Deck 12: The Cognitive Perspective

Question 1

People develop schematic representations of:

A) situations.
B) individual people.
C) environments.
D) all of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Thinking of the self in a contextualized way:

A) is very easy to do.
B) is very difficult to do.
C) can exacerbate emotional reactions to failure.
D) can dampen emotional reactions to failure.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Possible selves:

A) provide goals to work toward or to avoid.
B) do not include who you think you should be.
C) include who you could have become if you made different choices in the past.
D) all of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When a given schema is activated:

A) people look for information relevant to that schema.
B) another schema can't be activated.
C) people have a more difficult time concentrating.
D) all of the above

Question 5

__________is memory organized according to meaning, but__________ is memory for events.

A) Semantic, episodic
B) Conceptual, descriptive
C) Semantic, declarative
D) Declarative, semantic

Question 6

A(n)__________ refers to criteria that are important but not absolutely necessary to define a schema.

A) exemplar
B) fuzzy set
C) prototype
D) none of the above

Question 7

One assumption of the cognitive perspective is that:

A) all decisions are unconscious.
B) all decisions are conscious.
C) most decisions are unconscious, but some are conscious.
D) most decisions are conscious, but some are unconscious.

Question 8

Forming and using categories to represent socially meaningful stimuli is known as:

A) episodic memory.
B) social intelligence.
C) procedural knowledge.
D) social cognition.

Question 9

The idealized best member of a category is its:

A) object.
B) prototype.
C) schema.
D) fuzzy set.

Question 10

Schema-based biases:

A) are no longer thought to exist.
B) refer to the idea that it's easier to remember shocking information that clashes with our schemas.
C) can perpetuate themselves.
D) none of the above

Question 11

One consequence of the use of a schema is:

A) easier coding of new material.
B) improved memory for randomly selected details.
C) improved reading ability.
D) greater intelligence.

Question 12

A self-schema:

A) makes it easier to remember things consistent with it.
B) is small, simple, and efficient.
C) has fewer emotional elements and more intellectual elements than other schemas.
D) all of the above

Question 13

__________are schemas for a class of episodes.

A) Prototypes
B) Episodic traces
C) Scripts
D) Fuzzy sets

Question 14

The "best member" or "most typical" example of a category is called a:

A) central proposition.
B) dispositional attribution.
C) prototype.
D) schema.

Question 15

People tend to interpret their own failures as being caused by:

A) personality.
B) relatively unstable factors.
C) poor ability.
D) none of the above

Question 16

People with an entity view of ability:

A) are unaffected if they do not do well.
B) try to figure out why they have not done well.
C) want to quit if they do not do well.
D) see their actions as extending their ability.

Question 17

Kelly viewed people as implicit:

A) scientists.
B) artists.
C) altruists.
D) all of the above

Question 18

A (n)__________is a mental organization of information .

A) schema
B) idiograph
C) prime
D) attribution

Question 19

Aspects of cognitive psychology are strikingly similar to the ideas of:

A) Abraham Maslow. b George Kelly.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) none of the above

Question 20

People are likely to attribute their success to __________causes.

A) external and stable
B) external and unstable
C) internal and stable
D) internal and unstable

Question 21

In an initial phase of a task, the activation of certain information from memory is known as:

A) priming.
B) programming.
C) information action inferences.
D) arbitrary inferences.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive view of personality?

A) The approach is very fragmented.
B) The approach concerns specific mental processes that underlie personality.
C) Research in this approach tends to be tightly focused on particular issues.
D) all of the above

Question 23

The parallel distributed processing approach is also known as:

A) neuronal processing.
B) connectionism.
C) constraint satisfaction.
D) all of the above

Question 24

Dual-process researchers talk about people having:

A) automatic and implicit knowledge.
B) implicit and explicit knowledge.
C) certain and uncertain knowledge.
D) all of the above

Question 25

Which of the following is true of how information influences what happens next?

A) The information must be processed consciously in order to have an influence.
B) The person must know about and want the information to influence what happens next.
C) The information need not reach consciousness in order to have an influence.
D) The information must be correct in order to have an influence.

Question 26

Seymour Epstein's cognitive-experiential self-theory assumes that there is/are__________ systems through which we perceive reality.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 27

Beck argues that depressed people:

A) overgeneralize from negative events.
B) engage in too little automatic thinking.
C) fail to anticipate bad outcomes.
D) all of the above

Question 28

__________interfere with behavior by creating a cycle of negativity based on schemas.

A) Arbitrary inferences
B) Automatic thoughts
C) Expectancy judgments
D) Faulty schemas

Question 29

Which of the following statements about Mischel's notion of competencies is NOT true?

A) Competencies are the skills people develop over their lifetimes.
B) Competencies include social skills.
C) Competencies represent static knowledge.
D) People's competencies are influenced by their experiences.

Question 30

When a memory node is activated in memory:

A) the information in it appears in conscious memory.
B) related nodes become inactive.
C) information in related nodes cannot be brought to consciousness.
D) all of the above

Question 31

To assess the cognitions and emotions that accompany a wide range of naturally- occurring events, the best cognitive assessment technique would be:

A) think-aloud protocols.
B) retrospective thought listing.
C) experience sampling.
D) reconstructive thought protocols.

Question 32

Assessment of how often behaviors occur in response to specific situations is called:

A) contextualized assessment.
B) situational assessment.
C) cognitive assessment.
D) multi-observation assessment.

Question 33

Perceiving stable and permanent reasons for one's bad outcomes is thought to lead to:

A) false attributions.
B) depression.
C) violence.
D) lower self-complexity.

Question 34

The metaphor for cognitive processes used by connectionists is based on:

A) the nervous system.
B) computers.
C) electrical grids.
D) the entire human body.

Question 35

According to Beck, depressed individuals engage in cognitive distortions, including:

A) overgeneralization.
B) non-arbitrary inferencing.
C) cognitive reframing.
D) all of the above

Question 36

Metcalfe and Mischel developed a dual process theory that proposes __________and__________ systems.

A) rational, irrational
B) controlled, uncontrolled
C) hot, cold
D) careful, careless

Question 37

According to Mischel, knowledge that a particular act typically leads to a particular outcome is termed a:

A) contingency expectancy.
B) behavior-outcome expectancy.
C) reward-expectancy.
D) none of the above

Question 38

According to research by Srull and Wyer, subjects are more likely to perceive hostility in ambiguous behavior if they:

A) first read words dealing with hostility and aggression.
B) first read words dealing with the benefits of "turning the other cheek."
C) were first mildly shocked.
D) first read a biography of the person doing the behavior.

Question 39

In the context of memory, a node refers to:

A) the quantity of information a person can recall in a given time.
B) a physical structure within the human nervous system.
C) an area of stored information.
D) an area of the brain that is always active.

Question 40

One goal of cognitive therapy is to:

A) encourage clients to free-associate.
B) aid the client in logical decision making.
C) develop more controlled, less automatic, cognitive processing.
D) institute automatic acts that occur without inducing anxiety.

Question 41

Self-schemas may only seem different from other schemas because they are so well- developed.

Question 42

People are more likely to remember information that confirms rather than violates expectations.

Question 43

Some theories state that schemas do not have an organizing quality.

Question 44

People with an incremental view of ability attend to cues of consistency

Question 45

The term social cognition is used to refer to problem-solving that occurs in groups

Question 46

Which of the following criticisms has been leveled at the cognitive approach to personality?

A) It has generated very little empirical research.
B) It is an attempt to graft an area of psychology where it does not belong.
C) It is too rooted in Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
D) all of the above
True and False

Question 47

Possible selves include selves a person would like to become and selves they expect to become, but do not include selves they are afraid of becoming.

Question 48

When a person experiences enough events of a given type, they tend to form scripts

Question 49

High self-complexity can be problematic in that it fosters spilling over of failures from one life domain to another.

Question 50

People with an entity view of ability see task performance as a means of proving their ability.

Question 51

Although the cognitive perspective gained full force in the 1970s, many of its themes were foreshadowed by George Kelly's work.

Question 52

Semantic memory is memory for events or "episodes."

Question 53

Schema-based biases are self-limiting rather than self-perpetuating.

Question 54

The cognitive self-regulation perspective suggests that all decisions are made consciously.

Question 55

Social cognition refers to the notion that people form categories of types of people and social situations.

Question 56

The two dimensions of attributions identified by Weiner are stability and globality

Question 57

Prototypes may be viewed either as actual "best members" of categories or as idealized "best members" of categories.

Question 58

Cognitive theorists view people as implicit scientists who try to predict the world

Question 59

In Beck's view of therapy, people should:

A) discard faulty schemas and build new ones.
B) try to add new preconceptions rather than discarding old ones.
C) engage in more automatic thinking and less controlled thinking.
D) try to reduce the complexity of their self-schemas.

Question 60

In the absence of a schema, an event would be nothing more than a series of random occurrences with no integrated meaning.

Question 61

Research by Csikszentmihalyi using thought sampling assessment techniques suggests that positive feelings tend to be tied to voluntary activities.

Question 62

Metcalfe and Mischel proposed two cognitive systems: an irrational system and a rational system.

Question 63

Epstein's cognitive-experiential self-theory describes three modes of thought.

Question 64

Contextualized assessment reflects how often behaviors occur broadly rather than in specific situations.

Question 65

Being anxious heightens one's ability to process information.

Question 66

Automatic tendencies are able to overcome implicit stereotypes.

Question 67

Mischel's most recent work has placed less emphasis on the role of emotion than did his earliest work.

Question 68

Knowledge that particular acts typically lead to particular outcomes is termed behavior-outcome expectancy.

Question 69

Primes must be processed consciously in order to have effects on perception or behavior.

Question 70

Interviews, self-reports, and think-aloud protocols are all cognitive assessment techniques.

Question 71

Measures of implicit self-esteem do not correlate well with explicit measures of self- esteem.

Question 72

Connectionists use the metaphor of neuronal processes to explain cognitive functioning.

Question 73

Neurons that are active when an organism does an action and also when the organism sees the same action being done are called mimicry neurons.

Question 74

Connectionism is another term for parallel distributed processing

Question 75

Children may have negative attitudes about minorities as early as 6 years of age.

Question 76

Although primes can make information temporarily more accessible, all people generally have the same categories accessible in the absence of priming.

Question 77

Beck used the term cognitive triad to refer to positive thought processes that could help alleviate depressive symptoms.

Question 78

Participants primed with hostility were more likely to rate an ambiguous person as hostile, but no differently on other evaluative terms.

Question 79

Controlled and automatic attribution processes are managed by the same part of the brain.

Question 80

According to Mischel, you need to know how a person construes the situation and the person's if…then profile if you want to accurately predict his or her behavior.