Deck 3: Enculturation

Question 1

Which one of the following statements is incorrect in terms of extended families?

A)They are a vital and important feature of child rearing
B)They can provide a buffer to stresses of everyday living
C)They are also an important means of transmitting cultural heritage from generation to generation
D)None of the above

Answer 1

None of the above

Question 2

Geary (1996)has suggested a distinction between primary and secondary math abilities.______ refer to natural abilities that are shaped by evolutionary processes that all people presumably share (for example,language,counting).________ refer to unnatural abilities that are based in large part on primary systems.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Language abilities,math abilities
B)Secondary abilities,math abilities
C)Primary math abilities,secondary abilities
D)Language abilities,cognitive abilities

Answer 2

Primary math abilities,secondary abilities

Question 3

Culture is changing so rapidly that young people may be the ones to teach adults.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to Super and Harkness (1986,1994,2002)the developmental niche includes these major components:

A)physical and social setting
B)the customs of child care and child rearing
C)the psychology of the caregivers
D)all of the above

Question 5

Parental cultural belief systems are also known as :

A)Parental ethnotheories
B)Parental psychotheories
C)Developmental constructs
D)Dominating constructs

Question 6

Parenting has many dimensions: the ____ and ____ that parents hold for their children,the general style of parenting they exhibit,and the specific behaviors they use to realize their goals.Fill in the blanks respectively

A)Goals,beliefs
B)Love,economic situation
C)Complement,responses
D)Forgiveness,beliefs

Question 7

Parenting styles are another important dimension of caregiving._______ expect unquestioned obedience and view the child as needing to be controlled.Fill in the blank.

A)Authoritarian parents
B)Authoritative parents
C)Permissive parents
D)All of the above

Question 8

Baumrind (1971)has identified three major patterns of parenting: ________,________,____________.Fill in the blank respectively.

A)Authoritarian parents,Authoritative parents,Permissive parents
B)Uninvolved parents,permissive parents,authoritarian parents
C)Authoritative parents,involved parents,permissive parents
D)None of the above

Question 9

Margaret Mead (1978)described three types of cultures with differing levels of peer influence on the socialization of its young people.Which of the following is not the type?

A)Postfigurative cultures
B)Collectivistic cultures
C)Cofigurative cultures
D)Prefigurative cultures

Question 10

Which of the following is not an important context of enculturation?

A)Family
B)Peer groups
C)Day care
D)It cannot be defined

Question 11

Children are socialized in ecologies that promote their specific competencies.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a transmitter of culture?

A)Educational practices
B)Parents' and children's attitudes
C)Teacher behaviors
D)All of the above

Question 13

Which one of the following is one of the examples in terms of microsystem?

A)Family
B)School
C)Peer group
D)All of the above

Question 14

Each culture has some understanding of the adult competencies needed for adequate functioning,but these competencies differ by culture and environment.

Question 15

Which one of the following statements is not correct in terms of a developmental niche?

A)Super and Harkness (1986,1994,2002)suggest that enculturation occurs within a developmental niche.
B)A developmental niche forms the child's world within which the child comes to learn values and more important to the culture.
C)A developmental niche includes three major components: the physical and social setting,the customs of child care and child rearing,and the psychology of the caregivers
D)A developmental niche is not influenced by the various socialization agents

Question 16

People are not simply socialized by socialization agents.They are also active producers of their own development.

Question 17

Cultural learning involves all aspects of the learning processes that psychologists have identified over the years,such include:

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)social learning
D)all of the above

Question 18

________ is equivalent to parental cultural belief systems.Fill in the blank.

A)Parental ethnotheories
B)Socialization
C)Socialization agents
D)Acculturation

Question 19

Despite similarities in the overall goals of development,cultures exhibit a tremendous degree of variability in its content.

Question 20

______ is the process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of the society in which we live.This process,which occurs over a long pattern of time,involves learning and mastering societal norms,attitudes,values,and belief systems.Fill in the blank.

A)Enculturation
B)Socialization
C)Acculturation
D)Adaptation

Question 21

Parenting styles tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by _____ .

A)Education
B)Culture
C)Gender
D)Friends

Question 22

Which one is incorrect in terms of parental ethnotheories?

A)Parental ethnotheories are the nexus through which the elements of the larger culture are filtered and an important source of parenting practices and the organization of daily life for children and families.
B)American parents hold ethnotheories about the importance of spending special time with their children
C)Dutch parents hold an ethnotheory of spending school time with their children
D)American parents talked extensively about creating time alone with their child in an activity

Question 23

Cultural differences in parenting reflect other social factors such as ______.

A)The economic situation of the family
B)Age
C)Gender
D)Height

Question 24

According to Parke (2004),our sibling relationships provide a context to learn prosocial and antisocial behaviors such as ______ and _______.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Empathy,aggression
B)Understanding other's emotions,anger expression
C)Aggression,hostile behaviors
D)Helping behaviors,aggression

Question 25

According to Dunn (1988),_____ play (s)an important role in the socialization of children.The relationships we have with our ______ are likely to be the longest-lasting.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Family
B)Siblings
C)Community
D)School

Question 26

____ is not only a stimulator of math,but is itself represented in math,and how a society teaches and learns it.Fill in the blank.

A)Math abilities
B)Cognitive abilities
C)Culture
D)Secondary abilities

Question 27

What can we learn through our interactions with our siblings according to Parke (2004)?

A)Perspective-taking
B)Social understanding
C)Conflict negotiation
D)All of the above

Question 28

Parenting and child rearing often occur in very different economic conditions in different _______ and _____ and even within the United States.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Schools,communities
B)Family,Schools
C)Countries,cultures
D)Cultures,schools

Question 29

In what order is the caregiving environment by LeVine (1977)?

A)Physical health and survival $\rightarrow$ the promotion of behaviors that will lead to self-sufficiency $\rightarrow$ behaviors that promote other cultural values,such as morality and prestige
B)Self-efficiency $\rightarrow$ morality $\rightarrow$ physical health
C)Morality $\rightarrow$ self-efficiency $\rightarrow$ physical health
D)Physical healthy $\rightarrow$ self-efficiency $\rightarrow$ morality

Question 30

Which one is correct in explaining the relationship between socialization and learning cultural values?

A)Learning cultural values is as much a part of the process of socialization as it is an outcome of socialization
B)Learning cultural values is not related to socialization any more in modern society
C)Learning cultural values is the only cause of socialization
D)Learning cultural values has been considered the only outcome of socialization

Question 31

The model by Caudill & frost (1974)suggests that culture indirectly provides the structure and environment for parents,particularly mothers,to affect their children in culturally appropriate ways: culture → mother → infant.

Question 32

In the United States,ethnic minority families have strict age and sex roles,and emphasize children's obedience to authority figures (Trankina,1983).

Question 33

Which one is not an agent related to socialization and enculturation?

A)People
B)Institutions
C)Organizations
D)Money

Question 34

Nichd's study found that high-quality care is linked to greater social competence and fewer behavior problems in the first three years of life (NIchd,2001).

Question 35

What is "HOME Inventory" ?

A)The Home Observation and Measurement of the Environment Inventory
B)The Homeless Orientation and Mercy of the Environment Inventory
C)The House Organization and Measurement of the Environment Inventory
D)The Help Organization and Mediation of the Environment Inventory

Question 36

Which is not a factor that influences math achievement?

A)Language
B)School systems
C)Parental and familial values
D)Friendship

Question 37

Which one is incorrect in terms of Chinese parenting styles?

A)Wu and Chao (2005)studies how perceptions of parental warmth changes as a process of acculturation
B)Traditional Chinese notions of parenting are based on open displays of affection,such as hugging and kissing
C)Chinese adolescents in the United States are exposed to parenting in which open affection is encouraged
D)Chinese-American teenagers were more likely than European-American teenagers to believe that their parents were not as warm as they would like their parents to be.

Question 38

The specific dimensions of parenting styles,such as warmth and control,may have different meanings in different cultures.

Question 39

________ is a style of parenting in which parents allow children to regulate their own lives and provide few firm guidelines.

A)Postfigurative culture
B)Prefigurative culture
C)Uninvolved parents
D)Permissive parents

Question 40

___________ are (is)an important vehicle of enculturation.It socializes children by setting rules for behavior,by preparing children for the roles they will play as men and women,and by helping individuals to create an identity (Arnett,2001; Pargament & Maton,2000).Fill in the blank.

A)Language
B)Religious institutions
C)Family
D)Community

Question 41

Many industrialized societies have a formal educational system,with identifiable areas and structures such as ____ and identifiable education agents such as ____ to do education.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Schools,Siblings
B)Schools,teachers
C)Peer groups,teachers
D)Teachers,community

Question 42

According to Stigler and Baranes (1988),____ and ____ have a very special relationship because math skills " are not logically constructed on the basis of abstract cognitive structures,but rather are forged out of combination of previously acquired (or inherited)knowledge and skills,and new cultural input ".Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Math,English
B)Language,Culture
C)Math,culture
D)Science,math

Question 43

Margaret Mead (1978)described ____ types of cultures with differing levels of peer influence on the socialization of its young people.

A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four

Question 44

Which of the following is defined as a rich learning environment with toys,books,and other learning materials available,a low ratio of caregivers to children,high language stimulation,and individualized attention to children?

A)High-quality care
B)Low-quality care
C)Middle-quality care
D)None of the above

Question 45

Which one of the following have been linked to the study of cognitive development in Jewish,Catholic,and Protestant children (Elkind,1978); moral development in Africa (Okonkwo,1997); attitudes toward sexuality in older adolescents in the United States (Fehring,Cheeer German,& Philpot,1998); and attitudes toward suicide for Hindus and Muslims living in England (Kamal & Low-enthal,2002).

A)Ethnical dilemma
B)Religious conflict
C)Belief system
D)Religious belief

Question 46

According to Ge et al (1996),an adolescent characterized by a difficult ___________ might elicit negative parenting behaviors,leading to parent-adolescent conflict and subsequently to adolescent problem behavior.Fill in the blank.

A)Temperamental style
B)Family background
C)Economic status
D)Educations

Question 47

Which of the following refer to natural abilities that are shaped by evolutionary processes that all people presumably share?

A)Primary math abilities
B)Secondary abilities
C)Fourth abilities
D)None of the above.

Question 48

Which one is correct in terms of the cross-national differences in academic achievement?

A)Cross-national differences in academic achievement are not necessarily accounted for biological differences between people of different cultures
B)Cross-national differences in academic achievement are the result of only school factor.
C)Cross-national differences in academic achievement exist on in the western cultures
D)Cross-national differences in academic achievement should be explained by universal phenomenon