Deck 1: An Introduction to Culture and Psychology

Question 1

Social axioms are general beliefs and premises about oneself,the social and physical environment and the spiritual world

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which of the following statements explain race and culture correctly?

A)All studies show that racially defined groups have same cultures.
B)Race is more biologically essential than social constructions
C)Racial differences in culture are used scientifically to clearly the causes of racial discrimination
D)None of the above

Answer 2

Race is more biologically essential than social constructions

Question 3

Which one of the following statements is not true?

A)Schwartz has measured values in many countries using a 56-item instrument
B)The values mean desirable goals that serve as guiding principles in people's lives
C)Seven universal values were found
D)Embeddedness,hierarchy,uncertainty avoidance,mastery,harmony etc.,were measured

Answer 3

Embeddedness,hierarchy,uncertainty avoidance,mastery,harmony etc.,were measured

Question 4

Culture is " " Fill in the blank.

A)Macro
B)Micro
C)Group
D)Social level construct

Question 5

Universal means a psychological process that is found to be true or applicable for most people of most cultures

Question 6

Which two of the following statements are true?

A)Society is a system of interrelationships among people
B)Only human animals are social and have societies
C)Culture and society have the meaning and information that are associated with social networks
D)All human cultures assign similar or same meanings to their social groups

Question 7

Is the following definition of human culture true?
Human culture,as a unique meaning and information system transmitted across generations,allows the group to meet basic needs of survival,pursue happiness and well-being,and derive meaning from life

Question 8

The Rachet effect is the concept that humans continually improve; that they don't go backwards or revert to a previous state

Question 9

Which of the following is incorrect?

A)Human cultures uniquely have language and complex social cognition
B)Morality,a uniquely human product,is rooted in this unique human cognitive ability
C)Humans and animals have the ability to continually build upon improvements
D)Complexity,differentiation,and institutionalization differentiate humans from animals

Question 10

Which one of the following statements is false?

A)All human cultures exist in their own specific,unique environment; there are differences among them
B)Cultural differences can be related to the different attribution styles among different human cultures
C)Universal and culture-specific aspects need to understand psychological process
D)None of the above

Question 11

Which is a uniquely human activity?

A)Music
B)Sports
C)Art
D)Olympics for competition
E)All of the above

Question 12

What is the best explanation of the universal perspective in culture?

A)Survival is related to the degree that people can adapt to their environments and to the contexts in which they live
B)Evolutionary theorists believe people have evolved a set of motives and strivings that are ultimately related to reproductive success
C)Reproductive success and other functions such as eating and sleeping are biological imperatives if people are to survive
D)People must have solved a host of distinct social problems in order to adapt and thus achieve reproductive success
E)All of the above

Question 13

_____ seek to understand behavior when it happens,explain why it happens,and even predict it before it happens.Fill in the blank.

A)Psychologists
B)Sociologists
C)Philosophers
D)None of the above

Question 14

Which one of the following statements is true?

A)The evolution of human culture shows many psychological processes that all humans engage in
B)The universal perspective suggests humans have the unique ability to recognize that others are intentional agents
C)Understanding others' intentional agents is a unique ability that only humans have
D)Attribution processes may be found in only human society
E)All of the above

Question 15

Which one of the following statements is not true in terms of cultural worldviews?

A)Cultural worldviews contain attitudes,beliefs,opinions,and values about the world
B)These are culturally-specific belief systems about the world
C)People have worldviews because of globalization
D)They are assumptions people have about their physical and social realities

Question 16

Attribution is beliefs about the underlying causes of behavior

Question 17

Etics are aspects of life that appear to be consistent across different cultures; universal or pan-cultural truths or principles

Question 18

A process of learning is about their culture through a process of ____.Fill in the blank.

A)Enculturation
B)Education
C)Grouping
D)Language

Question 19

Which of the following statements is not correct?

A)Culture is an adaptational response to three factors: ecology,social factors,and biological factors
B)These factors combine to produce cultures on a macro-social level
C)Culture influences psychological processes,not behaviors
D)Newborns have no culture

Question 20

Which of the following two statements are true regarding Hofstede's cultural dimensions:

A)Suggests four dimensions
B)The dimensions of individualism and collectivism show the tendency for people to look after themselves and their immediate family only
C)Masculinity and femininity refer to the distribution of social and sexual roles between males and females
D)Power distance refers to the degree to which cultures emphasize the importance of social power

Question 21

_____ refers to the fact that relationships among individuals exist,and in human societies,individuals have multiple relationships with multiple groups,and the groups themselves have interrelationships with other groups.Fill in the blank.

A)Culture
B)Social interaction
C)Collectivism
D)Society

Question 22

______ is the degree to which cultures emphasize the maintenance of the status quo,propriety,and restraint of actions or inclinations that might disrupt the solidarity of the group or the traditional order.Fill in the blank.

A)Embeddedness
B)Ambiguity
C)Personality
D)Power distance

Question 23

Morality is a uniquely human product and turns on in humans around 9 months of age.

Question 24

Girls playing with dolls and boys playing with cars are examples of ________.A pregnant woman is an example of a _________.

A)Sex roles; gender role
B)Gender roles; sex role
C)Sex differences; gender difference
D)None of the above

Question 25

Intentional agents does not include

A)Wishes
B)Reactions
C)Desires
D)Intention to act and behave

Question 26

Which one of the following statements is not true?

A)Schwartz's work focuses on values,which are desirable goals that serve as guiding principles in people's lives
B)Schwartz has measured values in many countries using a 56-item instrument
C)Schwarz has identified seven values that are universal
D)Schwarz studied work-related values around the world and suggested four cultural dimensions

Question 27

Which one of the following statements is incorrect in terms of language?

A)Unlike other animals,humans have the unique ability to symbolize their physical and metaphysical world
B)Humans create sounds representing symbols
C)Humans create rules connecting those symbols into meaningful speech
D)Language is not a uniquely human product

Question 28

_______ is the degree to which cultures emphasize the legitimacy of hierarchical allocation of fixed roles and resources such as social power,authority,humility,or wealth.Fill in the blank.

A)Mastery
B)Hierarchy
C)Intellectual autonomy
D)Affective autonomy

Question 29

Cross cultural research can be understood in relation to mainstream academic psychology as a matter of _____.Fill in the blank.

A)Population parameters
B)Culture specific ideology
C)Psychological science
D)Scientific philosophy

Question 30

______ refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by unknown or ambiguous situations,and have developed beliefs,institutions,or rituals to avoid them.Fill in the blank.

A)Femininity
B)Masculinity
C)Individualism
D)Uncertainty avoidance

Question 31

____ refers to the individual differences that exist among individuals within groups. _____ is the social psychological frame within which individuals reside,much like the structure of our houses and homes.Fill in the blanks.

A)Personality,culture
B)Temperament,society
C)Culture,education
D)Family,culture

Question 32

____________ can also be described as a folk theory.Fill in the blank.

A)Race as a biological construct
B)Race as a social construct
C)Race as an evolutionary construct
D)Race as a categorical construct

Question 33

Which of the following is not one of Hofstede's cultural dimensions?

A)Individualism
B)Masculinity
C)Femininity
D)Personality

Question 34

______ refers to the degree to which cultures will encourage less powerful members of groups to accept that power is distributed unequally.Fill in the blank.

A)Individualism
B)Collectivism
C)Power distance
D)Power game

Question 35

Which one of the following statements is false?

A)Many animals are social and live in groups
B)In animal societies,there are clear social networks and hierarchies
C)Like the human,the animal that smiles or averts its face loses and becomes the subordinate
D)Many animals invent and use tools
E)All of the above

Question 36

What are the three characteristics of human social and cultural life that differentiates it from those of animals?

A)Complexity,family,language
B)Complexity,differentiation,and institutionalization
C)Play,groups,institutionalization
D)Language,groups,biological needs

Question 37

Nationality is a term that includes concepts of both race and culture.

Question 38

One of the most important thinking abilities that humans have that other animals apparently do not have is the ability to believe that other people " ".Fill in the blank

A)Are intentional agents
B)Understand gestures
C)Make sounds
D)None of the above

Question 39

What is not a factor that influences culture?

A)Climate
B)Technology
C)Temperament
D)All of the above

Question 40

Which one of the following statements is not true in terms of culture?

A)Many animals are social; that is,they work and live in groups
B)In animal societies,there are clear social networks and hierarchies
C)Animals do not invent and use tools
D)Many animals communicate with each other

Question 41

_____ is the degree to which cultures emphasize the promotion and protection of people's independent pursuit of positive experiences.It fosters pleasure and an exciting or varied life.

A)Egalitarianism
B)Affective autonomy
C)Harmony
D)Intellectual autonomy

Question 42

________ represents an outward-oriented,simplistic grappling with external forces that are construed to include fate and a supreme being.It is the culture-level reflection of the belief structures that form part of a psychological constellation that aids citizens to mobilize psychologically to confront environmental difficulties.Fill in the blank.

A)Dynamic externality
B)Affective autonomy
C)Social axioms
D)Mastery

Question 43

______ affects different types of psychological processes,and we draw a distinction here between behaviors and cultural worldviews.It affects actual overt,observable behaviors; how we express our emotions in social situations,how we seek help when we are sick,how we greet each other,and how we interact with strangers.Fill in the blank.

A)Physical reality
B)Assumption
C)Psychologist
D)Culture

Question 44

_____ are (is)general beliefs and premises about oneself,the social and physical environment,and the spiritual world.Leung et al.(2002)demonstrated the universal existence of five types of ____________ on the individual level in 41 cultural groups.Fill in the blanks.

A)Dynamic externality
B)Harmony
C)Affective autonomy
D)Social axioms

Question 45

What is the concept of the "ratchet effect" ?

A)It refers to the idea that humans continually improve on improvements,that they do not go backward or revert to a previous state
B)It is a psychological process that is considered to be true for some people of some cultures but not for others
C)It is a psychological process that is found to be true or applicable for all people of all cultures
D)It is a process of learning about and being indoctrinated into a culture

Question 46

Culture is an adaptational response to three factors; _______,________,________ these three factors combine to produce cultures on a macro-social level.What are these three factors.

A)Ecology,social,biological factor
B)Personality,social,biological factor
C)Relational,individual,biological factor
D)Psychological,ecology,biological factor

Question 47

______ are (is)beliefs about the underlying causes of behavior.

A)Culture-specific
B)Attributions
C)Enculturation
D)Emics

Question 48

_______ refer to those processes that are consistent across different cultures; to a universal psychological processes._______ refer to those processes that are different across cultures.Fill in the blanks.

A)Phonetics,etics
B)Etics,emics
C)Emics,languages
D)Phonetics,phonemes

Question 49

____________ are(is)culturally specific belief systems about the world; they contain attitudes,beliefs,opinions,and values about the world; They are assumptions people have about their physical and social realities.Fill in the blank.

A)Cultural worldviews
B)Power distance
C)Social Cynicism
D)Culture