Deck 12: Legal Issues and the Future of Testing

Question 1

_____________was a class action law suit filed on behalf of nine Mexican-American elementary students who had been placed in EMR class based on IQ testing administered by a non-Spanish-speaking psychometrist.

A) Diana v. State Board of Education
B) Larry v. Riles
C) Hobson v. Hanson
D) Crawford v. Honig

Answer 1

Diana v. State Board of Education

Question 2

This act outlaws subgroup norming of employee selection tests.

A) Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection
B) Americans with Disabilities Act
C) Civil Rights Act of 1991
D) none of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The agency that oversees hiring practices to prevent discrimination is the

A) Americans with Disabilities Agency
B) Securities and Exchange Commission
C) Civil Rights Agency
D) Equal Employment Opportunities Commission

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to this legislation, medical tests may not be administered prior to an offer of employment.

A) Americans with Disabilities Act
B) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
C) Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection
D) Civil Rights Act of 1964

Question 5

______was the first major court case to challenge the validity of ability testing, in which Judge Skelly Wright ruled against the use of a tracking system based on group ability tests.

A) Diana v. State Board of Education
B) Larry v. Riles
C) Hobson v. Hanson
D) Crawford v. Honig

Question 6

The result of_______________ , on behalf of African-American students in Florida, confirmed that functional literacy can play a constructive role in secondary education.

A) Diana v. State Board of Education
B) Larry v. Riles
C) Debra v. Turlington
D) Crawford v. Honig

Question 7

One significant consequence of _________(1979) has been a huge reduction in the number of children assigned to self-contained EMR classes

A) Diana v. State Board of Education
B) Larry v. Riles
C) Debra v. Turlington
D) Crawford v. Honig
E)g, in California, EMR children went from 58,000 in 1969 to 13,000 in 1984).

Question 8

A test of functional literacy might involve

A) balancing a checkbook
B) completing an application form
C) spell basic words correctly
D) all of the above

Question 9

___________marked the first involvement of the courts in employment testing. The examiner found that an employment screening test acted as a barrier to disadvantaged applicants.

A) Washington v. Davis
B) Griggs v. Duke Power
C) Myart v. Motorola
D) Atkins v. Virginia

Question 10

Adverse impact exists if one group has a selection rate less than_______ the rate of the group with the highest selection rate.

A) two-fifths
B) three-fifths
C) four-fifths
D) nine-tenths

Question 11

What source of law may intersect with the practice of psychological testing?

A) constitutional provisions
B) legislative edicts
C) judicial opinions
D) all of the above

Question 12

The results of_________ overruled a prior case to permit the use of standardized IQ tests in the evaluation of African-American children upon formal request of their parents.

A) Diana v. State Board of Education
B) Larry v. Riles
C) Debra v. Turlington
D) Crawford v. Honig

Question 13

Three provisions of the U.S. Constitution potentially bear upon the practice of psychological testing. These are the____ ,____ , and ____Amendments.

A) 1^st, 5^th, 6^th
B) 5^th, 6^th, 12^th
C) 5^th, 6^th, 14^th
D) 6^th, 8^th, 14^th

Question 14

The _____Amendment provides a privilege against self-incrimination.

A) 1^st
B) 5^th
C) 8^th
D) ₁₄th

Question 15

Minority children are ______likely to be classified as intellectually disabled than white children.

A) 2 to 3 times less
B) 2 to 3 times more
C) just as
D) 4 to 5 times more

Question 16

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was designed to

A) ensure special education services are available to children needing them
B) guarantee that decisions about services to handicapped students are fair and appropriate
C) provide federal funds to help the states educate handicapped students
D) all of the above

Question 17

Which of the following might be allowed under ADA?

A) assistance in completing answer sheets
B) special seating for tests
C) extended time limits
D) all of the above

Question 18

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act contains the following provisions):

A) tests are to be selected and administered in such a way as to be racially and culturally nondiscriminatory
B) tests used with students must include those designed to provide information about specific educational needs
C) evaluations are to be made by a multidisciplinary team that includes at least one teacher
D) all of the above

Question 19

Public Law 94-142 is the

A) Education for All Handicapped Children Act
B) Anti-Discrimination Act for Handicapped Persons
C) Education to Prevent Poverty Act
D) none of the above

Question 20

______________was the Supreme Court case that held that the execution of intellectually disabled convicts is "cruel and unusual punishment" and prohibited by the Eighth Amendment.

A) Atkins v. Virginia
B) PASE v. Hannon
C) Debra v. Turlington
D) Crawford v. Honig

Question 21

In general, since Frye v. United States, legal courts

A) are becoming more generous in admitting expert opinions from psychologists
B) have been consistent on what they accept as admissible expert testimony
C) have increasingly required a stronger scientific basis from a psychologist's testimony
D) none of the above

Question 22

According to ADA, medical tests

A) cannot be administered prior to an offer of employment
B) can be administered if they are relevant to the job
C) neither of the above-ADA does not speak to medical tests

Question 23

According to the_____________ , it must be clearly proved that, at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as to not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing.

A) M'Naughten rule
B) Model Penal Code
C) Durham rule
D) none of the above

Question 24

How is forensic assessment different from traditional assessment?

A) forensic assessment is more comprehensive
B) malingering frequency is greater in forensic populations
C) forensic reports require more length and technical language
D) all of the above

Question 25

One study Bianchini, et al.) found that the definite malingering group and the college simulation group scored an average 30 points higher on the than the comparison groups.

A) K scale
B) F scale
C) Z scale
D) none of the above

Question 26

The defendant's capacity to understand the criminal process, including the role of the participants in that process, is part of

A) legal definition of insanity
B) competency to stand trial
C) mental status at time of offense
D) the M'Naughten rule

Question 27

The purpose of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms is to

A) evaluate clients for the insanity plea
B) identify clients who might be malingering
C) evaluate clients as to mental state at time of the offense
D) all of the above

Question 28

_________was developed by several federal agencies and professional groups, and provides direction on many employee-testing practices, including a precise definition for adverse impact.

A) Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection
B) The Employee Rights Amendment
C) Equivalency Employment Guidelines
D) none of the above

Question 29

As a consequence of___________ , employers must be ready to defend all their promotion practices-including subjective interviews-against claims of adverse impact.

A) Myart v. Motorola
B) Griggs v. Duke Power
C) Watson v. Fort Worth Bank and Trust
D) Soraka v. Dayton Hudson

Question 30

________________is a visual recognition test.

A) Structured Interview of Report Symptoms SIRS)
B) Tests of Memory Malingering TOMM)
C) Rogers Criminal Responsibility Scales
D) none of the above

Question 31

Which of the following is a viable malingering measure?

A) Structured Interview of Report Symptoms SIRS)
B) Tests of Memory Malingering TOMM)
C) certain MMPI-indices
D) all of the above

Question 32

Forensic practitioners estimate that malingering occurs in_________ percent of their cases.

A) 10 to 15
B) 15 to 20
C) 20 to 30
D) 30 to 40

Question 33

According to the 1923 court case Frye v. United States, an expert witness

A) can present testimony based upon any procedures he or she desires
B) can offer expert opinions based upon only his judgment
C) should use well-established and accepted tests and procedures
D) none of the above

Question 34

___________is the most accurate assessment approach for malingering.

A) Clinical judgment
B) An objective approach
C) The clinical interview
D) none of the above

Question 35

In general, what is the view of legal experts on the insanity plea?

A) the majority favor its abolishment
B) most would like to see it restricted further
C) the insanity plea is widely respected by legal experts
D) none of the above

Question 36

According to research on the TOMMs, who was deemed most likely to malinger?

A) individuals seeking compensation for head injury
B) TBI patients with no motivation to malinger
C) non-clinical population
D) studies found no significant differences between groups

Question 37

The plea of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity is invoked in about one in_____ trials.

A) 10
B) 100
C) 1,000
D) 10,000

Question 38

Which insanity rule is the oldest?

A) Durham rule
B) Model Penal Code
C) Guilty But Mentally Ill
D) M'Naughten rule

Question 39

In Karraker v. Rent-a-Center, the MMPI-2 was determined to be

A) a psychological test
B) a medical test
C) irrelevant to pre-employment screening
D) none of the above

Question 40

This court case was unique because it pertained to the value and validity of individual test items as opposed to overall test scores.

A) Myart v. Motorola
B) Griggs v. Duke Power
C) Washington v. Davis
D) Soraka v. Dayton Hudson

Question 41

The computer has been used in testing for

A) presenting test questions
B) interpreting test results
C) tailoring item difficulty levels to the examinee
D) all of the above

Question 42

The Model Penal Code contains provisions which prohibit the inclusion of the __________within the insanity defense.

A) intellectually disabled
B) multiple personality
C) antisocial personality
D) all of the above

Question 43

According to the ___________, a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality wrongfulness) of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.

A) M'Naughten rule
B) Model Penal Code
C) Durham rule
D) none of the above

Question 44

The defendant's ability to participate with his lawyer in planning a defense is an important element of

A) competency to stand trial
B) the insanity plea
C) both of the above

Question 45

Incompetency to stand trial and legal insanity are

A) synonymous
B) synonymous in the majority of cases
C) separate and distinct concepts
D) related in that legal insanity implies incompetency

Question 46

The MacCAT-CA is less helpful when clients

A) put forth little effort
B) demonstrate cognitive impairment
C) come from a diverse cultural background
D) all of the above

Question 47

Understanding, Reasoning, and Appreciation are three subscales on what trial competency screening test?

A) Structured Interview of Report Symptoms SIRS)
B) Tests of Memory Malingering TOMM)
C) Rogers Criminal Responsibility Scales
D) MacCAT-CA

Question 48

A scoring report may include

A) statistical significance tests
B) explanation of scores
C) narrative text
D) all of the above

Question 49

________typically provide brief scale-by-scale interpretation of test results and are particularly helpful when the results are conveyed to mental health professionals with little knowledge of the test in question.

A) Scoring reports
B) Descriptive reports
C) Actuarial reports
D) Computer-assisted clinical reports

Question 50

The first automation of the entire psychological assessment process occurred at the

A) NIMH in Washington, DC
B) Mayo Clinic in Minnesota
C) Salt Lake City VA Hospital
D) U.S. Army Headquarters, Quantico, VA

Question 51

Phallometric assessment

A) is better at detecting that a deviant person is deviant sensitivity), than a normal person is normal specificity)
B) is better at detecting that a normal person is normal, than detecting a deviant person is deviant
C) has low sensitivity and specificity
D) has high sensitivity and specificity

Question 52

The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised PCL-R) is based on the 16 signs of a psychopathic personality first conceptualized by

A) Weisser
B) Jung
C) Freud
D) Cleckley

Question 53

One study found that inmates with high scores on the PCL-R were

A) actually less likely to get into fights than other inmates
B) no more likely to get into fights than other inmates
C) twice as likely to get into fights than other inmates
D) four times as likely to get into fights than other inmates

Question 54

A significant concern about the PCL-R is that

A) examiner differences appear to account for a large degree of variability in total scores
B) it is a cumbersome test to administer
C) there is virtually no research examining the test's psychometric properties
D) all of the above

Question 55

Tests used in forensic assessment

A) should be commercially available and well- documented
B) should have a reliability of .8 or higher
C) should have been validated in a relevant population
D) all of the above

Question 56

The use of computers to provide test interpretations can be traced to

A) the Mayo Clinic in the early 1960s
B) the Strong Vocational Interest Blank in the 1920s
C) the MMPI in the late 1940s
D) none of the above

Question 57

The Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scales consist of

A) true-False items
B) a series of rating scales filled out by the examiner
C) a series of rating scales filled out by the criminal
D) none of the above

Question 58

Competency to stand trial is assessed by a defendant's ability to

A) understand the proceedings
B) assist in his defense
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 59

____________is being employed when a psychologist uses experience, intuition, and textbook knowledge to determine whether an MMPI profile indicates psychosis.

A) Actuarial judgment
B) Standardized judgment
C) Clinical judgment
D) none of the above

Question 60

In the actuarial method,__________ formula is used to diagnose or predict behavior.

A) an empirically-derived
B) a clinically-derived
C) any reasonable
D) none of the above

Question 61

Regarding cost, research on the utility of computerized testing indicates that the cost is

A) only slightly lower than traditional approaches
B) more expensive, but reports are more accurate
C) about half that of traditional approaches
D) about one-tenth that of traditional approaches

Question 62

What is the advantage of computer-assisted clinical reports over the actuarial method?

A) greater accuracy
B) can be designed to interpret all test profiles
C) reports are much shorter
D) all of the above

Question 63

_________is an instrument assessing job applicants for manufacturing jobs using computer-driven interactive video of realistic work scenes.

A) Conflict Resolution Skills Assessment( CRSA)
B) Quintronics
C) Workplace Situations
D) Cyber-Tap

Question 64

What is a disadvantage of computerized testing?

A) minimizes psychologist's role to that of a clerk
B) some tests do not maintain score equivalency when transferred to a computer
C) high cost
D) both a and b

Question 65

How do clinical and actuarial prediction compare?

A) clinical is almost always superior
B) clinical is usually superior
C) actuarial is usually superior
D) actuarial is almost always superior

Question 66

Computerized Adaptive Testing CAT) has the following advantages):

A) test security is improved
B) examinees work at their own pace
C) examinees are equally challenged
D) all of the above

Question 67

In computerized adaptive testing, testing continues until

A) the examinee fails a specific number of items in a row
B) a predetermined level of measurement accuracy is achieved
C) the examinee is administered the most difficult item
D) none of the above

Question 68

On average, computerized adaptive testing reduces testing time by about_________ percent.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 90

Question 69

This test shows a very large difference in scores when computer administration is compared with traditional administration.

A) MMPI
B) Category Test
C) Rorschach
D) 16PF

Question 70

In Europe, automated neuropsychological testing is available online at 220 sites. A major use of this testing is

A) comparing diagnostic criteria between sites
B) providing valid assessment procedures
C) evaluating epilepsy patients during surgery
D) distinguishing neurological from psychological syndromes

Question 71

Multimedia computerized testing has been used for

A) assessment of applicants for manufacturing jobs
B) assessment of applicants for police jobs
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 72

This instrument illustrates that social skills contribute something different than cognitive skills to effective work performance.

A) Conflict Resolution Skills Assessment (CRSA)
B) Quintronics
C) Workplace Situations
D) Cyber-Tap

Question 73

The computer-based, differential diagnosis of neurosis from psychosis with MMPI scores is about _______percent accurate.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 70
D) 90

Question 74

For which of the following is a computerized narrative report available?

A) 16 PF
B) MMPI-2
C) CPI
D) all of the above

Question 75

What is the position of the American Psychological Association with respect to computerized testing?

A) the organization takes no position
B) the organization gives unqualified endorsement
C) the organization publishes guidelines for computerized reports
D) none of the above

Question 76

One recent study of 800 patients who were assessed for depressive symptomatology, found that using the CAT version utilized an average of _______fewer items, yet was shown to provide _______discrimination of seriously and mildly depressed patients.

A) 60 percent; better
B) 95 percent; better
C) 60 percent; less
D) 95 percent; less

Question 77

One test that makes use of actuarial interpretation is

A) Personality Inventory for Children
B) Millon MCMI-III
C) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised
D) all of the above

Question 78

Compared to traditional testing, computerized adaptive testing provides extreme scores which are

A) less accurate
B) more accurate
C) equally accurate
D) regressed more toward the mean

Question 79

Currently, computerized adaptive testing is used by

A) large school systems
B) inpatient psychiatric wards
C) the U.S. Army
D) all of the above

Question 80

What is a benefit of computerized testing?

A) speed
B) accuracy
C) objectivity
D) all of the above