Deck 5: Culture and Cognition

Question 1

Perceptions that involve an apparent discrepancy of how an object looks and what it actually is known as.

A)Discrepant perception
B)Optical illusions
C)Focal point illusions
D)Apparent perception

Answer 1

Optical illusions

Question 2

In the Muller-Lyer illusion:

A)People see the circles differently
B)People usually judge the line with the arrowheads pointing in as longer
C)People usually judge the line with the arrow heads pointing out as longer
D)None of the above

Answer 2

People usually judge the line with the arrowheads pointing in as longer

Question 3

Segall et al.(1963,1966)found that

A)The effect of the Mueller-Lyer illusion was stronger for industrialized groups
B)The effect of the vertical-horizontal illusion was stronger for the non industrialized groups
C)The effects of the illusions declined with age
D)All of the above

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

According to this theory,Western cultures focus more on representations on paper than other cultures.What theory is this?

A)Paper perception
B)Symbolizing 3 dimensions in 2 theory
C)Flat affect theory
D)Double blind theory

Question 5

Stewart (1973)first tested the effects of the Mueller-Lyer illusion on both black and white children living in one American town and later tested children in Zambia and found:

A)No differences between the two racial groups
B)The effects of the illusion depend on the degree of carpentered environment
C)The effect declined with age
D)All of the above

Question 6

According to Pollack and Silvar (1967)retinal pigmentation is NOT related to contour-detecting ability

Question 7

These researchers showed that the effects of the Mueller-Lyer illusion are related to the ability to detect contour,and that this ability declines with age: who are these researchers?

A)Wagner et al (1977)
B)Pollack and Silvar (1967)
C)Ponzo et al (1977)
D)Matsumoto and Kitayama (1998)

Question 8

The findings from Warneken and Tomesello (2006)suggest that 18-month- old infants:

A)Cannot help others
B)Have not developed intentional agent cognition
C)Have an understanding of people's goals
D)Have an intrinsic motivation to help
E)Both C and D

Question 9

Hudson (1960)studied cultural perception with the Bantu tribe members and found

A)Bantu members did not often use relevant size and cue depth in pictures
B)The pictures were destroyed by the town and the data were lost
C)Western people do not often use relevant size and cue depth in pictures
D)Older people were more accurate at cue depth perception

Question 10

The first cognitive processes to occur when people process stimuli are ________ and ________.Psychologists generally make a distinction between them,with ______ referring to the feelings that result from excitation of the sensory receptors (touch,taste,smell,sight,hearing),and ______ referring to our initial interpretation of the sensations.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Sensation,perception
B)Cognition,sensation
C)Perception,Sensation
D)Cognition,perception

Question 11

In this illusion,the subjects typically report that the horizontal line closer to the origin of the diagonals is longer than the one farther from the diagonals.What illusion is this?

A)Diagonal illusion
B)Figure 8 illusion
C)Ponzo illusion
D)Origin of species illusion

Question 12

W.H.R.Rivers (1905)concluded this through their optical illusion research :

A)Culture effects the way we perceive the world
B)The effect of the illusion differed by culture
C)There were no cultural differences in the results
D)Both A and B

Question 13

This theory suggests that we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance.What theory is this?

A)Front-horizontal foreshortening theory
B)Front extension theory
C)Vertical extension theory
D)Horizontal- vertical theory

Question 14

If we see a house from an angle and the light reflected off it does not form a right angle on the eye,we still perceive it as a house with square corners.The theory that best fits this is:

A)Carpentered world theory
B)Rectangular perception theory
C)Right angle perception theory
D)Foreshadowing theory

Question 15

In a horizontal-vertical illusion

A)People see the horizontal line as being longer
B)People see the vertical line is longer
C)The lines are the same length
D)Both B and C

Question 16

Front-horizontal foreshortening theory and carpentered world theory share these common characteristics:

A)The way we see the world is developed over time and experience
B)What we see is a combination of light reflection and learning
C)We live in a 3 dimensional world
D)All of the above

Question 17

Cross-ethnic group comparisons within the US are known as:

A)Modern intelligence tests
B)Multicultural studies
C)3 quarters studies
D)Inter rater reliability

Question 18

Intentional agent cognition begins in humans at what age?

A)2 months
B)2 years
C)9 months
D)9 weeks

Question 19

Who asserts/states that culture is generally viewed as a set of mental representations to perceive the world?

A)Darwin
B)Hofstede
C)Dasen
D)Ekman

Question 20

By using different versions of the Ponzo illusion,Wagner (1977)found that

A)With the simple line drawing version,the effect of the illusion declined with age
B)With the embedded version,the effect of the illusion increased with age for urban and continuing students
C)None of these
D)Both A and B

Question 21

Verbal language is based on _____ and _____.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Stratification and inequality
B)Categorization and concept information
C)Rational thought and irrational decisions
D)Egalitarianism and linguistic morphing

Question 22

The process of categorization is universal to all humans

Question 23

People ________ on the basis of similarities and attach labels (words)to groups of objects perceived to have something in common.Fill in the blank.

A)Categorize
B)Memorize
C)Teach
D)Groom

Question 24

Ji et al.(2004)suggests that

A)Language has no affect on cultural differences in categorization style
B)Language has an affect on cultural differences in categorization style
C)Bilingual people are smarter than average
D)None of these

Question 25

This effect suggests that we remember things better if they are either the first (primacy effect)or last (recency effect)item in a list of things to remember.

A)Omega 3 effect
B)Serial position effect
C)Side effect
D)Order effect

Question 26

Masuda and Nisbett (2001)suggest that differences in Japanese and American recognition rates are due to:

A)Environmental differences
B)Biological differences
C)Memory
D)Language complexity

Question 27

Pohl et al.(2002)found no cultural differences in hindsight bias in people from Asia,Australia,Europe,and North America

Question 28

Math is unique to human cultures only

Question 29

Individuals universally group colors around the same primary hues

Question 30

Dialectical thinking means?

A)Characterizes western thinking
B)Characterizes East Asian thinking
C)Seems to be only existent in animal cultures
D)None of the above

Question 31

There are no categories that appear to be universal across cultures

Question 32

Masuda and Nisbett (2001)conducted a cross cultural study with Japanese and Americans and found:

A)There were no differences in recalling the focal object in the picture
B)The Japanese remembered more of the background objects
C)The Japanese were more influenced by background changes in the picture
D)The background did not affect the Americans
E)All of the above

Question 33

Peng and Nisbett (1999)found that American responses to the vignettes were much more nondialectical and the Chinese responses were more dialectical.

Question 34

People create categories of objects that:

A)Don't match
B)Are antithetical
C)Share certain characteristics
D)None of the above

Question 35

Chiu (1972)found that Chinese children

A)Tended to group objects according to relationship
B)Tended to group objects according to shared features
C)Tended to group objects according to size
D)Tended to group objects according shape

Question 36

Miyamoto,Nisbett,and Masuda tested whether Japanese and American differences in perception are due to environmental differences and found that:

A)The environment is linked to the cultural differences in perception and attention
B)The environment is not related to cultural differences
C)Americans and Japanese reported more contextual changes after viewing the pictures from the Japanese environment
D)Both A and C

Question 37

Humans seem to be predisposed to prefer certain shapes,colors,and facial expressions

Question 38

According to findings of Bruner,Oliver,and Greenfield (1966)as Western children grow older

A)They group things by shape,then function
B)They group things by size,then shape,
C)They group things by color
D)They group things by function and color

Question 39

Positive logical determinism does which of the following?

A)Characterizes western thinking
B)Characterizes East Asian thought
C)Seems to be only existent in animal cultures
D)None of the above

Question 40

Which of the following helps us to sort out everyday complex stimuli

A)Creating mental categories
B)Creating antithetical meaning
C)Bottom up processing
D)Top down processing

Question 41

Culture is a factor that influences dream content

Question 42

This is when societal stereotypes about a group- for instance,concerning academic or intellectual performance-can actually influence the performance of individuals from that group.

A)Stereotype threat
B)Genotype
C)Phenotype
D)Stereotype lift

Question 43

Researchers in this area have discovered that many languages have no word that corresponds to our idea of intelligence.

Question 44

Gilovich et al.(2003)found that when it comes to regret,

A)Americans experienced more regret over inaction than over action.
B)Japanese more regret over inaction than over action.
C)The emotion of regret appears to be universal
D)The researchers did not have equivalent measures

Question 45

This term denotes all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge

A)Cognition
B)Motivation
C)Aptitude
D)Acumen

Question 46

If you got food poisoning from a restaurant and later said,"If I had only eaten at the other restaurant" is an example of this type of thinking: What is this type of thinking?

A)Counterfactual thinking
B)The forfeiting effect
C)The martyr effect
D)None of these

Question 47

Human cultures differ from animal cultures in that

A)Human cultures are essentially cognitive
B)Humans are intentional agent
C)Humans have an evolved language system
D)All of the above

Question 48

Steele and Aronson (1995)report that when black students were asked to record their race on a demographic questionnaire before taking a standardized test,what happened?

A)They performed significantly worse compared to black students who were not primed to think about their race before taking the test.
B)When the exam was presented as a measure of intellectual ability,black students performed worse than white students.
C)When the same test was presented as unrelated to intellectual ability,the detrimental effects of the stereotype threat disappeared.
D)All of the above

Question 49

Sternberg's sub theories of intelligence are:

A)Contextual
B)Experiential
C)Componential
D)All of the above

Question 50

Almost 40% of intelligence can be attributed to heredity