Deck 14: Personality in Perspective: Overlap and Integration

Question 1

Leak and Christopher interpreted Freud's ideas through the framework of:

A) humanistic psychology.
B) the neoanalytic perspective.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) the conditioning approach.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The_________ perspective is regarded by many as the only comprehensive theory of personality.

A) learning
B) psychoanalytic
C) cognitive self-regulation
D) none of the above

Answer 2

psychoanalytic

Question 3

An event may receive little attention in consciousness because:

A) it may be tagged as having too much potential for anxiety.
B) the information is available but not retrievable.
C) behaviors are highly automatic.
D) all of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Ego is to Freud as _________is to sociobiology.

A) genes
B) survival of the fittest
C) the cortex of the brain
D) reciprocal altruism

Question 5

Freud's description of the fixations that arise as a result of the Oedipal conflict bears a resemblance to:

A) the gender differences in the mating strategies that are described by evolutionary psychologists.
B) the constraints imposed by the development of the cortex.
C) Dollard and Miller's description of approach-avoidance conflicts.
D) none of the above

Question 6

Leak and Christopher have suggested that having a superego may:

A) confer an evolutionary advantage.
B) influence whether others feel compelled to take care of someone.
C) increase the likelihood that someone is accepted as a group member.
D) all of the above

Question 7

The concept of transference can be explained in terms of:

A) preattentive processing.
B) schema activation.
C) feedback loops.
D) all of the above

Question 8

Parallels have been suggested between psychoanalysis and the:

A) evolutionary perspective.
B) cognitive perspective.
C) self-regulation perspective.
D) all of the above

Question 9

When attention is diverted from higher levels, behavior is more:

A) in tune with the ideal self.
B) responsive to situational cues.
C) carefully managed.
D) easily reinforced.

Question 10

Leak and Christopher argue that reciprocal altruism is the reason for the:

A) existence of anticathexis.
B) idea of preparedness.
C) importance of self-relevant motivation.
D) development of the superego.

Question 11

The _________is primitive and single-minded about its desires.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) hydraulic drive

Question 12

Schemas of close others are:

A) active only in the presence of those others.
B) chronically partially active but generally inaccessible.
C) chronically partially active and accessible.
D) chronically completely active and accessible.

Question 13

_________is the process whereby an idea, thought, or perception is prevented from gaining access to conscious awareness before the threatening stimulus is experienced.

A) Suppression
B) Perceptual defense
C) Denial
D) Bias in processing

Question 14

According to Leak and Christopher, what idea was required to understand the superego through an evolutionary perspective?

A) that the superego leads to better health practices
B) that survival is not only an individual matter
C) that the superego is a behavioral management system
D) none of the above

Question 15

Expectancies are discussed in the following approaches to personality psychology:

A) psychodynamic; personal constructs
B) psychodynamic; ego psychology
C) neoanalytic; conditioning
D) social learning; self-regulation

Question 16

An important difference in emphasis between the learning and self-regulation views concerns the concept of:

A) expectancy.
B) inhibition.
C) reinforcement.
D) hierarchical organization.

Question 17

Erdelyi suggests that Freud's theory was a theory of:

A) social learning.
B) behavior management.
C) cognition.
D) hydraulic energy.

Question 18

To accurately understand the processes of learning, Mischel says we must focus on:

A) people's cognitive representations of stimuli.
B) the actual stimuli represented in the learning situation.
C) the underlying drive states which motivate the learning process.
D) the environment in which the learning process takes place.

Question 19

Erdelyi proposes a sequence in information processing, which is similar to repression and denial. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events?

A) discomfort criterion--preattentive analysis--suppression
B) preattentive analysis--suppression--discomfort criterion
C) preattentive analysis--discomfort criterion--suppression
D) discomfort criterion--unbearability criterion--suppression

Question 20

Structural links exist between psychoanalysis and self-regulation with respect to similarities between:

A) principle control and id functioning.
B) principle control and ego functioning.
C) program control and ego functioning.
D) all of the above

Question 21

Within the motive approach to personality, the distinction between individual and group needs is best captured in the difference between:

A) intimacy motives and affiliation motives.
B) the need for positive regard and the self-actualizing tendency.
C) separation-individuation and merger.
D) none of the above

Question 22

Which perspective is appropriately matched with the way in which it relates to the trait perspective?

A) psychoanalytic, in that people derive stable personality traits from childhood crises
B) learning, in that people's traits influence how well they learn
C) self-regulation, in that people vary in terms of how well they self-regulate behavior
D) none of the above

Question 23

Leak and Christopher suggest that the ego is a behavioral management system which receives input from the id and the superego.

Question 24

According to Leak and Christopher, the evolution of the cortex in the species parallels the evolution of the superego in the person.

Question 25

The reproductive strategies that men and women have evolved are similar in some respects to the fixations that Freud saw as evolving during the phallic stage of development.

Question 26

Understanding the superego from an evolutionary perspective suggests that survival involves surviving in groups.

Question 27

Freud's notion of the Oedipal conflict has clear links to evolutionary explanations of mating patterns.

Question 28

Theories that derive from psychoanalysis don't seem to share much with it

Question 29

Eclecticism suggests that:

A) some groups of theories are better than others.
B) some levels of analysis are better than others.
C) different perspectives may be mutually supportive.
D) none of the above

Question 30

The idea that some associations are learned more easily than others is called:

A) receptivity.
B) preparedness.
C) associative learning.
D) preattentive analysis.

Question 31

Maslow's hierarchy is an analysis of _________, whereas the control hierarchy focuses on __________:

A) thought, behavior
B) behavior, meaning
C) action, motive
D) motive, action

Question 32

According to William James, Edward Tolman, and the authors of your textbook, a good theory must account for data and:

A) have few explanatory elements.
B) have many explanatory elements.
C) be different from common sense.
D) must appeal to one's senses.
True and False

Question 33

Most personality psychologists would agree that:

A) personality is nothing more than the sum of one's experiences.
B) personality was shaped by evolutionary pressures.
C) temperaments are not learned; they are completely inborn.
D) none of the above

Question 34

Issues involving acting versus restraint are important in the _________perspective.

A) psychoanalytic
B) social learning
C) cognitive
D) all of the above

Question 35

The question of which perspective on personality is the most correct is easy to answer.

Question 36

The ego represents the self-interested animal that our genes lead us to be.

Question 37

Many people regard psychoanalysis as the only comprehensive theory of personality.

Question 38

The notion of a hierarchy of motives and action suggests a similarity between which two approaches?

A) social learning and self-regulation
B) social learning and self-actualization
C) self-regulation and self-actualization
D) self-actualization and sociobiological

Question 39

Levels of control higher than the program level resemble the functioning of the id.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between the self-actualization and self-regulation approaches?

A) Both emphasize the importance of goals.
B) Both use concepts referring to an idealized self.
C) Both emphasize the fact that people compare different elements of the self to each other.
D) Both involve hierarchies with similar low-level needs.

Question 41

The social learning concept of incentives is similar to the cognitive self- regulation concept of goals.

Question 42

To Bandura, reinforcers do not directly increase tendencies to perform acts that preceded them.

Question 43

An important difference between the learning and the self-regulation views is an emphasis on expectancies.

Question 44

The concept of delay of gratification captures the theme of impulse and restraint.

Question 45

Within trait psychology, tension between individual and group needs appears in the trait of conscientiousness.

Question 46

According to Maslow, motive qualities at the top of the hierarchy are the most demanding and overt in their influence.

Question 47

In evolutionary psychology, needs are distinguished on the basis of whether they are individualistic or group-based.

Question 48

Maslow's analysis of hierarchical perspectives focuses on motives rather than actions.

Question 49

Maslow considered the motive qualities at the bottom of his hierarchy as most integrative.

Question 50

Perceptual defense deals only with incoming information and does not involve forgetting after an event has already been experienced.

Question 51

One similarity of the self-actualization and self-regulation viewpoints is that both use concepts approximating "ideal" and "actual" or "real" self.

Question 52

The psychoanalytic concept of transference can be explained in terms of schema activation.

Question 53

Self-regulation theorists who began in the learning perspective are more likely to talk about external reinforcers than self-reinforcers.

Question 54

The issue of impulse vs. restraint shows up in psychoanalysis, the cognitive perspective, and the social learning perspective.

Question 55

Erdelyi suggests that Freud's theory was essentially a theory of cognition

Question 56

The idea of dispositions is not found in the genetic approach to personality. 28. The concept of disposition has a place in both the learning and self-regulation approaches.

Question 57

The learning perspective is the only one discussed in the book that does not use the concept of dispositions.

Question 58

The self-regulation perspective makes the assumption that impulses are primarily aggressive or sexual.

Question 59

The nervous system is capable of picking up on stimuli and initiating automated sequences of behavior, without conscious awareness.

Question 60

To accurately understand the process of learning, Mischel says we must focus on the actual stimuli involved.

Question 61

Explain how traits are viewed from at least three different perspectives .

Question 62

The authors of your text suggest that the best theory of personality is the one that is most appealing to you.

Question 63

Preparedness is an all-or-nothing phenomenon.

Question 64

The idea that personality was shaped by evolutionary pressures is controversial to many psychologists.

Question 65

Summarize how Leak and Christopher interpret the id, ego, and superego within the evolutionary framework.

Question 66

What fixations from psychoanalytic theory map onto sex differences in mating patterns?

Question 67

Briefly describe the concept of preparedness.

Question 68

Identify three similarities between the phenomenological perspective and the cognitive self-regulation perspective.

Question 69

Eclecticism suggests that no single approach to personality is the best for all purposes.

Question 70

Preparedness is the idea that organisms are prepared to learn all things in their environment equally well.