Deck 2: Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

Question 1

A client is diagnosed with a condition in which the brain cells cannot withstand low oxygen delivery long enough for cell-reversible changes to happen. Which condition is the client exhibiting?
1)Organelle disruption
2)Hypoxia
3)Xanthelasma
4)Ischemic-reperfusion injury

Answer 1

2

Question 2

Which is the most prevalent method to replace permanently injured tissues and organs?
1)Stem cell restoration
2)Therapeutic cloning
3)Reproductive cloning
4)Transplantation

Answer 2

4

Question 3

A client with a history of hypertension is noncompliant about taking antihypertensive drugs. The client states, "So what's the big deal?" Which condition does the nurse identify as the worst-case scenario?
1)Persistent headaches
2)Elevated risk of aneurysm
3)Possible cardiac hypertrophy
4)Interrupted circulation from plaque

Answer 3

2

Question 4

The nurse is providing care for a client who recently had a skin lesion surgically removed. Which information in the histology report indicates the lesion is malignant?
1)Examined cells are poorly differentiated.
2)Cells present with orderly architecture.
3)Edges of the specimen are unaffected.
4)Specimen contains well-differentiated cells.

Question 5

Which field involves harvesting of embryonic stem cells and performing nuclear transfer on these cells?
1)Reproductive cloning
2)Restoration with stem cells
3)Transplantation
4)Therapeutic cloning

Question 6

A client has an abnormal thickening of the lining of the uterus due to an increase in estrogen levels. How can such a condition be reversed?
1)Restoration of blood circulation
2)Treatment with hormone therapy
3)Complete surgical hysterectomy
4)By becoming pregnant

Question 7

A client comes in with persistently uncontrolled hypertension. The nurse informs the client's spouse that one of the consequences of prolonged raised blood pressure is a weakened area in the wall of the cerebral artery, located on the circle of Willis. Which condition fits the nurse's description?
1)Xanthelasma
2)Infarction
3)Berry aneurysm
4)Ischemia

Question 8

The nurse is providing care for a client experiencing hypoxia related to lung disease. The client reports extreme fatigue and weakness. Which pathological condition does the nurse suspect to be occurring at a cellular level?
1)An overabundance of extracellular sodium
2)Lack of ability to produce sufficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
3)Overfunctioning of the sodium-potassium pump
4)Water leaves the cells causing cellular dehydration

Question 9

A client has a growth removed from the body. Which histologic finding indicates that the growth is classified as benign?
1)Apoptosis
2)Differentiation
3)Oxidative phosphorylation
4)Atherosclerosis

Question 10

During an endoscopic examination on a client, it is found that the client has acid reflux. Which condition associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) warrants close monitoring and aggressive treatment?
1)Peptic ulcer disease
2)Malabsorption syndrome
3)Barrett's esophagus
4)Hiatal hernia

Question 11

A client is diagnosed with impairment of cellular apoptosis. Which disease can this condition cause?
1)Cancer at the location of the process
2)Degenerative neurological diseases
3)Necrosis of involved tissues
4)Infarction of the affected area

Question 12

A client has a medical history of prolonged ischemia attacks. Which term would the nurse use in reference to the manifestation of the client's condition?
1)Gangrene
2)Infarction
3)Necrosis
4)Apoptosis

Question 13

By which process are findings identified that represent distinct disease processes to help with diagnosis?
1)Histology
2)Biopsy
3)Autopsy
4)Pathognomonic changes

Question 14

Which condition describes the increase in size of a weightlifter's muscles?
1)Hypertrophy
2)Metaplasia
3)Atrophy
4)Dysplasia

Question 15

A client is diagnosed with failure of the thyroid gland due to increase in apoptotic cell death. Which terminology does the nurse expect to be applied to the client's condition?
1)Xanthomas
2)Hashimoto
3)Peptic ulcer
4)Anthracosis

Question 16

A genetically programmed cell death is a process that can destroy cells that are no longer needed. Which term applies to this biological process?
1)Atrophy
2)Apoptosis
3)Hypertrophy
4)Neoplasia

Question 17

The nurse is providing care to a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and gangrene of the foot manifested by decaying tissue and necrosis caused by prolonged ischemia. Wound cultures indicate the presence of Clostridium perfringens. Which treatment is the nurse most likely to expect the health-care provider to initiate?
1)Therapy aimed at reestablishing peripheral circulation
2)Administration of antibiotic therapy to treat infection
3)Surgical consultation to prevent disease advancement
4)Use of prescribed dressings to promote wound debridement

Question 18

A preschool-age patient is diagnosed with leukemia. Health-care providers recommend regenerative medicine stem cell therapy. The client's parent states, "I can't agree to the sacrifice of an unborn child for the benefit of my child." Which information would the nurse share with the parent?
1)Stem cells are also available from bone marrow.
2)There is no other source of stem cells available.
3)Banking umbilical cord blood after birth is critical.
4)Chemotherapy is an equally effective treatment.

Question 19

The nurse is volunteering at a clinic in a developing country. Many of the young clients are diagnosed with kwashiorkor. Which condition does the nurse equate with the diagnosis?
1)The condition is seen in individuals suffering from severe protein starvation.
2)The condition exists with hypertension in the aorta and systemic arterial circulation.
3)The condition indicates increased prostate gland cells because of testosterone stimulation.
4)The condition is the result of defective cholesterol metabolism.

Question 20

Which process is present with oxidative stress?
1)Cells undergo transient ischemia with subsequent resumption of circulation.
2)Estrogen stimulation results in mitotic division of breast gland cells.
3)A blood clot obstructs a coronary artery causing cardiac muscle ischemia.
4)A cell's environment cannot support cell metabolic requirements.

Question 21

At which time does physiological apoptosis occur? Select all that apply.
1)During the embryonic development of the hand
2)During menopause in female adult ovaries
3)When cells die because of stressors
4)When cells have completed their function and need elimination
5)When the liver gets exposed to excessive amounts of alcohol

Question 22

A client is being treated for atherosclerosis. Which options are directly detrimental to the client's condition? Select all that apply.
1)Depletion of endothelial nitric oxide
2)Helicobacter pylori infection
3)Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposition
4)Inflammatory changes of the endothelium
5)Acid reflux

Question 23

Which components of the serum level should be measured to confirm myocardial infarction? Select all that apply.
1)Epinephrine
2)Troponin
3)Lysosomal enzyme
4)Acetylcholine
5)CPKmb

Question 24

Which vitamins are fat soluble? Select all that apply.
1)Vitamin A
2)Vitamin C
3)Vitamin D
4)Vitamin K
5)Vitamin B₆

Question 25

A client reports an itchy, bumpy scar around an old wound that is identified as a keloid. Which term best describes this condition?
1)Neoplasia
2)Hyperplasia
3)Dysplasia
4)Metaplasia