Deck 13: The Self-Regulation Perspective

Question 1

In Powers' system, principles tend to correspond to:

A) genes.
B) neurons.
C) traits.
D) personality types.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The feedback loop idea has the implication that:

A) self-regulation is a discontinuous process.
B) self-regulation does not rely on inputs to the system.
C) behavior is purposeful.
D) all of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A (n) __________intention is the intent to attain some particular outcome as an end; a(n)__________ intention deals with how that end will be attained.

A) ends, action
B) thought, action
C) goal, implementation
D) thought, implementation

Answer 3

goal, implementation

Question 4

If a person is assigned a totally unrealistic goal, he/she:

A) is unlikely to adopt that goal.
B) will try hard to achieve the goal, but probably fail.
C) will substitute a more realistic goal.
D) will become very anxious.

Question 5

When people are asked to describe themselves, they tend to describe:

A) the things they do.
B) the roles they occupy.
C) what they are.
D) what they would like to be.

Question 6

When people perform everyday activities such as doing laundry or going to the store, they are operating at the level of:

A) overall sense of self.
B) principles.
C) system concept.
D) programs.

Question 7

Research indicates that setting more difficult goals for oneself:

A) results in higher performance.
B) is likely to result in earlier withdrawal of effort.
C) leads to lower performance than the goal of "doing your best."
D) all of the above

Question 8

Simon has suggested that __________constitute a call for possible goal reprioritization.

A) emotions
B) automatic thoughts
C) assessment processes
D) reference values

Question 9

Interruptions in the self-regulation of behavior:

A) are always brief.
B) are an indication of psychological disorder.
C) lead people to assess how likely they are to reach their goals.
D) are the result of negative emotions.

Question 10

Self-directed attention is thought to engage:

A) the negative feedback loop.
B) the reference value.
C) social comparison.
D) the comparator.

Question 11

The idea that people have both high and low level goals is captured by the:

A) feedback hierarchy.
B) feedback loop.
C) cascading loop.
D) none of the above

Question 12

A feedback loop requires all of the following EXCEPT a:

A) reference value.
B) comparator.
C) goal regulator.
D) perception of current behavior.

Question 13

Forming an intention to act involves a(n):

A) decisive mindset.
B) automatic mindset.
C) implemental mindset.
D) deliberative mindset.

Question 14

Powers proposed that__________resemble scripts, whereas__________
concepts are broad guidelines for behavior

A) principles, program
B) programs, system
C) programs, principle
D) principles, system

Question 15

Which of the following describes the relation between self-directed attention and regulation around the reference value?

A) Self-directed attention does not influence regulation around the reference.
B) Self-directed attention engages the comparator.
C) Depending on the circumstances, self-directed attention can either promote regulation or disregulation.
D) Self-directed attention promotes disregulation.

Question 16

Powers suggests that higher-order or superordinate systems:

A) provide reference values to feedback systems immediately below them on the hierarchy.
B) physically act as behavioral output.
C) control the movement of muscle groups.
D) regulate input of perceptual information.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with Vallacher and Wegner's work on action-identification?

A) People are more likely to say they are "eating dinner" than "putting food in their mouths and chewing."
B) People regulate their activities in as high-level a way as they can.
C) When people encounter difficulties they tend to retreat to a lower-level identity to act.
D) none of the above

Question 18

According to Ajzen and Fishbein, forming a strong intention to do a particular behavior occurs when:

A) both attitude and subjective norm are very positive.
B) both attitude and subjective norm are very negative.
C) attitude is positive and subjective norm is negative.
D) attitude is negative and subjective norm is positive.

Question 19

Neurons that are active both when an action is being watched and when the action is being performed are called:

A) mimicry neurons.
B) mirror neurons.
C) reflective neurons.
D) dual-process neurons.

Question 20

What other people think about what you want to do and how much their opinion matters merge to form:

A) your self-impression.
B) an attitude.
C) a behavioral norm.
D) a subjective norm.

Question 21

The self-regulation view on personality is:

A) one of the oldest perspectives in psychology.
B) more applied than theoretical.
C) offers no suggestions on personality assessment.
D) none of the above

Question 22

Trapnell and Campbell distinguished which two motives underlying self-consciousness?

A) curiosity and desire to probe positive feeling states
B) curiosity and desire to probe negative feeling states
C) curiosity and competence
D) competence and knowledge

Question 23

Studies indicate that people's schemas for understanding are independent of their schemas for behavior .

Question 24

Problems in self-management often arise because:

A) there is conflict between goals.
B) there are some goals from which complete disengagement is not feasible.
C) people sometimes lack the concrete knowledge needed to attain more abstract goals.
D) all of the above

Question 25

Research on automaticity has revealed that:

A) activation can spread from memory to goals and behavior.
B) goals can be activated without conscious awareness.
C) people unintentionally mimic the postures and gestures of interaction partners.
D) all of the above

Question 26

Identifying an action in__________ terms makes it easier to disregard immediate outcomes.

A) low-level
B) high-level
C) impulsive
D) restrained

Question 27

After experiencing an interruption of action, Frank begins to consider how likely he is to reach his goal of finishing his term paper. If Frank has a positive expectancy, then we can expect him to:

A) work on the paper with renewed effort.
B) temporarily reduce his efforts towards the paper.
C) temporarily stop working on the paper.
D) permanently stop working on the paper.

Question 28

The belief that one has the personal capability to do the required action is:

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-assurance.
C) potency.
D) personal control.

Question 29

Depressed people are more likely to:

A) self-focus after a failure.
B) self-focus after a success.
C) realign their hierarchical goal structures after failure.
D) realign their hierarchical goal structures after success.

Question 30

According to Kanfer and colleagues, therapy is:

A) partly an effort to break down "automatic" human behavior.
B) a dynamic feedback system.
C) a series of stages.
D) all of the above

Question 31

The expectancy concept represents a link between the:

A) psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives.
B) personal construct and cognitive perspectives.
C) biological and cognitive perspectives.
D) social learning and cognitive perspectives.

Question 32

Which of the following statements regarding Kanfer's view of therapy is true?

A) Therapy should aim to replace dysfunctional automatic responses with desired ones.
B) Therapy should involve free-association.
C) Therapy is not a stage-like process like psychoanalysis.
D) none of the above

Question 33

When expectancies are __________individuals tend to disengage from further efforts.

A) uncertain
B) unfavorable
C) discrepant
D) conflicted

Question 34

Priming studies have shown that activating stereotypes of the elderly made it:

A) more likely that people would say negative things about the elderly in a subsequent interview.
B) less likely that people would report strong fondness for their own grandparents.
C) more likely that people would walk more slowly upon leaving the experiment.
D) all of the above

Question 35

The cognitive self-regulation perspective has been criticized because:

A) robots have limitations people do not have.
B) it fails to account for homeostasis.
C) it only solves the homunculus problem.
D) all of the above

Question 36

In a means-end analysis, one:

A) tries to focus on the different outcomes that could occur.
B) tries to think of actions that will reduce the difference between one's present state and one's desired state.
C) attempts to combine more restricted subgoals into large-scale goals.
D) decides whether the end justifies the means.

Question 37

Feedback loops play a role in__________ motivations.

A) approach but not avoidance
B) avoidance but not approach
C) approach and avoidance
D) neither approach nor avoidance

Question 38

Private self-consciousness refers to:

A) the tendency to become embarrassed in social situations.
B) the tendency to keep to oneself.
C) one's "possible selves."
D) the tendency to be self-reflective.

Question 39

According to the self-regulation perspective, understanding how artificially intelligent agents accomplish tasks can teach us about how people do things.

Question 40

From the cognitive self-regulation perspective, assessment should emphasize:

A) the use of a "first to mind" instructional set.
B) measuring the content of personality via traits.
C) measuring individual differences in self-regulatory functions.
D) none of the above

Question 41

Powers proposed that the behavioral output for a low-level loop consists of setting a goal for a higher-level loop.

Question 42

Setting high goals does not appear to influence performance.

Question 43

When people spontaneously describe themselves, they tend to describe things they do rather than who they are.

Question 44

Self-directed attention is thought to engage the comparator of the feedback loop that is managing a person's behavior.

Question 45

The terms personal projects, personal strivings, and current concerns all refer to goals of one type or another.

Question 46

Mirror neurons are active both when performing and observing an action.

Question 47

Enacting a program frees a person from making choices within a larger set of possibilities.

Question 48

Lower levels in Powers' hierarchy system may sometimes be functionally superordinate over higher levels.

Question 49

The intention to reach a particular outcome is called a goal intention.

Question 50

A feedback loop has three parts.

Question 51

During conditions of heightened self-attention behavior ought to become less closely regulated to the goal that is managing a person's behavior.

Question 52

The deliberative mindset is often overly optimistic in the service of making the best choice.

Question 53

Within a hierarchy of feedback loops, reference values become more abstract as one moves from lower to higher levels

Question 54

Subjective norms arise from what others want you to do and how much that matters to you.

Question 55

Powers proposed that principles specify overriding qualities of behavior that can be displayed in a number of different ways.

Question 56

Programs, proposed by Powers, operate similarly to scripts.

Question 57

Intentions to act are based on personal attitudes and NOT subjective norms.

Question 58

The idea of feedback control implies that self-regulation is never ending.

Question 59

Although they accomplish different goals, it is clear that the deliberative and implemental mindsets use the same regions of the brain to accomplish their functions.

Question 60

A goal intention concerns how, when, and where to accomplish a goal.

Question 61

The cognitive self-regulation perspective argues that therapy should be directed toward making the individual a better problem solver.

Question 62

Problems in behavioral regulation often arise when an individual lacks the programs to achieve abstract goals like "being liked."

Question 63

Identifying an action in high-level terms makes it easier to disregard immediate outcomes.

Question 64

Vallacher and Wegner suggest that when a person fixes a problem at a higher level, they begin to deal with issues at lower levels.

Question 65

Trapnell and Campbell distinguished three aspects of self-consciousness: reflection, rumination, and remembrance.

Question 66

People who read words pertaining to stereotypes of the elderly walk away more slowly from the experimental context.

Question 67

Disengagement from the effort to reach a personal goal is always maladaptive

Question 68

Problems in behavior sometimes arise because of the inability to disengage from goals

Question 69

People who are high in self-consciousness appear more random in their behavior than people low in self-consciousness.

Question 70

According to Kanfer and his colleagues, therapy is partly an effort to break down controlled processing and replace it with automatic responses,.

Question 71

A major criticism of the self-regulation approach to personality is that it fails to provide a model of homeostasis.

Question 72

Simon argued that emotions play a relatively meaningless role in information processing.

Question 73

When people conduct means-end analysis, they tend to start with small goals and build up to larger ones.

Question 74

Serious obstacles to goal-attainment cause people to interrupt their behavior and engage in an outcome assessment process.

Question 75

Given their characteristics, people who are high in self-consciousness should be more thorough self-regulators.

Question 76

When expectancies for outcomes are favorable, the result is a tendency to reassert effort to attain the original goal.

Question 77

People nonconsciously mimic the gestures but not the posture of interaction partners. interferences with normal self-regulatory behavior.

Question 78

In Simon's view emotions are an internal call to change priorities.

Question 79

When people have trouble performing a specific act, they tend to retreat to a lower- level identity to act.

Question 80

When both a low-order action identification and a high-order action identification are available, people tend to adopt the lower one.