Deck 9: Psychosocial Theories

Question 1

To Kohut, selfobjects refers to:

A) someone who is opposite to the self.
B) someone important in satisfying the self's needs.
C) someone who is threatening to the self.
D) impressions of oneself.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

___________believed that relationships create the structure of the self.

A) Kohut
B) Marcia
C) Erikson
D) Mahler

Answer 2

Kohut

Question 3

Mirroring that occurs later in life involves transference, which is:

A) using one's relationship with a therapist to repair relationships.
B) using one's orientation toward parents to relate to others.
C) a form of revenge based on anger at one's parents.
D) none of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Infant attachment coded at age 1 is highly predictive of responses to parents at age:

A) 6
B) 10
C) 12
D) 16

Question 5

Mothers of securely attached infants and mothers of avoidant infants:

A) return their babies' smiles at the same pace.
B) spend the same amount of total time holding their babies.
C) are more responsive than other mothers to their babies' crying.
D) are emotionally involved with their babies.

Question 6

Unsuccessful mirroring results in:

A) satisfaction of the child's narcissistic needs.
B) an initial, grandiose sense of self.
C) an inability to develop an adequate sense of self.
D) all of the above

Question 7

According to Mahler, a child will experience ___________when the movement away from symbiosis occurs too quickly.

A) insecure attachment
B) basic anxiety
C) separation anxiety
D) separation-individuation

Question 8

The period in which an infant is fused with its mother is called:

A) symbiosis.
B) interdependence.
C) attachment.
D) fusion.

Question 9

Bowlby used the term ___________to refer to an emotional connection with another person.

A) attachment
B) symbiosis
C) synthesis
D) bonding

Question 10

Following a break-up, people from which group are most likely to turn to family and friends?

A) secure
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) dependent

Question 11

Mary Ainsworth developed the strange situation, which:

A) is a means of assessing infant attachment.
B) puts a child in a room with crying children.
C) puts a child in a room with multiple strange adults.
D) all of the above

Question 12

Although the concept of object relations derives from Freud's ideas, it is different in that objects relations emphasizes:

A) conscious rather than unconscious processes.
B) ego functioning rather than id functioning.
C) unconscious rather than conscious processes.
D) id functioning rather than ego functioning.

Question 13

Object relations theories:

A) consider the formation of psychic bonds to be a fundamental function of the id.
B) emphasize that one's pattern of relating to others is formed during adolescence.
C) assume that similar patterns of relating to others continue to occur throughout life.
D) have no connection to Freud's concept of ego cathexis.

Question 14

___________refers to the process by which an infant becomes aware of its distinct existence.

A) Internalization
B) Differentiation
C) Accommodation
D) Separation-individuation

Question 15

Attachment theory states that children build "working models" of:

A) the self.
B) others.
C) relationships in general.
D) all of the above

Question 16

Which of the following is true about mothers of children from different attachment groups?

A) Often, it's the timing of actions rather than the actions themselves that differ between groups.
B) Mothers of secure and avoidant babies spend similar amounts of time holding their babies.
C) Mothers of secure babies respond quickly to their actions.
D) all of the above

Question 17

People with ambivalent attachment report that falling in love:

A) is almost impossible.
B) takes a lot of work.
C) is easy and can happen "at first sight."
D) is a waste of time.

Question 18

According to Baldwin's work on attachment:

A) most people have the same attachment style in all of their relationships.
B) attachment style is quite unstable over time.
C) most people have more than one attachment style across relationships.
D) infant attachment bears little resemblance to adult attachment.

Question 19

An infant who remains calm when its mother leaves and responds to her return in a rejecting manner is displaying ___________attachment.

A) disoriented
B) resistant
C) avoidant
D) ambivalent

Question 20

According to Bartholomew & Horowitz, people with avoidant attachment can be further divided in to which two subgroups?

A) dismissive and hateful
B) dismissive and fearful
C) dismissive and anxious
D) dismissive and ambivalent

Question 21

Research shows that:

A) men with stronger identities are less likely to marry.
B) women with stronger identities are more likely to marry.
C) women with stronger identities who marry are less likely to divorce.
D) women with stronger identities who marry are more likely to divorce.

Question 22

One of Erikson's most important contributions to psychology was the notion of:

A) children continuing to develop even after the onset of adolescence.
B) boys and girls developing differently.
C) life-span development.
D) unconscious forces in development.

Question 23

According to Erikson, the conscious experience of self is called:

A) ego identity.
B) functional autonomy.
C) primary ego autonomy.
D) secondary ego identity.

Question 24

Who is LEAST likely to seek support as anxiety increases?

A) those who are secure
B) those who are avoidant
C) those who are ambivalent
D) those who are disorganized/disoriented

Question 25

According to Erikson, each stage of psychosocial development is marked by a:

A) rapid period of psychological growth.
B) initial regression to an earlier stage of development.
C) psychosocial crisis.
D) all of the above

Question 26

How is attaining a sense of identity related to marriage?

A) Both men and women who have attained a sense of identity are more likely to get married.
B) Women who have attained a sense of identity are more likely to get married.
C) Women who have attained a sense of identity and marry are more likely to get divorced.
D) none of the above

Question 27

Which of the following romantic pairings is most rare?

A) a secure and an avoidant individual
B) an ambivalent and an avoidant individual
C) two secure individuals
D) two ambivalent individuals

Question 28

According to Erikson, ego identity:

A) constantly changes across the lifespan.
B) remains stable from infancy on.
C) changes up through early childhood and then remains stable.
D) changes up through late adolescence and then remains stable.

Question 29

The crisis encountered in the infancy stage of psychosocial development is:

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
B) basic trust vs. basic mistrust.
C) initiative vs. guilt.
D) industry vs. initiative.

Question 30

In many ways, Erikson viewed acquisition of a as a person's major life task.

A) feeling of belonging
B) well-modulated conscience
C) sense of identity
D) none of the above

Question 31

According to Erikson, identity derives from:

A) a melding of private and social self-conceptions.
B) a resolution of the Oedipal conflict.
C) the willingness to share the most personal aspects of oneself with others.
D) the opportunity to explore the environment.

Question 32

Those who have reached the school-age psychosocial stage are:

A) learning the nature of adult work.
B) being introduced to the tools of adult work.
C) acquiring the role of citizenship.
D) all of the above

Question 33

According to Erikson, the successful negotiation of a stage of development results in:

A) ego strength.
B) the superego.
C) pride.
D) self-acceptance.

Question 34

Will develops immediately following the resolution of the:

A) trust vs. mistrust conflict.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt conflict.
C) initiative vs. guilt conflict.
D) industry vs. inferiority conflict.

Question 35

Using the categorical model of attachment, studies have found that avoidants tend to be ____________, secures tend to be ____________, and ambivalents tend to be ____________.

A) introverted, extraverted, neurotic
B) neurotic, conscientious, introverted
C) neurotic, extraverted, introverted
D) introverted, intelligent, neurotic

Question 36

Competence develops from successful adaptation to the:

A) preschool stage.
B) school age stage.
C) adolescence stage.
D) young adulthood stage.

Question 37

The psychosocial conflict that occurs during the preschool years is called:

A) trust vs. mistrust.
B) industry vs. inferiority.
C) autonomy vs. shame.
D) initiative vs. guilt.

Question 38

Who was most likely to use social support during the threat of missile attacks in Israel?

A) those who were secure
B) those who were ambivalent
C) those who were avoidant
D) those who were disorganized/disoriented

Question 39

Unlike Freud, Erikson believed that personality development:

A) proceeds in an orderly sequence of stages that everyone experiences.
B) continues to evolve throughout life.
C) is divided into the id, ego, and superego.
D) none of the above

Question 40

The psychosocial stage, which represents a more dramatic break with the past than any other to this point, is:

A) adolescence.
B) school age.
C) young adulthood.
D) preschool.

Question 41

In the phrase "object relations," object refers to a material possession that helps define a person.

Question 42

Psychosocial therapists attribute behavioral problems to difficulties in:

A) resolving id-superego conflicts.
B) the development of a conscience.
C) relationships.
D) learning.

Question 43

A positive balance of generativity results in the ego quality of:

A) care.
B) love.
C) belonging.
D) attentiveness.

Question 44

Avoidant attachment has been implicated in the development of:

A) bulimia.
B) anxiety-disorders.
C) schizophrenia.
D) depression.

Question 45

If a mother pushes too much toward individuation, separation anxiety can result

Question 46

Emerging from the ego integrity vs, despair crisis with a sense of integrity creates the ego quality of:

A) care.
B) wisdom.
C) love.
D) belonging.

Question 47

Mahler used the term separation-individuation to describe the process of an infant recognizing its distinctiveness from its mother.

Question 48

Kernberg claimed that narcissism comes from:

A) parental rejection.
B) insufficient ego development.
C) having every need and desire immediately fulfilled.
D) inadequate peer socialization.

Question 49

Followers of Freud who focused on relationships reflecting life's primary tasks have made a great impact.

Question 50

The term epigenetic developmental theory implies that:

A) each crisis in development exists in a primitive form at birth and is present in some form at every other stage of development.
B) each crisis is experienced only once.
C) development proceeds in a smooth, continuous fashion.
D) development can simply go dormant for long periods of time (as in the latency stage).

Question 51

The one fundamental theme that seems to run through all of the psychosocial theories is that:

A) personality development consists of stages.
B) people need to develop a sense of trust in their relationships.
C) people need to develop a sense of identity.
D) it is better to give than to receive.

Question 52

Using play to assess personality is objective in the sense that:

A) the therapist is asked to form an impression of the child.
B) there is often a behavioral record.
C) the child's statements are rarely taken at face value.
D) all of the above

Question 53

According to object relations theory, the point of forming bonds with others is to satisfy the id.

Question 54

From the psychosocial perspective, assessment often involves:

A) the use of modified projective techniques.
B) paper and pencil measures.
C) measuring the person's view of relationships.
D) a kind of introspection.

Question 55

Psychosocial therapists emphasize___________ as part of the therapeutic process.

A) catharsis
B) sublimation
C) relationships
D) insight
True and False

Question 56

According to Kohut's self psychology, relationships form the structure of the self- concept.

Question 57

According to the psychosocial perspective, one of the best ways of assessing the personalities of children is to watch them while they:

A) solve puzzles.
B) sleep.
C) play.
D) interact with each other.

Question 58

The psychosocial crisis in the adulthood stage is:

A) integrity vs. despair.
B) intimacy vs. isolation.
C) generativity vs. stagnation.
D) industry vs. inferiority.

Question 59

Pathological narcissists:

A) need constant attention from others.
B) may erupt with extreme rage if thwarted.
C) display a sense of deserving others' adulation.
D) all of the above

Question 60

The psychosocial perspective has its roots partly in psychoanalytic theory.

Question 61

The primary conflict in the infancy stage of psychosocial development concerns autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

Question 62

Hazan and Shaver suggested that ambivalents use work as a way to escape from their lack of relationships.

Question 63

Infants with the insecure attachment style of avoidance show deep distress when their mothers leave the room in the strange situation test.

Question 64

Research on attachment has suggested that there are two dimensions to adult attachment: anxiety and avoidance.

Question 65

Erikson argues that people face a psychosocial crisis at each stage of development.

Question 66

Avoidant persons are more likely than ambivalent persons to report accepting their lovers' imperfections.

Question 67

For avoidant men, there is no relation between how much anxiety their partner shows and how supportive they are toward their partners.

Question 68

At each of Erikson's stages, healthy psychological functioning arises from attaining the "good" quality and eliminating the "bad" quality.

Question 69

Infant attachment is assessed in a laboratory task referred to as the strange situation.

Question 70

Erikson differed from Freud in emphasizing psychosocial rather than psychosexual development.

Question 71

Erikson was one of the first researchers to advance the principle of life-span development.

Question 72

According to attachment theory, children form working models of the self and others, but not of relationships in general.

Question 73

Adults with the insecure attachment style of avoidance are most likely to obsess about lost lovers.

Question 74

According to Kohut, the child's sense of self is grandiose at first.

Question 75

Ambivalently attached persons are more likely than others to report that their relationship had been "love at first sight."

Question 76

Secure people in Israel were more likely to use social support following the threat of missile attacks.

Question 77

A selfobject is a person's mental representation of him- or herself

Question 78

Insecure attachments have a self-perpetuating quality.

Question 79

Erikson agreed with Freud that one's personality is fully developed within the first few years of life.

Question 80

The attachment dimensions of avoidance and anxiety most closely resemble the personality factors of neuroticism and agreeableness.