Deck 2: The History of Psychological Testing

Question 1

Experiments with the "thought meter" were relevant to what well-known historical controversy?

A) the existence of imageless thought
B) the primacy of sensation over perception
C) individual differences in stellar crossing times
D) the existence of instantaneous thought

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The psychologist who set the modern agenda for psychological testing by proclaiming "perhaps" tests would be useful in "training, mode of life or indication of disease" was

A) J. McKeen Cattell
B) Alfred Binet
C) Henry Goddard
D) Francis Galton

Answer 2

A

Question 3

"Brass instruments" tests measured

A) sensory thresholds
B) reaction times
C) strength
D) all the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Who is typically credited with founding the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany?

A) Willhelm Wundt
B) Francis Galton
C) Johann Lavater
D) Gustave Fecner

Question 5

Galton's methods were an improvement upon existing "brass instruments" approaches because they

A) allowed for quick and efficient data collection
B) employed better indices of problem solving
C) measured intelligence, not sensory acuity
D) were highly reliable

Question 6

Sir Francis Galton attempted to measure all of the following EXCEPT

A) personality
B) boringness of lectures
C) the efficacy of prayer
D) infant intelligence

Question 7

Five subjects civil law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, and geography) were tested in this country's civil service examination.

A) the United States
B) France
C) Great Britain
D) China

Question 8

In early Chinese testing, the beauty of penmanship was weighted very heavily in determining test scores. Why?

A) because of cultural norms that emphasized aesthetics
B) good penmanship was essential to fitness for office
C) one early emperor had an obsession with appearances
D) the reason is completely unknown, lost in history

Question 9

Regarding payment, what arrangement did Galton make with his subjects?

A) he paid his subjects a small fee for participation
B) his subjects paid him a small fee to be tested
C) testing was free
D) subjects could donate money to the laboratory

Question 10

To further his study of individual differences, Galton set up a psychometric laboratory at

A) Wundt's laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
B) Columbia University
C) the International Health Exhibition in London
D) the Sorbonne in France

Question 11

______is concept dating back to the 4^th century B.C, that suggests we can judge the inner character of people from their outward appearance, especially the face.

A) Psychophysics
B) Phrenology
C) Physiognomy
D) Psychograph

Question 12

The "thought meter" was developed by

A) Galton
B) McK. Cattell
C) Wundt
D) Schlosberg

Question 13

Franz Joseph Gall is credited with developing this procedure in which bumps on the head explained one's underlying faculties:

A) psychophysics
B) phrenology
C) physiognomy
D) psychograph

Question 14

Who is generally credited with developing the first battery of psychological tests?

A) J. McKeen Cattell
B) Alfred Binet
C) Henry Goddard
D) Francis Galton

Question 15

Psychological testing in its modern form originated roughly_____ years ago.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200

Question 16

The first applications of testing can be traced to

A) Chinese testing of officials for office in 2200 B.C.
B) Galton's sensory tests in the late 1800s
C) Wissler's 1901 correlation of tests and academic marks
D) Binet's 1905 testing of Paris school children

Question 17

Civil service examinations were first introduced in

A) the United States
B) France
C) Great Britain
D) China

Question 18

______is a Swiss theologian who published his popular Essays on Physiognomy in Germany in the late eighteenth century.

A) Johann Spurzheim
B) Gustave Fechner
C) Clark Wissler
D) Johann Lavater

Question 19

The purpose of the "thought meter" was to

A) test sensory acuity
B) measure the essential speed of thought
C) prove the existence of imageless thoughts
D) measure intelligence

Question 20

The "brass instruments" era was a dead end because

A) psychologists mistook simple sensory processes for intelligence
B) the tests had a "ceiling" effect
C) the tests had a "floor" effect
D) there was no attempt to standardize testing methods

Question 21

In 1851, Orson Fowler used a seven-point rating scale to practice_______ .

A) phrenology
B) physiognomy
C) psychophysics
D) astronomy

Question 22

How did Wissler respond to his own test results?

A) became a environmentalist researching ethnic differences
B) attempted to disguise his results
C) designed his own intelligence test
D) became a philosopher studying epistemology

Question 23

The first person to propose a classification system for intellectual disability was

A) Seguin
B) Binet
C) Freud
D) Esquirol

Question 24

Galton's test battery assessed all of the following EXCEPT

A) head length
B) strength of hand squeeze
C) visual acuity
D) problem solving

Question 25

During his time, how did most experimental psychologists react to Wissler's discouraging findings regarding brass instrument testing?

A) challenge Wissler's methodology
B) abandon the brass instruments approach to testing
C) renew efforts to design tests with increased sensitivity between reaction time and intelligence
D) none of the above

Question 26

Though, in the end, Galton's tests were found invalid, they did make a substantial contribution to the testing movement by demonstrating that

A) meaningful scores could be obtained through standardized measures
B) subjective tests could be devised that were accurate
C) meaningful scores could be obtained through subjective measures
D) meaningful scores were still not possible during his time.

Question 27

A new humanism toward intellectually disabled persons first arose in the

A) 1600s
B) 1700s
C) 1800s
D) 1990s

Question 28

The first true intelligence tests were developed for what purpose?

A) to identify persons with superior intellect
B) to test a complex theory on the growth and change of intellect in early childhood
C) to identify children who were unlikely to profit from ordinary instruction
D) to solve a personal dispute between two of the most famous psychologists in history

Question 29

J. McK. Cattell studied psychology with

A) Binet
B) Galton
C) Wundt
D) both Galton and Wundt

Question 30

The term "mental test" was first popularized by

A) Galton
B) Cattell
C) Binet
D) Terman

Question 31

The first person to write about the difference between mental illness and intellectual disability was

A) Seguin
B) Binet
C) Freud
D) Esquirol

Question 32

Cattell's test battery was mainly an extension of the battery developed by

A) Galton
B) Wundt
C) Binet
D) Wissler

Question 33

The first form of numerical rating scales can be traced to

A) Aristotle in the 4^th century B.C.
B) Galen in the 2^nd century
B) Galton in the 19^th century
C) Al-kindi in the 15^th century

Question 34

The path-breaking discovery that mental test scores do not correlate with academic achievement was published in

A) 1879
B) 1901
C) 1917
D) 1933

Question 35

All of the following persons studied under Cattell EXCEPT

A) Thorndike
B) Wissler
C) Strong
D) Goddard

Question 36

According to McReynolds and Ludwig, the first person to devise and apply rating scales for psychological variables was______ .

A) Galen
B) Galton
C) Thomasius
D) Al-kindi

Question 37

Regarding the relationship between bodily energy and mental energy, Cattell believed

A) there was no connection between the two
B) mental energy determined bodily energy
C) the two were inseparable from one another
D) bodily energy determined mental energy

Question 38

_______questioned whether successive increases of hot and cold were equal in the hot-cold rating scale.

A) Galen
B) Galton
C) Thomasius
D) Al-kindi

Question 39

Whose results showed virtually no tendency for mental test scores to correlate with academic achievement?

A) Thorndike
B) Wissler
C) Strong
D) Goddard

Question 40

The first classification system for intellectual disability relied mainly upon

A) problem solving abilities
B) physical stigmata
C) head circumference
D) language skills

Question 41

What current level did the first proposed classification system for intellectual disability fail to recognize?

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) profound

Question 42

Binet's tests were heavily loaded toward

A) verbal skills
B) math skills
C) reaction time
D) writing competency

Question 43

The character of the 1905 Binet and Simon scale owed much to a prior scale developed by

A) Cattell
B) Galton
C) Sequin
D) Damaye

Question 44

The first modern intelligence test was invented in _____by _____.

A) 1805, Cattell
B) 1905, Cattell
C) 1805, Binet
D) 1905, Binet

Question 45

For a brief time, Binet's professional path paralleled that of

A) Cattell
B) Galton
C) Freud
D) Jung

Question 46

The concept of "intelligence quotient" was suggested by_____ in_____ .

A) Galton, 1884
B) Binet, 1905
C) Stern, 1912
D) Terman, 1916

Question 47

Who was the first individual to both suggest multiplying the intelligence quotient by 100 to remove fractions and to use the abbreviation IQ?

A) Binet
B) Stanford
C) Stern
D) Terman

Question 48

The 1905 Binet and Simon scale was calibrated to a population average of

A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) none of the above

Question 49

The idea that intelligence could be better measured by means of the higher psychological processes rather than the elementary sensory processes such as reaction time was suggested in_____ in a paper by_____ .

A) 1896, Binet and Henri
B) 1905, Binet and Henri
C) 1896, Binet and Simon
D) 1905, Binet and Simon

Question 50

The 1908 revision of the Binet and Simon scale included the following innovations):

A) introduction of the IQ concept
B) classification of levels of intelligence
C) introduction of the concept of mental level
D) all of the above

Question 51

What was the catalyst for the development of Binet and Simon's test?

A) the call to expose criminal treatment of intellectually impaired orphans
B) the call for an instrument to identify cognitively impaired school children needing special instruction
C) the call for an instrument to help the court system determine intellectual impairment
D) the call for an instrument to identify gifted school children needing special instruction

Question 52

Idiocy, and Its Treatment by the Physiological Method was first published in_______ by_____ .

A) 1786, Seguin
B) 1886, Seguin
C) 1786, Binet
D) 1886, Binet

Question 53

In discussing how to administer his test, Alfred Binet emphasized the importance of

A) careful attention to scoring
B) standardized procedures
C) a quiet testing environment
D) patience and flexibility in procedures

Question 54

Binet began his career in psychology by studying the

A) two-point threshold
B) intelligence of infants
C) hypnotic treatment of hysteria
D) method of free association

Question 55

The psychologist who devoted his life to developing educational programs for the intellectually disabiled was

A) Seguin
B) Binet
C) Freud
D) Esquirol

Question 56

Binet and Simon's purpose for their test was

A) measurement, not classification
B) classification, not measurement
C) response time, not memory
D) none of the above

Question 57

In the testing of children, Binet advocated

A) strict experimental consistency
B) restarting procedures 10, 20 times, if necessary
C) developing rapport before using specific procedures
D) skepticism about positive results

Question 58

In response to public criticism, Binet recanted his early findings about

A) intelligence in newborns
B) magnetic induction of mood changes
C) intelligence in intellectually disabled persons
D) calibration of the two-point threshold

Question 59

In testing children, Binet warned psychologists to be on the lookout for

A) oppositional behavior
B) suggestibility
C) failure of attention
D) both suggestibility and failure of attention

Question 60

Which two subjects did Binet often use to try out new tests of intelligence?

A) his two sons
B) his two daughters
C) his two pets
D) his two brothers

Question 61

Initially, Goddard was_______ about the purported threat of feeble-mindedness posed by the immigrants.

A) excitedly alarmed
B) alarmed
C) cautiously concerned
D) unconcerned

Question 62

What was Goddard's opinion about the placement of children who were "feebleminded?"

A) they should be segregated to keep them from contaminating society
B) they should be included in general education classrooms to prevent being ostracized
C) they should be placed in special education classes to increase their learning curve
D) none of the above

Question 63

Two tests were used to test army recruits during WW I:

A) Alpha and Beta
B) Alpha and Stanford-Binet
C) Beta and Stanford-Binet
D) Wechsler and Stanford-Binet

Question 64

How do the majority of recent testing textbooks portray Henry Goddard?

A) brilliant with high moral caliber
B) belligerent and hardened
C) irresponsible and unlawful
D) they do not mention or refer to him at all

Question 65

Why were group tests originally slow to catch on?

A) complicated and lengthy administration
B) early versions lacked validity
C) early versions had to be laboriously scored by hand
D) all the above

Question 66

The latest revision of the Stanford-Binet was completed in

A) 1916
B) 1960
C) 1986
D) 2003

Question 67

Why did the Wechsler scales become a popular alternative to Stanford-Binet?

A) stronger validity results
B) provides subtest scores and a verbal and performance IQ score
C) easier to administer
D) all the above

Question 68

What did Goddard report as the primary culprit of the low intelligence scores of immigrants?

A) linguistic barriers
B) environmental deprivation
C) poor testing conditions
D) none of the above

Question 69

It is appropriate to characterize the first Stanford-Binet as a______ of the Binet- Simon scales.

A) total revision
B) substantial revision
C) slight revision
D) faithful, literal translation

Question 70

Goddard considered children who were______ to be feeble-minded.

A) below an IQ of 70
B) incapable of self-care
C) trainable but not educable
D) mentally four or more years behind

Question 71

The first Stanford-Binet was useful mainly with

A) intellectually disabled persons
B) normal and superior children
C) normal and superior adults
D) all of the above

Question 72

Regarding immigration and "feeblemindedness," which of the following statements characterizes national opinion in the early 1900s?

A) the feebleminded reproduced at an alarming rate
B) newer immigrants were mentally inferior to traditional immigrants
C) immigration threatened the nation's overall biological fitness
D) all of the above

Question 73

What was Goddard's position with respect to heredity and intelligence?

A) he was a strict hereditarian who conceived of intelligence in simple-minded Mendelian terms
B) he believed that much undesirable behavior was due to inherited mental deficiency
C) he called for the colonization of the mentally defective
D) all of the above

Question 74

The WW I effort to test army recruits was headed up by

A) Goddard
B) Terman
C) Yerkes
D) Cattell

Question 75

What was Goddard's position with respect to restrictions upon immigration?

A) he led the movement to restrict immigration
B) he proposed different quotas for different countries
C) he did not join the popular call for immigration restriction
D) he favored a complete ban upon immigration

Question 76

In testing small samples of immigrants, Goddard concluded that about _______percent of them were "feebleminded."

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 77

The first translation of the Binet-Simon scales was completed in _____by _____.

A) 1910, Terman
B) 1930, Terman
C) 1910, Goddard
D) 1930, Goddard

Question 78

At the turn of the century, the following labels were used for diagnostic purposes in intellectual disability:

A) idiot, imbecile, feeble-minded
B) intellectually disabled, feeble- minded, borderline
C) imbecile, feeble- minded, borderline
D) severely disabled, mildly disabled, borderline

Question 79

Goddard's views on intellectual disability can be characterized as

A) simple and consistent
B) simple and inconsistent
C) complex and consistent
D) complex and inconsistent

Question 80

Leta Stetter Hollingworth is known for which of the following accomplishments?

A) showing that students with high genius show significantly greater school achievement that those with ordinary genius
B) showing that gifted children who move ahead in school do not lag behind other children in penmanship or motor skills
C) attributed gender differences in achievement to social and cultural impacts
D) all the above