Deck 4: Culture and Developmental Processes

Question 1

Focusing on the period from infancy to adulthood,_________________ is an area of psychology that studies how thinking skills are developed over time.Fill in the blank.

A)Cognitive development
B)Perceptual development
C)Intellectual development
D)Sensorimotor development

Answer 1

Cognitive development

Question 2

The bond that develops between the infant and its primary caregiver is referred to as:

A)Goodness of fit
B)Attachment
C)Mother-child bond
D)All of the above

Answer 2

Attachment

Question 3

While cross-cultural research has shown that there may be differences in the ideal form of attachment,the literature suggests that ______________________ seems to be a universal phenomenon.Fill in the blank.

A)Secure attachment
B)Mother-infant bonding
C)The attachment between infants and their caregivers
D)None of the above

Answer 3

The attachment between infants and their caregivers

Question 4

Piaget (1952)proposed that children progress through these four stages as they grow from infancy into adolescence: What are these four stages.

A)Assimilation,accommodation,critical thinking,and active thinking
B)Sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operations,and formal operations
C)Conservation,centration,egocentrism,and animism
D)Preoperational,centration,concrete operations,and informal operations

Question 5

Research concerning the goodness of fit between culture and temperament has implied that a particular type of temperament may be adaptive in one culture and maladaptive in another.

Question 6

One concern raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory is:

A)Whether or not the ages associated with each stage of development is the same across cultures
B)Whether or not the four stages occur in the same order in different cultures
C)Whether or not there are cultural variations within Piaget's stages
D)All of the above

Question 7

One of the reasons why there has been so much interest in secure attachment between an infant and its caregiver is that it may predict ____________________.Fill in the blank.

A)Intelligence
B)Development
C)Behavioral problems
D)Competence

Question 8

Kohlberg's theory of moral development (1976,1984)proposes these three general stages of development of moral reasoning skills:

A)Preconventional morality,conventional morality,and postconventional morality.
B)Conventional morality,unconventional morality,and postconventional morality
C)Preconventional morality,postconventional morality,and emotional morality
D)None of the above

Question 9

The term 'great divide theories' refers to which of the following.

A)Theories of geographical development
B)Theories of evolutionary development
C)Theories of cognitive development
D)Theories of linguistic development

Question 10

_____________ is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth.Fill in the blank.

A)Culture
B)Personality
C)Temperament
D)Attachment

Question 11

What are the three major categories of temperament ?

A)Easy,difficult,and slow-to-warm-up
B)Active,passive,and fearful
C)Complacent,irritable,and clingy

Question 12

Bowlby's (1969)theory of attachment is a(n)____________ theory,where he states that the attachment relationship between the child and its primary caregiver functions as a(n)____________ strategy.Fill in the blanks respectively

A)Evolutionary; survival
B)Scientific; developmental
C)Culturally-specific; group-process
D)All of the above

Question 13

In the United States,____________ attachment is considered to be the ideal form of attachment,and some research has implied that this type of attachment may be the ideal across cultures.Fill in the blank.

A)Ambivalent
B)Secure
C)Active
D)Proactive

Question 14

An underlying assumption of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience represents the lowest,most basic level of moral reasoning.

Question 15

Cross-cultural studies that have examined Ainsworth's classifications have found a similar distribution of attachment classifications while others have found differences.

Question 16

Cross-cultural research on temperament and culture has shown that there are no group differences across cultures in infants' and children's temperaments.

Question 17

Ainsworth's (1967,1977)classification system of attachment focuses on three attachment styles: _________,___________,and ___________.Which are the three attachments.

A)Insecure,ambiguous,and avoidant
B)Secure,ambivalent,and avoidant
C)Primary,secondary,and ambiguous
D)Nuclear,peripheral,and casual

Question 18

____________ is the process of fitting new ideas into a preexisting understanding of the world.Fill in the blank.

A)Accommodation
B)Assimilation
C)Acculturation
D)Attachment

Question 19

Which of the following refers to the interaction of the temperament of a child with the temperament of the parent?

A)Adjustment
B)Lack of fit
C)Attachment
D)Goodness of fit

Question 20

A measure that is widely used to assess attachment is called the ______________.Fill in the blank.

A)Infant-Caregiver Attachment Inventory
B)Attachment Situation
C)Strange Situation
D)Ainsworth's Attachment Classification Index

Question 21

The meaning of the separation may differ across cultures.

Question 22

_______ is the process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of behavior that are affected by culture.Fill in the blank.

A)Interaction
B)Education
C)Acculturation
D)Socialization

Question 23

________ in any society is a dynamic period of life,subject to more cultural and environmental influences than any other in a life span.

A)Childhood
B)Adolescence
C)Adulthood
D)None of the above

Question 24

In this assessment of attachment,infants are separated from their mothers for a brief period of time.The quality of attachment is derived partly from an assessment of the infant's reaction to the separation and subsequent reunion with the mother.Which of the following is it referring to?

A)Weird Situation
B)Strange Situation
C)Territory Synapse
D)None of the above

Question 25

With regard to the parental and familial values across cultures,American parents and teachers may be more likely to consider innate ____ more important than ____.For the Japanese and Chinese,however,_____ may be far more important than ____.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Ability,effort,effort,ability
B)Effort,ability,effort,ability
C)Ability,effort,ability,effort
D)Effort,ability,ability,effort

Question 26

This is a specialty in psychology that studies how thinking skills develop over time.

A)Cognitive Development
B)Physical Development
C)Long hair
D)Awkwardness

Question 27

We can say with certainty,however,that people who have not attended high school or college in a Westernized school system perform very poorly on tests of formal operations.

Question 28

Cross-cultural research suggests that there are group differences across cultures in infants' and children's temperaments.

Question 29

Morality and culture are independent from one another

Question 30

The experiences of a child growing up in an extended family can be quite different from those of a child in a nuclear family.

Question 31

The specific dimensions of parenting styles,such as warmth and control,may have different meanings in different cultures.

Question 32

Which of the following probably contributes to the fact that American students tend to score lower on math ability tests as compared to several other counties?

A)American parents consider effort as being more important than innate ability
B)Other countries devote a greater proportion of class time to teaching math
C)American students spend more time in physical education classes
D)Americans tend to be more right-brained whereas other nationalities tend to be more left-brained

Question 33

5.at parents hold for their childrene their goals .
The people and contexts around them.
Ated to the similarities and differenWhich is the dimension that relates to parenting?

A)The goals and beliefs that parents hold for their children
B)The general style of parenting they exhibit
C)The specific behaviors they use to realize their goals
D)All of the above

Question 34

What is acculturation?

A)Adapting to a different culture
B)Inventing a culture
C)Learning your own culture
D)Not learning another culture

Question 35

Socialization agents are defined as:

A)The people,institutions,and organizations that exist to help ensure that socialization occurs.
B)The process of adapting to,and in many cases adopting,a different culture from the one in which a person was enculturated
C)A culture in which change occurs rapidly
D)None of the above

Question 36

In order to better understand cultural differences in morality,researchers such as Miller (2001)have highlighted the importance of the particular social structure and environment.

Question 37

People are not simply socialized by socialization agents.They are also active producers of their own development.

Question 38

What is the most important agent for socialization during childhood?

A)School
B)Community
C)Mass media
D)Parents

Question 39

Which one is not true in terms of socialization?

A)Socialization refers to the actual process and mechanisms by which people learn the rules of society and culture
B)Enculturation refers to the products of the socialization process
C)Socialization is exactly the same as enculturation
D)The similarities and differences between enculturation and socialization are related to the similarities and differences between culture and society.

Question 40

The findings of Carlo,Koller,Eisenberg,DaSilva,& Frohlich,(1996)suggest that cultural similarities and differences in moral reasoning and behavior may be explained by taking into account different levels of morality than are being examined.

Question 41

Which of the following socialize(s)children by setting rules for behavior,preparing children for the roles they will play as men and women,and helping them to create an identity according to Arnett (2001),Pargament & Maton (2000).

A)Religious institutions
B)Enculturation
C)Parenting
D)School

Question 42

_____ is a style of parenting in which parents are often too absorbed in their own lives to respond appropriately to their children and may seem indifferent to them.

A)Uninvolved parents
B)Permissive parents
C)Authoritarian parent
D)None of the above.

Question 43

According to Bronfenbrenner (1979),what is not the mesosystem?

A)Family
B)School
C)Peer group
D)Society

Question 44

Until recently,Americans considered __________ to be healthy choices.However,attachment and parenting styles differ when looked at in many cultural contexts.

A)Securely attached babies and authoritative parents
B)Ambivalent babies and authoritarian parents
C)Securely attached babies and authoritarian parents
D)Ambivalent babies and uninvolved parents

Question 45

In many cultures,a much more desired outcome in cognitive development can be defined as "common sense," as opposed to ___________.

A)Uncommon sense
B)Kohlberg's "preoperational stage"
C)Piaget's "concrete operations stage"
D)Piaget's "formal operations stage"

Question 46

Enculturation is

A)The process by which youngsters learn and adopt ways and manners of other cultures
B)The process by which an adult learns and adapts to the indigenous culture
C)The process by which youngsters learn and adopt manners of their own culture
D)The process by which youngsters learn a language other than their own

Question 47

What is an example of an exosystem?

A)Parent's workplace
B)Culture
C)Religion
D)Society

Question 48

Which one is correct in terms of explaining the relationship between socialization and learning cultural values?

A)Learning cultural values is as much a part of the process of socialization as it is an outcome of socialization
B)Learning cultural values is not related to socialization anymore in modern society
C)Learning cultural values is the only cause of socialization
D)Learning cultural values has been considered the only outcome of socialization

Question 49

Which one is not a factor that influences math achievement?

A)Language
B)School systems
C)Parental and familial values
D)Teaching styles and teacher-student relationships
E)All of the above are factors

Question 50

Which of the following best describes extended families across cultures?

A)Extended families are similar in composition but differ in the sharing of resources and care giving
B)Extended families differ in composition but are similar in the sharing of resources and care giving
C)Extended families differ in composition as well as in the sharing of resources and care giving
D)Extended families are similar in composition as well as in the sharing of resources

Question 51

Which is NOT a macro-system?

A)Culture
B)Religion
C)Society
D)Family

Question 52

_______ is more the actual process and mechanism by which people learn the rules of society and culture.However __________ refers to the product of the socialization process.

A)Socialization,enculturation
B)Enculturation,organization
C)Development,enculturation
D)Acculturation,organization

Question 53

Parenting has many dimensions: the ____ and ____ that parents hold for their children,the general style of parenting they exhibit,and the specific behaviors they use to realize their goals.

A)Goals,beliefs
B)Love,economic situation
C)Complement,responses
D)Forgiveness,beliefs

Question 54

__________ is/are the nexus through which the elements of the larger culture are filtered and is/are an important source of parenting practices and the organization of daily life for children and families.Fill in the blank.

A)Parental ethnotheories
B)Uninvolved parents
C)Parenting
D)None of the above

Question 55

Two examples of primary socialization agents would be

A)The Pope and the church
B)Fraternities and sororities
C)Dr.Martin Luther King and Mohandas K.Gandhi
D)Family and school

Question 56

Temperament plays an important role in the parenting the child receives.Children contribute to their own development in relation to their parents.

Question 57

Cross-cultural studies of attachment show that cultures differ on their notion of "ideal" attachment

A)Some of the studies challenge the notion that closeness to the mother is necessary for a secure and healthy attachment
B)Each culture has different but not necessarily better values than others
C)All of the above
D)None of the above

Question 58

What is the difference in learning between how young humans learn and young chimpanzees?

A)Unlike young chimpanzees,young humans learn not only by mimicking adults,but also by internalizing the knowledge of others through social cognition.
B)There is no difference in learning culture between humans and chimpanzees
C)The difference in learning between humans and chimpanzees is that human beings have language
D)None of the above

Question 59

________ is a culture in which change occurs rapidly.Both adults and peers socialize young people.Young people may have to turn to one another for advice and information in this type of culture.Fill in the blank.

A)Configurative culture
B)Acculturation
C)Collectivistic culture
D)Individualistic culture

Question 60

The study by Holloway & Minami (1996)suggests

A)The child's active processing of information results in the preproduction of culture and the production of new elements of culture
B)Children are not actively reacting to the environment when accepting culture
C)Children are not influenced by parenting style
D)Temperament and attachment are the only factors influencing children's enculturation

Question 61

____________ is a style of parenting that is viewed as firm,fair,and reasonable.The style is seen as promoting psychologically healthy,competent,independent children who are cooperative and at ease in social situations.

A)Authoritative parent
B)Authoritarian parent
C)Permissive parents
D)Uninvolved parents

Question 62

Learning cultural values is as much a part of the process of socialization as it is an outcome of socialization.

Question 63

According to Margaret Mead (1928/1978),________ is changing so rapidly that young people may be the ones to teach adults.

A)Configuration cultures
B)Postfigurative cultures
C)Prefigurative cultures
D)Collectivistic cultures

Question 64

Which of the following statements about diversity in cross-cultural parenting is true?

A)Child rearing differences are predominately attributed to differences in beliefs.
B)Child rearing differences are predominately attributed to differences in economic levels.
C)Child rearing differences are predominately attributed to race.
D)Child rearing differences may be attributed to both differences in beliefs and economic levels.

Question 65

Cultural differences in parenting reflect other social factors as well,such as the economic situation of the family.