Deck 10: Sex and Gender: Vive La Différence

Question 1

Which of the following is accurate regarding differences in verbal skills of males and females:
(a)boys talk more than girls
(b)boys learn words more quickly than girls
(c)boys read earlier and better than girls
(d)girls display more verbal creativity than boys

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The earliest age at which children's knowledge of gender stereotypes is well developed is:
(a)5 years (the time they enter school)
(b)6 years
(c)7 years
(d)8 years

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A profile of the behaviors actually exhibited by a typical male or female in a given culture is labeled:
(a)a gender role
(b)a gender stereotype
(c)a gender identity
(d)gender constancy

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Desire to possess certain gender-typed characteristics is labeled:
(a)gender identity
(b)gender-based belief
(c)gender typing
(d)gender role preference

Question 5

Evidence for children's knowledge of gender stereotypes has been seen as early as:
(a)2 years
(b)3 years
(c)3.5 years
(d)4 years

Question 6

Which of the following is true regarding differences in actual behaviors of boys and girls in early life?
(a)boys are physically and neurologically more advanced at birth
(b)boys learn to walk earlier
(c)girls reach puberty at younger ages
(d)boys are more socially responsive

Question 7

The term for the belief that members of a culture hold about acceptable attitudes, activities, traits, relationships, occupations, and physical appearance for males and females is:
(a)gender role
(b)gender stereotype
(c)gender identity
(d)gender constancy

Question 8

Gender differences in occupational stereotypes:
(a)illustrate how gender-role development is embedded in a societal context
(b)reflects parity in males' and females' status
(c)are generally found only in North America
(d)all of the above

Question 9

An idea that differentiates males and females is labeled:
(a)gender identity
(b)gender-based belief
(c)gender typing
(d)gender-trait acquisition

Question 10

The awareness that superficial alterations in appearance or activity do not alter gender is called
(a)gender role
(b)gender stereotype
(c)gender stability
(d)gender constancy

Question 11

Which of the following interests show clear gender-typed differences?
(a)books
(b)leisure activities
(c)household chores
(d)all of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is accurate regarding differences in actual behaviors of males and females?
(a)differences do not emerge until adolescence
(b)differences generally parallel gender stereotypes
(c)most of these differences are quite large
(d)the main differences are in academic achievement with few differences in social behavior

Question 13

Those aspects of a person involving nurturance and concern with feelings are:
(a)instrumental characteristics
(b)social characteristics
(c)task-oriented characteristics
(d)expressive characteristics

Question 14

The fact that males remain male and females remain female across time is referred to as:
(a)gender role
(b)gender stereotype
(c)gender stability
(d)gender constancy

Question 15

The perception of oneself as either male or female is termed:
(a)gender identity
(b)gender-based belief
(c)gender typing
(d)gender-trait acquisition

Question 16

Children begin to be more flexible about gender stereotyping by:
(a)5 years (the time they enter school)
(b)6 years
(c)7 years
(d)8-9 years

Question 17

Which of the following is accurate regarding differences in gaze behaviors of males and females in early life:
(a)as infants, girls prefer to look at faces rather than objects, whereas boys do not
(b)by 4 months of age, boys look at women longer than girls look at women
(c)boys and girls do not differ in their average amount of eye contact during social interactions
(d)boys are better at recognizing and processing facial expressing than girls

Question 18

The process by which children acquire the values, motives, and behaviors considered appropriate for their gender in their particular culture is called:
(a)gender identity
(b)gender role preference
(c)gender typing
(d)gender-trait acquisition

Question 19

Which of the following is accurate regarding gender differences in toy preferences:
(a)observations of toy preference among nonhuman primates suggest that toy preferences are socialized
(b)some toys, like Legos, which used to be considered masculine are now considered feminine
(c)in letters to Santa, girls are as likely as boys to ask for sports equipment
(d)all of the above

Question 20

When Chinese and Israeli children were asked to evaluate a child who violates gender stereotypes:
(a)only the ratings of the Chinese children were affected by violations of gender stereotypes
(b)only the ratings of the Israeli children were affected by violations of gender stereotypes
(c)the ratings of both Chinese and Israeli children were affected, but the effect was stronger for the Chinese children
(d)the ratings of both Chinese and Israeli children were affected, but the effect was stronger for the Israeli children

Question 21

A shift towards more gender-typed behavior that occurs in adolescence is termed:
(a)gender focusing
(b)gender role augmentation
(c)gender intensification
(d)gender rigidity

Question 22

Those aspects of a person involving task and occupation orientation are:
(a)instrumental characteristics
(b)social characteristics
(c)task-oriented characteristics
(d)expressive characteristics

Question 23

According to the evolutionary theory of gender differences:
(a)the aggression and competition of males helps them secure a mate
(b)the attractiveness and nurturance of females helps them retain a mate and raise their children
(c)similar sex differences are found in animals for similar reasons
(d)all of the above

Question 24

Research on the longitudinal stability of gender typed interests showed that:
(a)gender interests were stable only for boys
(b)gender interests were stable only for girls
(c)stability in gender interests was especially strong when they were dissonant with gender stereotypes
(d)stability in gender interests was especially strong when they were consonant with gender stereotypes

Question 25

Differences in male and female brains include the following:
(a)women have a larger amygdala than men
(b)women have a relatively larger orbital-frontal region of the amygdala
(c)the mirror neuron system shows stronger responses in males than females
(d)the cerebral cortex is more highly developed in males than females

Question 26

The contributing role of biology to gender differences and gender typing is shown by:
(a)the finding that boys and girls show differences in blood pressure in response to a baby's cry
(b)the finding that boys and girls show differences in electrical skin conductance in response to a baby's cry
(c)the finding that boys and girls show differences in autonomic nervous system response in response to a baby's cry
(d)none of the above

Question 27

Which of the following are accurate regarding the reasons behind sex differences in gender typing:
(a)the male role is less clearly defined than the female role
(b)the male role is less consistently enforced than the female role
(c)deviations from the male role elicit greater sanction than deviation from the female role
(d)all of the above

Question 28

The contributing role of differences in brain structure to gender differences and gender typing is shown by:
(a)increased lateralization among females
(b)a larger proportion of glial cells in males' brains in the social brain regions
(c)more activation in the social regions of the brain in females than males
(d)a larger amygdala for processing emotions in women than men

Question 29

Research shows that genes contribute to gender differences and gender typing in the following ways:
(a)differences in genetic expression are limited to the X and Y chromosomes
(b)heritabilities of gender-typed behaviors are large for both males and females
(c)approximately 200 genes are expressed differently in the brains of men and women
(d)none of the above

Question 30

The corpus callosum:
(a)is larger in males
(b)is larger in females
(c)has more glutamate and GABA receptors for males
(d)has more glutamate and GABA receptors for females

Question 31

According to Maccoby, preschool children prefer same-sex playmates because:
(a)boys and girls rarely want to play at the same activities
(b)boys and girls have incompatible play styles
(c)parents encourage boys to play with boys and girls to play with girls
(d)boys simply dislike girls and quickly withdraw when paired with a girl playmate

Question 32

Which of the following are accurate regarding sex differences in gender typing:
(a)boys' preference for gender-stereotyped toys decreases with age
(b)boys are more likely than girls to develop extremely intense interests, which are often gender stereotyped
(c)girls' preference for gender-stereotyped toys remains constant with age
(d)all of the above

Question 33

The theory that children use physical and behavioral clues to differentiate gender roles and to gender type themselves very early in life is called:
(a)information processing theory of gender typing
(b)cognitive developmental theory of gender typing
(c)behavioral theory of gender typing
(d)evolutionary theory of gender typing

Question 34

The contributing role of hormones to gender differences and gender typing is shown by:
(a)research showing that monkeys given hormones changed their social behavior patterns
(b)research showing that children exposed prenatally to elevated levels of hormones behaved in ways consistent with their hormonal exposure
(c)research showing that boys born without a penis behaved like boys even though their parents believed they were girls
(d)all of the above

Question 35

The Freudian concept that children think of themselves as being the same as their same-gender parent is termed:
(a)identification
(b)parental allegiance
(c)primary sexual patterning
(d)the Electra syndrome

Question 36

Limitations of the evolutionary theory of gender differences include:
(a)the theory readily explains individual differences but fails to address aggregate differences between males and females
(b)the theory may have been less successful at explaining gender differences in previous centuries
(c)the theory provides insufficient links to genetic determinism
(d)the theory fails to account for variability in gender roles across cultures

Question 37

Reasons for the earning gap between men and women include:
(a)self-selection by women into lower-paying professions
(b)reluctance by employers to hire women into higher paying jobs
(c)women being paid less than men for performing the same duties
(d)all of the above

Question 38

Which of the following is accurate regarding changes in gender typing during adolescence and adulthood:
(a)recently researchers have found increased evidence of gender intensification
(b)women tend to become more autonomous and remain so through their later years
(c)older men tend to become less expressive and nurturant
(d)gender typing is a dynamic process that continues across the life span

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding self-selection into different occupations?
(a)men entering female-dominated fields report lower rates of sickness, absence, and work-related problems
(b)women entering male-dominated fields report lower rates of anxiety and work-related problems
(c)women express more interest in a job that will allow them to make money than men
(d)men with more traditional gender-role attitudes are likely to enter male-dominated fields

Question 40

The first sex change supplemented by hormone therapy occurred in:
(a)the early 1930s
(b)the early 1940s
(c)the early 1950s
(d)the early 1960s

Question 41

The view that children develop naïve theories that help them organize and structure their experience related to gender differences and gender roles:
(a)cognitive developmental theory of gender typing
(b)gender-identification theory
(c)gender-structure theory
(d)gender-schema theory

Question 42

The strongest influence on children's early gender typing comes from:
(a)same gender peers
(b)parents
(c)same-gender siblings
(d)teachers

Question 43

Children apply gender constancy:
(a)to themselves slightly earlier than they apply it to others
(b)to themselves slightly later than they apply it to others
(c)to themselves at the same time that they apply it to others
(d)to their same sex siblings earlier than to themselves

Question 44

Compared with other theories of gender development, the social structural theory focuses less on:
(a)hormone, genetic, and other biological influences
(b)motivational influences
(c)environmental influences
(d)affective influences

Question 45

Which of the following is accurate regarding gender constancy and attention to adults:
(a)boys who achieve gender constancy attend to same-sex adults more
(b)boys who achieve gender constancy attend to same-sex adults less
(c)girls who achieve gender constancy attend to same-sex adults more
(d)both a and c

Question 46

In U.S.middle-class samples, gender stability is greatest at:
(a)4-5 years
(b)2-3 years
(c)6-7 years
(d)3-4 years

Question 47

Which theory focuses on factors such as institutional constraints on male and female opportunities in educational, occupational, and political spheres:
(a)social structural theory of gender roles
(b)cognitive developmental theory of gender typing
(c)social cognitive theory of gender development
(d)information-processing gender-schema theory

Question 48

Which of the following is accurate regarding Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender?
(a)consonance between actual gender and a child's behaviors and values is critical for self-esteem
(b)children begin to differentiate between male and female roles after deliberate teaching by others
(c)children begin to differentiate between male and female roles as a result of Freud's proposed process of identification
(d)gender schemas play a central role

Question 49

Both cognitive developmental theory and information-processing gender-schema theory share the assumption that children:
(a)take a passive role in perceiving the environment
(b)take a passive role in interpreting information from the environment
(c)take a active role in creating environments that support their theories
(d)all of the above

Question 50

Which of the following accurately describes parents' shaping of children's gender-typed choices:
(a)parents actively shape children's gender-typed choices
(b)parents passively shape children's gender-typed choices
(c)both a and b
(d)neither a nor b

Question 51

According to Freud, identification with the same-sex parent led to:
(a)difficulty in maintaining adequate self-esteem
(b)preference for opposite-sex playmates
(c)impetus toward a closer relationship with the opposite-sex parents
(d)acquisition of feminine or masculine traits and behaviors

Question 52

Which theory of gender development focuses on personal conceptions about gender, activity patterns linked with gender, and environmental influences that promote or discourage gender-related behavior:
(a)social structural theory of gender roles
(b)cognitive developmental theory of gender typing
(c)social cognitive theory of gender development
(d)information-processing gender-schema theory

Question 53

The links between gender schemas and the child's own behavior are presumed to occur through:
(a)selective attention to own-sex relevant information
(b)selective memory of own-sex relevant information
(c)motivation to be like same-sex others
(d)all of the above

Question 54

Preschool boys are better than girls at remembering masculine:
(a)emotions
(b)adjectives
(c)peers
(d)all of the above

Question 55

With regard to phases of understanding gender, cross-cultural work suggests that:
(a)children in other countries do not necessarily follow the same sequence as children in the U.S.
(b)children in other countries generally reach milestones about 1 year earlier than children in the U.S.
(c)children in other countries generally reach milestones about 2 years earlier than children in the U.S.
(d)none of the above

Question 56

Parents perceive boys and girls as different:
(a)at birth
(b)within 1 month of birth
(c)around the 2^nd month after birth
(d)around the 6th month after birth

Question 57

Children begin to recognize males and females as distinct categories when they are:
(a)able to understand labels
(b)able to understand language
(c)toddlers
(d)infants

Question 58

Gender-typed play depends on children's understanding of:
(a)gender identity
(b)gender constancy
(c)gender stability
(d)gender stereotypes

Question 59

With regard to phases of understanding gender, the correct developmental sequence is the following:
(a)gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy
(b)gender stability, gender constancy, gender identity
(c)gender constancy, gender identity, gender stability
(d)gender identity, gender constancy, gender stability

Question 60

Which theory uses principles such as observational learning, positive and negative feedback, and self-efficacy to explain gender role development:
(a)social structural theory of gender roles
(b)cognitive developmental theory of gender typing
(c)social cognitive theory of gender development
(d)information-processing gender-schema theory

Question 61

Parents do not encourage independence and autonomy:
(a)for daughters in safe activities
(b)for sons in safe activities
(c)for daughters in risky activities
(d)for sons in risky activities

Question 62

Which of the following are accurate regarding depictions of men and women in television:
(a)only 4 percent of female TV characters are portrayed as homemakers
(b)females are more likely than males to be portrayed as happy
(c)females are more likely than males to be portrayed as emotional
(d)all of the above

Question 63

Children develop patterns of interest in activities that are consistent with cultural gender stereotypes at:
(a)3-5 years
(b)5-7 years
(c)1-3 years
(d)none of the above

Question 64

Father absence is likely to affect for girls as follows:
(a)father absence predicts elevated risk of early sexual activity
(b)father absence predicts elevated risk of early pregnancy
(c)father absence creates a great risk the earlier it happens
(d)all of the above

Question 65

Fathers are more likely to play and talk with their infant sons than their infant daughters especially when:
(a)the baby has a quiet temperament
(b)the father is older
(c)the baby is the first born
(d)the mother encourages this type of behavior

Question 66

Parents can help children become multischematic by:
(a)regularly engaging in negotiations and discussions about issues
(b)debating and questioning the issues
(c)including children in these discussions
(d)all of the above

Question 67

The reasons offered for the consistent association between father absence and early sexual behavior include:
(a)father-absent girls have developed the social skills and confidence they need for heterosexual relationships
(b)father-absent girls missed out on interactions with a man who rewarded and enjoyed their femininity
(c)father-absent girls view male parental investment as unreliable and as a result are likely to form casual sexual liaisons
(d)some but not all of the above

Question 68

Possessing multiple ideas about appropriate behaviors that can be displayed depending on the particular situation is labeled:
(a)mature cognitive structure
(b)fully realized heuristic
(c)multischematic
(d)nongender stereotyping

Question 69

Children from avant garde and countercultural communes have been observed to be:
(a)less likely to prefer gender-stereotyped toys
(b)less likely to understand gender stereotypes
(c)less gender stereotyped in their assumptions about occupations
(d)more likely to endorse gender stereotypes than children from devotional communes

Question 70

A child's choice to spend time with same-gender peers is referred to as:
(a)gender segregation
(b)gender association
(c)gender-patterned grouping
(d)gender preference syndrome

Question 71

When children are observed by their parents playing with cross-gender toys:
(a)mothers are likely to reward sons
(b)fathers are likely to reward sons
(c)fathers are likely to ignore sons
(d)fathers are likely to punish sons

Question 72

Children have strongly stereotyped beliefs about boys' and girls' abilities:
(a)when their own ability level matches the gender stereotype
(b)when their parents' beliefs are strongly stereotyped
(c)when they attend a single-gender school
(d)when they are in preschool

Question 73

The effects of most TV-based interventions designed to reduce gender stereotyping have been:
(a)modest
(b)long-lived
(c)present across a variety of age groups
(d)effective only for boys

Question 74

Which of the following accurately describes gender-typed treatment that parents give infants:
(a)parents use more supportive speech with sons
(b)parents are harsher with sons
(c)parents use more directive speech with sons
(d)parents treat sons as more fragile

Question 75

Which of the following are accurate regarding the role of siblings in gender socialization?
(a)younger siblings' gender typing is less strongly related to the gender typing of older siblings' than to the gender typing of the parents
(b)children with sisters develop less feminine qualities
(c)firstborn sons with brothers have the most gender stereotyped attitudes
(d)boys are influenced by their siblings whereas girls are not

Question 76

In a study in which 6^th grade boys and girls expressed equal interest in science and earned the same grades, parents:
(a)overestimated their daughters' interest
(b)believed that science was more difficult for their daughters
(c)were more likely to give girls scientific explanations when working on a physics-related task
(d)treated boys and girls similarly

Question 77

When children fight, parents are more likely to stop them:
(a)when their son is a victim
(b)when their son is a perpetrator
(c)when their daughter is a perpetrator
(d)when their daughter has received a major injury

Question 78

Men who have a college education are less likely to have a stereotyped view of the feminine role than less educated men

Question 79

Arrange the following ethnic groups from the most supportive of gender stereotypes to the least supportive:
(a)African American, European American, Mexican American
(b)European American, Mexican American, African American
(c)Mexican American, African American, European American
(d)Mexican American, European American, African American

Question 80

Most children display knowledge of gender-typed traits at:
(a)3-5 years
(b)5-7 years
(c)1-3 years
(d)none of the above