Deck 13: Culture and Social Behavior Self and Identity

Question 1

Who used the independent vs.interdependent self-construal theory to describe two fundamentally different senses of self ?

A)Markus and Kitayama (1991)
B)Triandis,1989
C)Komilla,and Rettek (1995)
D)Matsumoto,Kudoh,& Takeuchi,1996

Answer 1

Markus and Kitayama (1991)

Question 2

What is correct in terms of the independent construal of self?

A)Individuals focus on external attributes
B)It does not express themselves in public
C)It is a sense of self that views the self as a bounded entity,clearly separated from relevant others.
D)It is a characteristic of people in individualistic cultures

Answer 2

It is a sense of self that views the self as a bounded entity,clearly separated from relevant others.

Question 3

Which of the following is true?

A)Japanese students are always more interdependent than American students
B)Individualism and collectivism are the only ways that we must follow and explain cultural differences
C)Internal attributes (I am hardworking,I am trustworthy)can be found more often among Japanese than Americans
D)Japan and America do not share any culture

Answer 3

Internal attributes (I am hardworking,I am trustworthy)can be found more often among Japanese than Americans

Question 4

Which of the following is correct?

A)A sense of self is critically important and integral to determining our own thoughts,feelings,and actions,and how we view the world and ourselves and others in that world
B)Our sense of self is not at the core of our being,unconsciously and automatically influencing our every thought,action,and feeling
C)Paul Ekman (1972)described the self as "a bounded,unique,more or less integrated motivational and cognitive universe; a dynamic center of awareness"
D)None of them is correct

Question 5

Which one is a definition of self-concept?

A)The idea or images that one has about oneself and how and why one behaves
B)A psychological construct that people create in order to help themselves understand themselves and their world better
C)The tendency to downplay one's virtues
D)The cognitive and affective evaluations we make about ourselves

Question 6

In relation to Multicultural Identities,is the following true or false?
If culture is defined as a psychological construct,the existence of multicultural identities suggests the existence of multiple psycho-cultural systems of representation in the minds of multicultural individuals.Americans tend to generate a greater number of abstract traits than Asians

Question 7

Which of the following self-concepts do you think is false?

A)Self-concepts are rooted in cultural worldviews
B)Self-concepts differ in different cultures
C)The differences in self-concepts occur because different cultures are associated with different systems of living
D)Self-concepts do not exist within different social and economic environments and natural habitats

Question 8

Is the following statement true or false?
Cultural worldviews are Belief systems about one's culture

Question 9

With regard to the independent construal of self,individuals focus less on ____ than internal attributes.

A)Personal
B)Group ability
C)Intelligence
D)Personality traits

Question 10

Which one is not a characteristic of American society based on the independent vs.interdependent self-construal theory?

A)Americans in the USA have been socialized to uniquely express themselves
B)Americans in the USA have been socialized to realize and actualize the inner self
C)Americans in the USA have been socialized to promote their personal goals
D)Americans in the USA have been socialized to consider group achievements

Question 11

What does the following statement explain? Parent-child sleeping arrangements are an example of a cultural practice,representing a specific way in which people of a culture manage their emotional expressions in a social context.

A)Cultural adjustment
B)Cultural worldviews
C)Acculturation
D)Cultural practices

Question 12

Concerning the interdependent construal of the self,individuals may

A)Depend primarily on whether they can fit in and be part of a relevant ongoing relationship
B)Focus on their interdependent status with other people
C)Strive to meet or even create duties,obligations,and social responsibilities.
D)Verify and confirm them in private through social comparison.

Question 13

It suggests humans have unique cognitive abilities,so they are the only animals that are aware of the fact that they will die eventually.They are afraid,terrified in fact,of that inevitable death.

A)Terror management theory
B)dependent self-construal theory
C)Interdependent self-construal theory
D)Suicide theory

Question 14

Is the following true or false?
Several studies (Bond & Tak-Sing,1983)interpreted that people with an independent construal of self viewed their own internal attributes,such as abilities or personality traits,as the most salient self-esteem.

Question 15

What can we learn through the statement below? "From this perspective,then,each individual human's name and identity,family and social identifications,goals and aspirations,occupation and title,are humanly created adornments draped over an animal that,in the cosmic scheme of things,may be no more significant or enduring than any individual potato,pineapple,or porcupine.But it is this elaborate drapery that provides us with the fortitude to carry on despite the uniquely human awareness of our mortal fate" (Pyszczynski,Greenberg,Solomon,Arndt,& Schimel,2004).

A)Humans create cultural worldviews
B)Human nature
C)Social interaction skills
D)Human society

Question 16

Which explains collectivistic cultures correctly?

A)It is the "fundamental connectedness of human beings"
B)The different demands that cultures place on individual members mean that individuals integrate,synthesize,and coordinate their worlds differently,producing differences in self-concepts.
C)People in collectivistic cultures focus on their interdependent status with other people and strive to meet or even create duties and social responsibilities
D)All of them are correct

Question 17

Which of the following is incorrect?

A)The concept of self is part of one's cultural worldviews because in relation to the rest of the world,the self is an intimate part of one's culture
B)The concept of self is also a cognitive generalization about one's nature
C)Cultural worldviews influence the construction of the self as a cognitive generalization derived from past experiences that organize and guide the processing of social experiences
D)Cultural worldviews do not aid in addressing needs for affiliation and uniqueness,and (do not explain the importance of understanding values as guiding principles as an important part of culture

Question 18

Markus and Kitayama (1991)contended that,with a(n)____________,one's internal attributes such as abilities or personality traits are the most salient self-relevant information.These internal attributes should be relatively less salient for those with___________,who are more likely to think about the self in particular social relationships

A)Independent construal of self,interdependent selves
B)Dependent construal of self,independent construal of selves
C)Western construal of self,dependent selves
D)Independent self,Independent selves

Question 19

Which one of the following is incorrect?

A)Cultural worldviews are different in different cultures
B)Differences in self-concepts occur because different cultures are associated with different systems of rules of living,and exist within different social and economic environments and natural habitats.
C)The different demands that cultures place on individual members mean that individuals integrate,synthesize,and coordinate their worlds differently,producing differences in self-concepts.
D)Self-concepts are influenced by school education only

Question 20

Which one of the following is inaccurate?

A)The concept of self is an important product of human cultures
B)Culture practices refer to the discrete,observable,objective,and behavioral aspects of human activities in which people engage related to culture
C)Cultural practices refer to the doing of culture
D)All of them are accurate

Question 21

The concept of____ is a cognitive generalization about who one believes one is,and an important and integral part of one's cultural worldviews.What concept is this?

A)Self
B)Belief
C)Intelligence
D)Knowledge

Question 22

Which one of the following statements is true of false?
Triandis suggested that individuals sampled different self-construals depending on the specific context in which they were.Thus,people in individualistic settings may sample their private self more than their public or collective self,whereas people in collectivistic settings may sample their collective self more than their private or public self.

Question 23

Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

A)The cultural values of people of different cultures differ depending on the specific context in which they are located.
B)People switch from one mode to the other depending on context (Bhawuk & Brislin,1992)
C)Different behaviors can be elicited in the same individuals if different self-construals are primed
D)Contextual influences do not exist in our behaviors

Question 24

Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

A)Cultural worldviews are uniquely human products.
B)The expression of cultural ideologies may serve a function of enhancing or reinforcing self-esteem as derived from cultural issues,thus contributing to the feeling of one's uniquely human existence.
C)Self-esteem is an abstract,supernatural construct that may in reality have little to do with behaviors,happiness,lifestyles,and relationships.Ideological cultural worldviews may also have little to do with reality on the level of behavior and mental processes among members of culture.
D)Self-esteem can predict all behaviors of human beings,for example,academic achievement at school and the level of self-esteem .

Question 25

_____________ refers to the collection of psychological processes by which we bolster our self-esteem.What does this refer to?

A)Self-assurance
B)Self-identity
C)Self-evaluation
D)Self-enhancement

Question 26

Triandis (Triandis,1989)proposed the existence of three types of selves :

A)The private,public,and collective self
B)Traditional self,and identity
C)Individual self and collective self
D)Private self and non-private self

Question 27

Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

A)Self-esteem refers to the cognitive and affective evaluations we make about ourselves.One way of understanding the origin of self-esteem is through cultural worldviews.
B)Self-esteem is a psychological phenomenon created by humans as a buffer against the terror that is associated with the knowledge of the inevitability of one's death
C)Self-esteem is "a culturally based construction that consists of viewing oneself as living up to specific contingencies of value,derived from the culture at large,but integrated into a unique individualized worldview by each person"
D)Self-esteem is often not correlated with objective standards of competence or performance

Question 28

Which one of the Cousins (1989)findings is incorrect?

A)Japanese respondents actually generated a greater number of abstract internal attributes (for example,I am hardworking,I am trustworthy,I am lazy)than Americans.
B)American respondents tended to qualify their descriptions
C)Americans may have felt awkward providing self-descriptions because their self-definitions typically are not qualified by specific situations.
D)All of them are correct

Question 29

Which one of the following statements is incorrect?

A)Cultural worldviews are ideological belief systems about the world.
B)Cultural worldviews are also fabricated and given meaning by people's minds
C)One of the goals of these cultural worldviews is to raise human existence above nature so that meaning can be drawn from life.
D)Cultural worldviews focus on the similarities of cultural norms

Question 30

Is the following true or false?
This curious finding (what finding?)is well supported in other studies.For example,Matsumoto,Weissman,and colleagues (1997)compared ratings of collectivistic tendencies in interpersonal interactions of Japanese Americans with those of Japanese nationals in Japan.there doesn't seem anything to determine if it's T/F

Question 31

The concept of self as "sociable" maybe central to one's ________,enjoying a special status as a salient identity or ___________.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Self-identity,self-esteem
B)Self-definition,self-schema
C)Self-enhancement,self-esteem
D)Self-concept,self-representation

Question 32

Attribution research is the distinction between internal and external attributions.Internal attributions specify the cause of behavior within a person; these are also known as dispositional attributions,because they are attributions about people's dispositions.

A)Dispositional attributions
B)Situational dispositions
C)Attribution fallacy
D)Misinterpretation

Question 33

This is the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors (Bradley,1978)and a bias in which people tend to attribute good deeds and successes to their own internal attributes,but attribute bad deeds or failures to external factors.

A)Self-discrepancy
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-image
D)Self-serving bias

Question 34

Another method for enhancing self-esteem in the United States is the ________.Wylie (1979)found that American adults typically consider themselves to be more intelligent and more attractive than average.This effect appears to be stronger for males than for females in the United States (Joseph et al.,1992).

A)Freedom
B)Individual differences
C)False uniqueness effect
D)Cultural diversity

Question 35

In relation to Independent v.Interdependent Self-Construal Theory,which one of the following is false?

A)Start with the idea that American culture is individualistic and Asian cultures,especially Japan,are collectivistic.
B)Recent studies often do not find that Americans are more individualistic and Japanese are more collectivistic.
C)Matsumoto,Kudoh,and Takeuchi (Matsumoto,Kudoh,& Takeuchi,1996)administered an individualism-collectivism scale to Japanese university students,and based on their scores classified the participants as either individualists or collectivists
D)American and Japanese cultures are the same with respect to the theory

Question 36

Is the following statement true or false?
Attributions are the inferences people make about the causes of events and their own and others' behaviors.Attributions represent the ways we understand the world around us and the behavior of others.

Question 37

Recent studies (described also in Chapter 9)demonstrate that bicultural individuals have multiple cultural systems in their minds,and access one or the other depending on the context in which they are in.This is known as

A)Cultural frame switching
B)Cultural exchanging
C)Culture shock
D)Enculturation

Question 38

Terror management theory would suggest that self-enhancement is a universal psychological process,and that individuals will universally work to bolster their self-esteem.Is the statement true or not?

Question 39

Sampson (1988)has referred to the sense of self in mainstream approaches as ''_____________,'' contrasting it with what he termed ''______________,'' in which the boundary between self and others is less sharply drawn and
Others are part of oneself.Fill in the blanks respectively.

A)Self-contained individualism,ensembled individualism
B)Interdependent self,self-contained individualism
C)Ensembled individualism,independent self
D)None of the above

Question 40

Early studies suggested that not only did collectivistic Asians not self-enhance; they engaged in more of the opposite tendency that is to self-efface.____________ refers to the tendency to downplay one's virtues.Some researchers have suggested that Asians,such as Chinese and particularly Japanese,not only are more self-effacing; they are downright more negative about themselves,and are more attuned to negative than positive self-evaluations,in both private and public settings

A)Self-effacement
B)Self-relevance
C)Self-reliability
D)Self-enforcement

Question 41

What is the tendency of individuals to underestimate the communality of desirable traits and to overestimate their uniqueness?

A)Terror management theory
B)Anger management theory
C)Skepticism
D)False uniqueness effect

Question 42

An individual is not recognized as a member by the group to which he or she identifies him/herself.

A)Isolation
B)Identity denial
C)Self-confusion
D)Resistance

Question 43

____ refer(s)to the discrete,observable,objective,and behavioral aspects of human activities in which people engage related to culture.What does this refer to?

A)Cultural practices
B)Cultural worldviews
C)Cultural specific views
D)Cultural chaos

Question 44

This is critically important and integral to determining our own thoughts,feelings,and actions,and to how we view the world,ourselves,and others in that world,including our relationships with other people,places,things,and events.What is this?

A)A sense of self
B)Understanding other's personality
C)A sense of others
D)A sense of public

Question 45

____ refers to the social groups of which an individual sees himself or herself to be a part.All individuals have multiple _________ because of the multiple social roles we play.What does this refer to.

A)Self-reliance
B)Collaboration
C)Self-reflection
D)Identity

Question 46

The idea that people of different cultures all self-enhance,but choose to do it in different ways is ____________________.

A)Self-effacement
B)Independent construal of self
C)Tactical self-enhancement
D)Cultural identity

Question 47

Cultural reaffirmation effect is the amplified endorsement of home cultural values by bicultural individuals.

Question 48

According to Matsumoto et al.(1996),cultural values of people of different cultures differ depending on the specific context in which they are in.

Question 49

If you fail an exam,you may attribute your failure to a poorly constructed test,lousy teaching,distractions,or a bad week at home.This is an example of ____________.If you ace an exam,however,you are more likely to attribute your success to effort,intelligence,or ability to _____________.

A)Situational causes,dispositional causes
B)Individual differences,misunderstanding
C)Dispositional causes,effect
D)Situational result,dispositional influence

Question 50

______ (Ross,1977): The subjects in this study inferred a pro-Castro attitude even when they were explicitly told was assigned to write a pro-Castro essay and no choice was given.The subjects ignored these situational constraints and erroneously drew inferences about the author's disposition.

A)Attribution fallacy
B)Fundamental attribution error
C)Dispositional causes
D)Attribution styles