Deck 9: Culture Language and Communication

Question 1

_______ refer(s)to nonverbal gestures that carry meaning,like a phrase or sentence.What does this refer to?

A)Channels
B)Conversation regulators
C)Emblems
D)Encoding

Answer 1

Emblems

Question 2

The tendency for immigrant bilinguals to self-identify as members of an ethnic minority group and adopt the behavioral stereotypes held by the majority culture about their minority when they are operating in the language associated with their minority group is referred to as

A)Minority group-affiliation hypothesis
B)Majority group-affiliation hypothesis
C)Culture-affiliation hypothesis
D)There is no such tendency

Answer 2

Minority group-affiliation hypothesis

Question 3

Phonology refers to

A)The study of speaking on the phone
B)The study of not being sincere when speaking
C)The system of rules governing word pronunciation in a given language
D)The system of rules governing how words are spelled

Answer 3

The system of rules governing word pronunciation in a given language

Question 4

In Japan,the English words for 'I','we',and 'you',can have different meanings because

A)In Japanese,what you call yourself and others is totally dependent on the relationship between you and the other person.
B)The Japanese are undecided as which is the best way to translate 'I','we',and 'you'
C)There is no clear understanding about how the English speakers view the difference among I,we,and you
D)None of the above

Question 5

According to Fishman's classification of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,which level is the most complex?

A)Level 1: lexical/semantic linguistic data
B)Level 2: lexical/semantic non-linguistic data
C)Level 3: grammatical linguistic data
D)Level 4: grammatical non-linguistic data

Question 6

What is monolingualism?

A)Each person speaks more than two languages
B)Each person speaks only one language
C)Each person speaks more than five languages
D)Each person speaks multiple languages

Question 7

_______ refers to a temporary decline in the thinking ability of people using a foreign language in which they are less proficient than their mother tongue.

A)Language difficulty
B)Cognitive bias
C)Foreign language effect
D)Language specific system error

Question 8

Which two factors determine the level of Fishman's Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Schema?

A)Language and cognitive behavior
B)Culture and intelligence
C)Personality and language
D)Family background and language
E)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 9

What does the following statement explain? Problems associated with learning a foreign language include experiencing cognitive difficulties and taking more time to respond while processing information

A)Response bias
B)Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
C)Foreign language processing difficulties
D)Language difficulty

Question 10

Which one of following statements does NOT correctly explain culture and language?

A)Language is the primary way we communicate with one another
B)Culture has a pervasive influence on language,and language symbolizes what a culture deems important in our world
C)Culture and language affect the structure of our thought processes
D)All of the above are correct

Question 11

Which of the following does NOT correctly explain the finding of a study by Pinker(1995)in terms of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A)He found that many f the earlier studies claiming linguistic relativity were severely flawed
B)He pointed to the fact that we can think without words and language,suggesting that language does not necessarily determine our thoughts
C)He cited evidence of deaf children who clearly think while lacking a language,but soon invent their own language
D)All of the above are correct

Question 12

A lexicon refers to

A)Words contained in a language,the vocabulary
B)Words contained in an operation manual
C)The specific meaning that encoders intend to convey and decoders interpret
D)Nothing when it comes to language

Question 13

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that

A)Regardless of the differences in language,people think the same
B)Regardless of the differences in thinking,people talk the same
C)Speakers of different languages think differently due to differences between their languages
D)Speakers of different languages are more likely to gossip

Question 14

Which was NOT an example to support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A)The Navajo-dominant children were significantly more likely to categorize by shape than were the English-dominant children
B)African-American children,unlike European Americans,were not accustomed to blocks and form-board toys
C)Chinese speakers are less likely than English speakers to give hypothetical interpretations to a hypothetical story
D)Isolated adults who grew up without language but still could engage in abstract thinking

Question 15

Pragmatics refers to

A)The system of rules governing how language is used and understood in given social contexts
B)The meanings of words
C)The system of rules governing word pronunciation in a given language
D)The system of rules governing word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances

Question 16

The syntax and grammar of a language refer to

A)A system of meanings governing vocabulary
B)A system of events in a paragraph
C)A system of rules governing word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances
D)A system of rules governing back-translations and achieving center between two cultures

Question 17

Semantics refers to

A)Abstract thoughts
B)The meanings of words
C)The system of rules governing word pronunciation in a given language
D)The system of rules governing word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances

Question 18

Which one of the following statements is NOT what the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests?

A)People of different cultures think differently,just by the very nature,structure,and function of their language
B)Speaking a different language shapes a thought pattern
C)People speaking more than one language have different thought patterns when speaking different languages
D)All of the above are correct

Question 19

Gudykunst and colleagues (1992)reported that two variables,_________ and _________ mediated cultural differences in communication styles in ingroup and outgroup relationship.Fill in the blanks respectively

A)Self-construals and income
B)Self-esteem and intelligence
C)Self-monitoring and predicted outcome value of the relationship
D)Personality and language

Question 20

According to the _____________ immigrant bilinguals will tend to associate themselves with the values and beliefs of the culture associated with the language in which they are currently operating.Fill in the blank.

A)Dual values and beliefs
B)Culture-affiliation hypothesis
C)Minority-group affiliation hypothesis
D)Cross-cultural hypothesis

Question 21

The tendency for immigrant bilinguals to self-identify as members of an ethnic minority group and adopt the behavioral stereotypes held by the majority culture about their minority when they are operating in the language associated with their minority group is referred to as

A)Minority group-affiliation hypothesis
B)Majority group-affiliation hypothesis
C)Culture-affiliation hypothesis
D)There is no such tendency

Question 22

Research on the perception and language of color was used to _________ the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.Fill in the blank.

A)Support
B)Refute
C)Reclaim
D)Acknowledge

Question 23

_____ refer(s)to the system of rules governing how language is used and understood in given social contexts.

A)Phonology
B)Morphemes
C)Pragmatics
D)Messages

Question 24

Which of the following did Carroll and Casagrande's study comparing Navajo and English children prove?

A)Language is the only factor that influences the way we think
B)Language is one of the several factors that influences the way we think
C)Language does not influence how we think
D)Education has the most influence on how we think

Question 25

Which are NOT the main components of intercultural competence?

A)Motivational factors
B)Knowledge factors
C)Skill factors
D)Attitude factors

Question 26

Which does the following statement explain? Cultures promote communication in which many messages are conveyed indirectly in context rather than directly in verbal language

A)High context cultures
B)Low context cultures
C)Individualistic cultures
D)Middle context cultures

Question 27

What are the two characteristic of intercultural communication?

A)Conflict and uncertainty
B)Harmony and language
C)Language and society
D)Personality and conflict

Question 28

It's impossible to have a meaning system without language

Question 29

When interpreting another cultures' nonverbal behavior,we are trying to match the observed behavior with __________________.

A)New rules for what those behaviors should mean
B)That culture's rules for what those behaviors should mean
C)Our culture's rules for what those behaviors should mean
D)All of the above are correct

Question 30

Nonverbal behaviors are

A)Communications using only nouns and articles
B)The behaviors of nouns
C)All the behaviors that occur during communication other than words
D)All the behaviors that occur using words

Question 31

Further research on code switching may be useful in determining

A)Why some individuals can switch languages more easily than others
B)System differences in second languages learned at birth or later on in life
C)If cultural systems exist in the mind
D)All of the above
E)a and b only

Question 32

Research on attributions of causality in the Japanese language,subjunctive forms in Chinese language and on nonlinguistic tasks with speakers of Tarahumara ____________ the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

A)Support
B)Refute
C)Reclaim
D)Acknowledge

Question 33

Observing nonverbal communication across cultures reveals that expression and interpretation of nonverbal communication is __________.

A)Universal
B)Cross cultural
C)Culture specific
D)Stereotypical

Question 34

Code switching refers to the:

A)Ability to understand a different language
B)"Overseer" in the brain that decodes language
C)Jump a bilingual brain makes between languages
D)Difficulty some people have learning a new language

Question 35

Which of the following is true of people in contact cultures?

A)They engage in more gazing
B)They have less distance when interacting
C)They touch more when interacting
D)All of the above

Question 36

You can't understand a culture without understanding that culture's language

Question 37

With regard to culture,one can say that

A)Culture can be thought of as a manifestation and product of language
B)Culture and language can be thought of as a manifestation of IC ideologies
C)Culture and language have no connection whatsoever
D)Language can be thought of as a manifestation and product of culture

Question 38

Which is Not an example of nonverbal behaviors?

A)Facial expressions
B)Gestures
C)Distance
D)Gaze
E)All of the above are correct

Question 39

Which of the following is not a nonverbal behavior?

A)Posture
B)Visual attention
C)Gaze behavior
D)Focal points

Question 40

Regarding language and thought,Pinker (1995)pointed to the fact that we can think without words and language,suggesting that language does not necessarily determine our thoughts.

Question 41

Humans have the innate ability to learn languages; however,we know little about how that occurs

Question 42

This type of communication can be uncertain,ambiguous,and has increase potential for conflict

A)Intercultural communication
B)Intracultural communication
C)Tabloids
D)None of these

Question 43

_______ are(is)observable behaviors that do not necessarily have inherent meaning,but carry messages that are encoded during communication.These are the specific verbal language and nonverbal behaviors that are encoded when a message is sent.

A)Decoding
B)Encoding
C)Channels
D)Signals

Question 44

_________ are(is)the information and meanings that are exchanged when two or more people communicate.These may be knowledge,ideas,concepts,thoughts,or emotions.

A)Messages
B)Gaze
C)Reactions
D)Speaking

Question 45

According to the text book,communication is a complex and intricate process that involves the exchange of messages between interactants.

Question 46

The purpose of language is to encode aspects of the environment into symbols

Question 47

The following are true about intra-cultural communication:

A)Involves shared verbal and nonverbal language
B)Is not limited to words
C)Is unconscious and automatic
D)All of these

Question 48

What is "Honorific speech"?

A)The smallest and most basic units of sound in a language
B)The words contained in a language,the vocabulary
C)Movements of the body,usually the hands,speech that is generally reflective of thoughts or feelings
D)Speech styles in certain languages speech that denotes status differences among interactants

Question 49

The _____ and grammar of a language refer to the system of rules governing word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances.For example,English has a grammatical rule that says we add 's' to the end of many words to indicate plurality (cat becomes cats).English also has a syntactic rule that places adjectives before nouns,not after (for example,small dog,not dog small).Fill in the blank.

A)Syntax
B)Phonology
C)Pragmatics
D)Lexicon

Question 50

Which one is not true about the findings by Berling and Kay (1969),

A)All languages contain terms for white and black.
B)They examined 78 languages and found that 11 basic color terms form a universal hierarchy
C)Some languages,such as English and German,use all 11 terms: others,such as Dani (New Guinea),use as few as two
D)They failed to find an evolutionary order in which languages encode universal categories