

A) fail to provide models of appropriate masculinity.
B) provide the correct amount of separation to prevent their sons from becoming overly feminine.
C) fail to overcome their fears of homosexuality.
D) are now the norm and thus cannot be considered a problem.

Question 51

The goal of diversity

A) has been more prominent within the women's movement than within the men's movement.
B) was important to women's groups during the 1980s but became less important during the 1990s.
C) has focused on social class more than ethnicity.
D) all of the above.