Deck 18: Gymnosperms

Question 1

Polyembryony is common in gymnosperms because a(n):

A) seed produces several ovules.
B) ovule produces several megasporangia.
C) megasporangium produces several megaspores.
D) megagametophyte produces several archegonia.
E) archegonium contains several eggs.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Just before fertilization, a gymnosperm ovule contains:

A) an embryo.
B) antheridia.
C) archegonia.
D) megaspores.
E) a seed coat.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following questions concerning the progymnosperms is FALSE?

A) They had a bifacial vascular cambium.
B) Archaeopteris was a major type.
C) Some contain a eustele.
D) Most were heterosporous.
E) Seed plants are thought to have evolved from plants similar to the progymnosperms.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following was NOT a step in the evolution of the ovule?

A) Retention of the megaspores in the megasporangium
B) Production of only four megaspore mother cells per megasporangium
C) Formation of a highly reduced endosporic megagametophyte
D) Production of only one functional megaspore per megasporangium
E) Development of the embryo within the megagametophyte

Question 5

In which gymnosperms do multiflagellated sperm swim to an archegonium?

A) None
B) Ginkgo only
C) Gnetophytes only
D) Cycads only
E) Ginkgo and cycads

Question 6

The progymnosperms had characteristics intermediate between those of the ______ and those of the ______.

A) Paleozoic ferns; gymnosperms
B) Paleozoic ferns; angiosperms
C) seedless vascular trimerophytes; seed plants
D) seedless vascular trimerophytes; modern ferns
E) seedless vascular trimerophytes; rhyniophytes

Question 7

In seed plants, the ______ is called the nucellus.

A) young sporophyte
B) megagametophyte
C) megaspore
D) megasporangium
E) embryo

Question 8

A seed is composed of a(n) ______ and ______.

A) ovule; embryo
B) ovule; megasporangium
C) ovule; integuments
D) megasporangium; embryo
E) megasporangium; integuments

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a gymnosperm phylum?

A) Gnetophyta
B) Anthophyta
C) Cycadophyta
D) Ginkgophyta
E) Coniferophyta

Question 10

The fossil record indicates that the integument evolved through a gradual:

A) thickening of the megasporangium wall.
B) splitting of the megaspore wall.
C) fusion of megaspore lobes.
D) splitting of the ovule wall.
E) fusion of integumentary lobes.

Question 11

After fertilization, the integuments develop into the:

A) seed coat.
B) ovule.
C) nucellus.
D) micropyle.
E) megaspore.

Question 12

With the evolution of the ovule, the unit of dispersal shifted from the megaspore to the:

A) sperm.
B) egg.
C) microspore.
D) megaspore mother cell.
E) seed.

Question 13

Seed plants evolved most directly from:

A) lycophytes.
B) ferns.
C) progymnosperms.
D) angiosperms.
E) trimerophytes.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about gymnosperms is FALSE?

A) Gymnosperm means "naked seed."
B) Ovules and seeds are exposed on the surface of sporophylls.
C) The female gametophyte produces several archegonia.
D) The male gametophyte produces several antheridia.
E) The male gametophyte is endosporic.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about conifers is FALSE?

A) They belong to the phylum Coniferophyta.
B) Their leaves have humidity-resistant features.
C) They are the most ecologically important gymnosperms.
D) They include the pines, firs, and spruces.
E) The tallest vascular plant is a conifer.

Question 16

In gymnosperms, pollination occurs usually by:

A) insects.
B) water.
C) wind.
D) birds.
E) mammals.

Question 17

In which of the following groups is the pollen tube haustorial?

A) Conifers and gnetophytes
B) Conifers and cycads
C) Cycads and Ginkgo
D) Cycads and gnetophytes
E) Ginkgo and gnetophytes

Question 18

______ produce nonmotile sperm.

A) Conifers and gnetophytes
B) Conifers and cycads
C) Cycads and Ginkgo
D) Cycads and gnetophytes
E) Ginkgo and gnetophytes

Question 19

A micropyle is a(n):

A) nutritive structure of the embryo.
B) nutritive structure of the pollen grain.
C) opening in the megaspore wall.
D) opening in an integument.
E) opening in the megasporangium wall.

Question 20

Which extinct gymnosperms resembled modern cycads?

A) Seed ferns
B) Cordaitales
C) Bennettitales
D) Ophioglossales
E) Trimerophytes

Question 21

The tallest living plant is:

A) Sequoiadendron giganteum.
B) Sequoiadendron semperiverens.
C) Metasequoia.
D) Taxodium.
E) Pinus longaeva.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about pine seeds is FALSE?

A) They are often shed from the cones during the first year following pollination.
B) They are often dispersed by the wind.
C) Some are dispersed only after the cones are scorched by fire.
D) Some are dispersed by birds.
E) Some are winged.

Question 23

In the pine life cycle, meiosis occurs in:

A) archegonia.
B) microspores.
C) microsporocytes.
D) pollen grains.
E) sporophylls.

Question 24

In pines, a megaspore mother cell divides to give rise to four ______, of which ______ disintegrate(s).

A) megaspores; one
B) megaspores; two
C) megaspores; three
D) megasporocytes; two
E) megasporocytes; three

Question 25

Which of the following statements about the embryogeny of pine is FALSE?

A) Three types of polyembryony occur in most species.
B) Four tiers of embryonic cells form at the lower end of the archegonium.
C) Suspensor cells force the embryos through the wall of the archegonium.
D) An embryo begins to develop from each of the four cells farthest from the micropyle.
E) The integument develops into a seed coat.

Question 26

The longest-lived tree is:

A) Sequoiadendron giganteum.
B) Sequoiadendron semperiverens.
C) dawn redwood.
D) sago palm.
E) bristlecone pine.

Question 27

In the ______, ovules are solitary and surrounded by an aril.

A) larches
B) hemlocks
C) yews
D) junipers
E) spruces

Question 28

In pines, the generative cell of the male gametophyte divides to produce:

A) two sperm cells.
B) one sterile cell and one spermatogenous cell.
C) one sterile cell and one sperm cell.
D) two spermatogenous cells.
E) two sterile cells.

Question 29

Which of the following statements concerning pollination drops is FALSE?

A) They contain sugars and amino acids.
B) They contain proteins that function in pathogen defense.
C) They prevent pollen grains from contacting the nucellus.
D) They contain proteins that function in pollen development.
E) They exude from the open end of ovules.

Question 30

_________ is a conifer regarded as a "living fossil."

A) Tsuga
B) Sequoiadendron semperiverens
C) Metasequoia
D) Taxodium
E) Abies

Question 31

In pines, the mature male gametophyte consists of:

A) one tube cell and one generative cell.
B) one tube cell, one sterile cell, and one spermatogenous cell.
C) two prothallial cells, one tube cell, and one generative cell.
D) two prothallial cells, one tube cell, one sterile cell, and one spermatogenous cell.
E) two prothallial cells, one tube cell, one sterile cell, and two sperm.

Question 32

In a conifer seed, the three different generations are represented by the:

A) integument, nucellus, and egg.
B) seed coat, embryo, and food supply.
C) seed coat, archegonium, and food supply.
D) integument, ovule, and embryo.
E) integument, megasporangium, and archegonium

Question 33

Palmlike gymnosperms belong to the phylum:

A) Cycadophyta.
B) Coniferophyta.
C) Ginkgophyta.
D) Progymnospermophyta.
E) Gnetophyta.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about pine leaves is FALSE?

A) They have a thick cuticle.
B) They have sunken stomata.
C) They are spirally arranged and borne singly on the stem.
D) They are arranged in indeterminate bundles called fascicles.
E) Their vascular bundles are surrounded by transfusion tissue.

Question 35

Which phylum is characterized by having coralloid roots?

A) Progymnospermophyta
B) Gnetophyta
C) Ginkgophyta
D) Cycadophyta
E) Coniferophyta

Question 36

In pines, the immature male gametophyte consists of:

A) two prothallial cells, one generative cell, and one tube cell.
B) one prothallial cell, two generative cells, and one tube cell.
C) one prothallial cell, one generative cell, and two tube cells.
D) two prothallial cells, two generative cells, and one tube cell.
E) one prothallial cell, one generative cell, and one tube cell.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about cycads is FALSE?

A) They resemble palms.
B) They exhibit secondary growth.
C) They produce nonflagellated sperm.
D) They are pollinated by insects.
E) They harbor cyanobacteria.

Question 38

The daughter cells produced by a microsporocyte are:

A) microspore mother cells.
B) microspores.
C) pollen grains.
D) prothallial cells.
E) generative cells.

Question 39

The seed-scale complex of an ovulate cone consists of:

A) a megasporophyll and two ovules.
B) a megasporophyll and one bract.
C) an ovuliferous scale and two ovules.
D) two ovules and two bracts.
E) an ovuliferous scale, two ovules, and one bract.

Question 40

Which of the following gymnosperms is a cycad native to the United States?

A) Gnetum
B) Zamia
C) Tsuga
D) Taxus
E) Metasequoia

Question 41

A micropyle is the opening in a microsporangium.

Question 42

The microgametophytes of Gymnosperms usually produce at least one antheridium.

Question 43

All seed plants are heterosporous.

Question 44

In gymnosperms, the ovules abort about 95 percent of the time.

Question 45

______ is a gnetophyte characterized by two strap-shaped leaves growing from a massive woody disk.

A) Rhopalotria
B) Zamia
C) Ephedra
D) Welwitschia
E) Gnetum

Question 46

Seeds are thought to have evolved before wood.

Question 47

The progymnosperms were unique among the woody plants of the Devonian period in producing secondary phloem.

Question 48

The bifacial vascular cambium evolved first in the progymnosperms.

Question 49

In pines, materials are conducted between the mesophyll and the vascular bundles via transfusion tissue.

Question 50

Gymnosperms having fan-shaped deciduous leaves belong to the phylum:

A) Cycadophyta.
B) Coniferophyta.
C) Ginkgophyta.
D) Progymnospermophyta.
E) Gnetophyta.

Question 51

In Pinus, the four-celled pollen grain consists of one prothallial cell, two generative cells, and one tube cell.

Question 52

The pollen tube originally developed as a structure that permitted the male gametophyte to absorb nutrients during sperm formation.

Question 53

The Bennettitales is an extinct group of gymnosperms.

Question 54

Members of the phylum ______ harbor a green alga that exists in a "precursor" state, having neither discernible nuclei nor mitochondria.

A) Ginkgophyta
B) Coniferophyta
C) Gnetophyta
D) Progymnospermophyta
E) Cycadophyta

Question 55

A seed develops into an ovule.

Question 56

The gymnosperms most closely resembling angiosperms belong to the phylum:

A) Cycadophyta.
B) Coniferophyta.
C) Ginkgophyta.
D) Progymnospermophyta.
E) Gnetophyta.

Question 57

The pollen grain is a partly developed megagametophyte.

Question 58

The tallest vascular plant belongs to the phylum Coniferophyta.

Question 59

Microspore mother cells divide by mitosis, producing microsporocytes.

Question 60

Each gymnosperm ovule usually produces several archegonia.

Question 61

In conifer seeds, the food supply is diploid.

Question 62

Cyanobacteria typically inhabit coralloid roots.

Question 63

The exposed part of Welwitschia consists of a concave disc that produces only two strap-shaped leaves.

Question 64

In cycads and Ginkgo, male and female gametophytes are produced on the same plant.

Question 65

In pine, the mature microgametophyte is the germinated pollen grain.

Question 66

In Pinus, when the generative cell divides it produces one sterile cell and two spermatogenous cells.

Question 67

The tallest living plant belongs to the family Cupressaceae.